Boat (uniform)
The shuttle is a headgear from the Scottish military tradition, which has spread beyond its international military use among various professional groups and organizations and which is still very popular today. In Scotland this type of hat is known as Glengarry bonnet or Glengarry . The name Schiffchen , coined in Germany, is derived from its boat-shaped shape.
description
Historically tangible for the first time, the shuttle was introduced in 1794 as an independent identification mark of the Scottish highland regiment Glengarry Fencibles . One can only speculate about its origins. When in 1868 the Glengarry became the general service and starting hat for most units of the British Army , it was given the look that still characterizes the internationally used military and civil boats.
The type of hat can consist of felt, worsted and tent fabrics as well as drill or moleskin . Civilian designs are often made entirely of fur . In the form of a disposable cap, it can also be made of paper. The typical inverted boat shape is common to all models. When not on, the hat is extremely flat and takes up almost no storage space. With the introduction of the British hat model, many boats have a soft, fold-down neck and ear protection that runs completely around the body of the hat. This protection is designed so wide that it should cover the ears completely and at least parts of the neck. In the area of the field of vision, the protection tapers because it only has to cover the forehead when it is folded down.
Boats used in the military always have at least one badge made of metal , enamel or fabric. These badges are attached either to the side or the front of the cap body.
After the Second World War , a particularly cheap and material-saving variant of military hats was created, which is still widely used today, mainly for versions made of tent fabric or drill. This lacks protection and is only indicated, if at all, by a decorative seam. In contrast to other military hats, the boat is traditionally not issued in camouflage material.
The way the shuttle is carried has been subject to different fashions and regulations in the two centuries of previous use.
Scotland and Great Britain
The Scottish word Glengarry is derived from the clan name of Alasdair Ranaldson MacDonell of Glengarry (1771-1828). He was a colonel and had introduced the shuttle in 1794 as part of the Scottish Highland Regiment Glengarry Fencibles, which he had founded. It has not yet been confirmed whether MacDonell of Glengarry is the inventor of the shuttle or whether it was developed in his environment. It should be noted, however, that there is no evidence of an earlier existence of this hat model.
In the 1860s, the Glengarry was introduced to most of the Scottish infantry regiments. With the help of different colored tartan ribbons, which took up the lower part of the boat as a wide border, or the lack of these ribbons, the units could be identified. In addition, a metal regimental badge was attached to the front on the right side. In the neck, the Glengarries had two longer single-colored strips of fabric that reached down to the neck. In August 1914, at the beginning of the First World War , the first highland battalions arrived in France with the British Expeditionary Force. The Glengarries were there because there were no steel helmets at this stage of the war.
Even today, the Glengarry in its traditional form is part of the headgear of many Scottish highland regiments.
In 1868, a modified form of the Glengarry became the general service and exit hat for most units of the British Army and was given the look that still characterizes the international military and civilian boats. In 1902, after the end of the Boer War, the boat was abolished in the British Army and in 1905 a stiff khaki peaked cap was introduced for duty and going out.
In 1937 a khaki boat was reintroduced as a general service cap in the British Army. The Royal Air Force then received a blue-gray version.
Today in Great Britain the shuttle is only used in the original Glengarry version by Scottish highland regiments.
United States of America
In 1918, during the First World War, the US Army Expeditionary Corps introduced the Oversea Cap for soldiers and marines . This wool boat was only delivered in the army color dark olive. There was no special color for the marines, which at that time wore forest green fabrics. As with the Scottish boats, the badge of the Marines (USMC) was attached to the front right. This metal badge came from the stiff felt hat of the armed forces and showed the bald eagle on the globe and anchor.
After World War I, in 1919, the US Congress established an influential veterans' patriotic and political organization, the American Legion . This was equipped with blue oversea caps .
Even during the Second World War, the shuttle, now made of khaki-colored fabric, was part of the service and dress uniform of the US Army.
Soviet Union / Russia
Red Army / Soviet Army
With the Pilotka , the khaki colored boat M1935, this headgear was also introduced in the Red Army as a general service cap in moderate temperatures. At that time, the pointed Budjonowka hat from the Russian Revolution was still available for winter service , until it was replaced in 1940 by the Schapka-Ushanka fur hat, which is now widely used internationally . Crews and NCOs wore an enameled red star on the front of the boat. During the Second World War, a khaki-painted metal version of the star also prevailed for camouflage and cost reasons.
