Sardar-Sarovar dam
| Sardar-Sarovar dam | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
.jpg) |
|||||
|
|||||
|
|||||
| Coordinates | 21 ° 49 '48 " N , 73 ° 45' 0" E | ||||
| Data on the structure | |||||
| Construction time: | 1961-2017 | ||||
| Height above foundation level : | 163 m | ||||
| Building volume: | 6.82 million m³ | ||||
| Crown length: | 1210 m | ||||
| Power plant output: | 1450 MW | ||||
| Data on the reservoir | |||||
| Altitude (at congestion destination ) | 138.68 m | ||||
| Water surface | 370 km² | ||||
| Reservoir length | 214 km | ||||
| Reservoir width | 1.77 km | ||||
| Storage space | 9500 million m³ | ||||
| Design flood : | 87,000 m³ / s | ||||
The Sardar Sarovar Dam is a dam on the Narmada River in the Indian state of Gujarat . The dam had been under construction since 1961 when the foundation stone was laid. Completion was delayed due to protests and lawsuits. The dam was inaugurated on September 17, 2017 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi .
Dam wall
The dam is a gravity dam that is a maximum of 163 meters high and 1210 meters long above the foundation . It is the third highest concrete dam in India after Bhakra (226 meters) in Himachal Pradesh and Lakhwar (192 meters) in Uttar Pradesh . After the built-up concrete volume of 6.82 million cubic meters, the dam is the second largest in the world after the dam of the Grand Coulee Dam in the USA, which has a building volume of 8.0 million m³. Even in terms of flood relief capacity, the Sardar-Sarovar dam is one of the largest in the world; With 87,000 m³ / s it is in third place after Gazenba (113,000 m³ / s) in China and Tucurui (100,000 m³ / s) in Brazil. Gazenba is apparently the Indian name for the Three Gorges Dam . However, there are also sources that indicate that this will have an even greater capacity, namely 124,300 m³ / s.
There are seven weeping channels and 23 other radial openings to discharge floods. Another ten gates (locking devices) at a reservoir height of 18 meters with the dimensions 2.15 m × 2.75 m are temporarily required during construction in order to allow the river to flow through. There are four more openings at a height of 53 meters. These were closed in February 1994.
The dam was designed for a horizontal earthquake acceleration of 0.125 g, where g is the acceleration due to gravity of 9.81 m / s². The seismicity induced by the reservoir was also taken into account. For this purpose seismological measuring devices ( seismometers ) were set up to measure the movements, accelerations and tensions in the dam.
Reservoir
The total storage target of the Sardar-Sarovar dam is 138.68 meters above sea level. The highest congestion destination is 140.21 meters above sea level, and the lowest is 110.64 meters. The normal water level in the underwater is 25.91 meters.
The storage space of the reservoir is 9500 million m³. The usable space is 5800 million m³. Below the lowest water level is the dead space, it is 3700 million m³. The area of the reservoir is 37,690 hectares and would have a length of 214 km with an average width of 1.77 km. 11,279 hectares of arable land, 13,542 hectares of forest and 12,869 hectares of riverbed and wasteland are of the flooded area. 245 villages are affected in three states, 193 in Madhya Pradesh , 33 in Maharashtra and 19 in Gujarat . Only three go under completely, the remaining 242 partially. In Madhya Pradesh, a 100-year flood will submerge more than 10% arable land in 79 of 193 villages, and 89 less than 10% arable land or only houses. In the remaining 25 villages, only government-owned land is overflowed.
Hydroelectric power plant
The connected hydropower plant (River Bed Power House) has six machine units with 200 MW installed capacity each. Four (additional?) Units have been commissioned. The second power house (Canal Head Power House) with 250 MW was put into operation on December 15, 2004. Each unit can generate around 18 MW of power there. Since the end of December 2005, the two power houses are said to have generated a total of 1550.852 MW.