Germany
Wehrmacht
With the field cap M35, the boat was introduced into the German army in 1935. Since the Reichswehr had no special field cap, the German army had such headgear for the first time after 1919 with the M35. At that time, Germany followed an international uniform fashion with the boat. Starting in Scotland, this type of hat spread very quickly around the world from 1918 onwards. At that time, the US Army was the first foreign army to use the shuttle.
The successor model, the M38 field cap, was first introduced by the Wehrmacht and in October 1940 as a new type of field cap (M40 field cap) by the Waffen-SS and had a protective flap all around, which could be pulled down when the weather was appropriate. The officer's version had a silver-colored piping in the front area of the cap flap, which swings down there, and on the edge of the lid. A soutache corner was sewn onto the flap over the forehead, which showed the color of the weapon. In addition, there was a metal or embroidered cockade in the imperial colors of black, white and red in the corner. In the Waffen-SS, instead of the cockade, there was a skull and crossbones. The woven sovereign eagle was sewn onto the corner and above the flap. In the front third of the hat there was a ventilation hole ringed with metal above the flap.
A little later than the Waffen SS, the armored troops were equipped with black boats.
On July 21, 1942, the M42 field cap was introduced, which was very similar to the M38 field cap. Instead of the soutache angle, two metal buttons were now sewn together.
In 1943 the boat was abolished in all parts of the army and the Waffen-SS and from September on it was replaced by the M43 standard field cap , which had its origins in the mountain cap . Due to the war conditions, however, the shuttle was often carried on until the end of the war.
The shuttle was also used by the Luftwaffe and the Kriegsmarine during the Second World War .
National People's Army (GDR)
At the National People's Army ( NVA ), stone-gray boats were worn with service and field service uniforms by the land and air forces until it was dissolved in 1990 .
Basically the peaked cap and not a boat was worn with the staff service and exit uniform. In the Volksmarine , the dark blue boat ( Bordkäppi ) was used for board, service and combat clothing .
armed forces
During the first extensive uniform reform of the Bundeswehr in 1959, the shuttle was introduced in the Bundeswehr for service uniforms in all branches of the armed forces in the respective corresponding colors and in different materials. The army's cloth boats were field gray, and the woolen boats for the air force and navy were dyed in two different shades of blue.
In the same year, piping was introduced on the upper edges of the fold-down protection on the boats in the respective weapon colors. This piping was no longer used for men and non-commissioned officers in 1977 and was only retained for officers.
The general use of the shuttle was also restricted. Since 1970, in the paratroopers - tanks and tank destroyers force the service to suit beret worn. In 1979 the rest of the army followed this uniform fashion. Only the Luftwaffe and the German Navy kept their traditional headgear in different styles and shades of blue. Exceptions are soldiers of the infantry forces of the air force and navy, who wear a dark blue beret.
For members of the Luftwaffe, the shuttle has the same position as the beret in the army: It is the standard headgear for the service suit ("Ausgehanzug") and may also be worn with the field suit ("Flecktarn").
In the navy, the boat is usually worn as headgear with on- board combat suit (BGA) and on land with field suit, with service suit a peaked cap (from NCOs) or flat cap (men). Wearing the shuttle with a service suit is unusual, although it is generally permitted inside barracks.
Depending on the rank of the carrier, the boats differ in details.
Federal Border Guard
Until the uniform reform in 1976, a woolen boat in the color gray-green was worn with the winter uniform at the Federal Border Guard . The all-round hat flap could be pulled down as protection against the cold. The flap consisted of two parts that could be pulled down separately from each other and were held together with a push button above both ears. On the front part of the flap, a black chin strap made of an elastic material became visible after opening the press studs. In addition to this winter boat, there was a light gray-green fabric model on which the wraparound cap flap was only indicated by the pattern, but was firmly sewn to the cap fabric. These caps were worn during training and during services in the accommodation and barracks.
Federal Police
In the successor organization of the Federal Border Police , the Federal Police , a blue boat is mainly used by flying personnel. It is preferably worn with aviator overalls.
Austria
In the first years of the armed forces after its formation there was the "armored boat" for soldiers of the armored force; meanwhile (as well as the "armored jacket") long abolished. The shuttle is currently used by the air forces of the Federal Army for Suit 03 as an equivalent to the beret .
Sweden
In Sweden the boat is known as båtmössa (boat cap) and is part of the equipment used by the army and police. In the armed forces, the Båtmössa M was originally worn in 1948 with the uniform introduced in 1948 and has been preserved as one of the headgear in the Swedish army. Its main area of application today is the navy. With the Swedish police, the boat was established at the latest when the uniform introduced in 1954 was issued. The Båtmössa is also part of the police uniform introduced in 1974 and 2004.
Switzerland
- B-cap of the Swiss
unfolded
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Until the introduction of the Béret , the Swiss Army had a cap for the initial uniform of soldiers and NCOs (A cap), as well as a cap made of coarser material that could be folded out to form a hood for service and combat clothing (B cap).
Finland
As early as 1922, the Finnish Army introduced ships in the form of the Kenttälakki M22 and the Turkislakki M22. The special feature of the Kenttälakki, which was only worn in moderate temperatures, was that the fold-down protection could be fixed with a total of two metal buttons on the two long sides when not in use. The turkislakki was the winter version of the boat. The ear and neck protection was made of fur and was accordingly warming.
The last further development took place in 1936 with the introduction of the Kenttälakki M36. In addition to the typical buttons, a black leather chin strap with a quick release fastener was attached to the boat over the ears. The winter boat was also available with these straps.
With the issue of Kesälakki in 1939, the boat shape was abandoned. The hat now received a soft oval plate; the protection was retained and was cut out in a V-shape on the front side, the buttons were omitted. The chin strap was also retained. This type of hat is still worn by the Finnish armed forces in its last form M91.
Other uses
Different variants of this type of hat were and are worn internationally by flight attendants , police officers and youth organizations such as boy scouts . For some professional groups, such as cooks, the boat is an integral part of the work clothing in addition to the high chef's hat in fabric or paper.
As a civilian fur hat , the boat shape is still popular today, especially in states of the former Eastern Bloc. In the form of the karakul hat or Persian hat, the boat is still in use in some Islamic regions as a remnant of the British colonial empire. A simplified form made from white fabric is also known in India .
A makeshift headgear made of newspaper is called a "painter's boat" or "painter's hat".
literature
- Laurent Mirouze: Infantrymen of the First World War ; Verlag Karl-Heinz Dissberger, Düsseldorf 1990, ISBN 3-924753-28-8
- Laurent Mirouze: Infantrymen of World War II ; Verlag Karl-Heinz Dissberger, Düsseldorf, ISBN 3-924753-27-X
- Andrew Steven, Peter Amodio: Waffen-SS - Uniforms in Color , Verlag Karl-Heinz Dissberger, 2nd edition, Düsseldorf 1992, ISBN 3-924753-44-X
- Rainer Ditté: 30 years of the Bundeswehr 1955–1985 , v. Hase & Koehler Verlag, KG, Munich 1985, p. 42 ISBN 3-7758-1109-5 , p. 71
- Brian L. Davis: British Army Uniforms and Equipment of World War Two , Arms and Armor Press, London 1983 ISBN 0-85368-609-2 (English)
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Laurent Mirouze: Infantrymen of the First World War , p. 10
- ↑ Laurent Mirouze: Infantrymen of the First World War , p. 64
- ↑ Laurent Mirouze: Infantrymen of the Second World War , p. 30
- ↑ a b Andrew Steven, Peter Amodio: Waffen-SS - Uniforms in Color, p. 42
- ↑ Andrew Steven, Peter Amodio: Waffen SS - Uniforms in Color , p. 8
- ↑ Laurent Mirouze: Infantrymen of the Second World War , p. 52
- ↑ Rainer Ditte: 30 years army 1955-1985 , p 42, p 71
- ↑ Regulations 51.9 of the Swiss Army