The energy generated is divided between the states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Gujarat in a ratio of 57%: 27%: 16%.
history
The plan to dam the river for irrigation and hydropower generation in the Narmada basin was made in 1946. Seven projects were launched, four of which were prioritized: Bharuch (in Gujarat), Bargi, Tawa and Punasa in Madhya Pradesh. After the investigations were completed, the dam at Gora in Gujarat was selected, which should have a water level of 49.80 m. The foundation stone was laid on April 5, 1961 by former Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru . Later, when more detailed, more modern maps from the survey of India became available, the possibility of raising the height of the dam was considered to make the most of the water.
| State | Percent water |
Percent energy |
|---|---|---|
| Madhya Pradesh | 65.18% | 57% |
| Gujarat | 32.14% | 16% |
| Rajasthan | 1.79% | - |
| Maharashtra | 0.89% | 27% |
In 1964, the Government of India established a committee of experts chaired by Dr. Khosla to resolve the dispute between the governments of Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh on how to share the waters of the Narmada. In 1965, the committee recommended the construction of a higher dam with a water level of 152.44 m. Nevertheless, the government of Madhya Pradesh did not want to agree to this plan and so the Narmada Water Dispute Tribunal (NWDT) was founded in 1969 under the Inter State River Water Disputes Act 1956. The NWDT decided in 1979 on the distribution of water and energy from the dam. According to this, 65.2% of the 35 billion m³ of usable water should go to Madhya Pradesh, 32.1% to Gujarat, 1.8% to Rajasthan and 0.9% to Maharashtra. For energy, the corresponding numbers were 57%, 16%, 0%, 27%. The Indian Planning Commission gave its final approval to the entire project in 1988. In the years that followed, there were repeated lengthy court proceedings because the opponents of the project wanted to force a construction freeze.
On June 12, 2014, the Narmada Control Authority gave permission to increase the dam wall from 121.92 to 138.68 meters.
Resistance to the project
For more than a decade, villagers have been fighting the Sardar Sarovar Project (SSP) at the Narmada (Narmada Valley Development Project) . As a result, it has gained international attention and fame. Activists and villagers, led by the Narmada Bachao Andolan ("Save the Narmada Movement"), forced the World Bank to withdraw from the project in the early 1990s. A lawsuit at the Indian Supreme Court halted construction for almost six years. Nonetheless, on October 18, 2000, the court passed a controversial decision that allowed the construction work to continue. After another judicial clearance on March 16, 2004, the height of the overflow edge was raised to 110.64 m as approved.
Around 200,000 people had to be resettled for the reservoir, and hundreds of thousands more lost their land or livelihoods as a result of the associated developments. A disproportionately large number of them are Bhil tribesmen . Thousands of people who have already been resettled are struggling to survive on overcrowded properties without any arable land or means of subsistence. Faced with this prospect, villagers have vowed to stay on their land and wait behind the partially built dam until they are inundated than to lead precarious lives in hardship and deprivation.
See also
- List of hydropower plants in India
- List of dams in the world (India)
- List of the largest dams on earth
- List of the largest reservoirs on earth
literature
- Christoph Dittrich: Resistance to the Narmada dam project in India . In: Geographical Rundschau . tape 56 , no. 12 , 2004, p. 10-15 .
Web links
- official website; Interesting facts about the project
- Map with dam
- critical remarks
- Need for Sardar Sarovar Project
- Narmada River Dams, India
Individual evidence
- ^ A short history of the Sardar Sarovar Dam on river Narmada. The Indian Express, September 17, 2017, accessed October 31, 2018 .
- ↑ Status Report, March, 2017 Sardar Sarovar Project. (pdf) March 2017, accessed on October 31, 2018 (English).
- ^ History. sardarsarovardam.org/, accessed October 31, 2018 .
- ^ A short history of the Sardar Sarovar Dam on river Narmada. The Indian Express, September 17, 2017, accessed October 31, 2018 .
- ^ NCA permits raising Narmada dam height after eight years. The Times of India, June 12, 2014, accessed October 31, 2018 .
