Schildhof (Passeier)

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Schildhöfe in Passeier, Atlas Tyrolensis 1774
Schildhof Gomion
Schildhof Saltaus

The Schildhöfe in Passeier are “rural properties with which certain rights and freedoms were connected”. Some of them differ structurally from the courtyards customary at the time, and some have towers and walls.

history

In 1317 Count Heinrich von Tirol granted seven princely officials special privileges: they were exempt from tax. In return they were obliged to serve in arms and on horseback within Tyrol . They were called shield masters. There have been various theories about their position in the past; accordingly, among other things, they were definitely counted among the one-tier knights, i.e. the lower nobility. More recent research, however, is convinced that they only moved in a gray area between nobility and non-nobility and that they could probably never quite complete the rise to the lower nobility . This position of shield master entailed various privileges, including the unrestricted right to carry weapons. In particular, these protectors were Egno von Saltaus, Haupold and Heinold von Passeier, Heinrich von Puchach, Friedrich von Weingart, Friedrich von Gereut and Berchtold von Steinhaus. Some of their names still give their farms their names.

Since Duke Leopold's letter of freedom ( 1396 ), they were no longer subject to ordinary jurisdiction, but to the aristocratic court, and were given hunting and fishing rights on their property. The rights of the shield lords and their heirs passed to the shield courts in the 15th century. From 1524 the Schildhöfe were represented in the Tyrolean state parliament. In the tax register of 1694 eleven Schildhöfe were already listed.

In the time of National Socialism , the Schildhöfe were instrumentalized as the epitome of "German military farmers".

In processions today, the Schildhof farmers go in costume and with a sign with the court name on it, as well as a halberd to show that the Schildhof farmers used to have to fight for their master.

Preserved Schildhöfe

The following Schildhöfe are still (partially) preserved, they are located in St. Martin and St. Leonhard :

St. Martin

  • Saltaus (Untersaltaus, Saltus): mentioned 1230.
  • Hauptold (Obersaltaus, Hauppold, Hauptbold, Hupold): mentioned in 1317
  • Weingarten-Granstein (Granstein, Weingart): mentioned in 1284
  • Lanthaler (Oberkalbe, Lanthaler): mentioned 1288, tax exemption 1311; Tower and remains of a curtain wall have been preserved.
  • Kalmbauer (Niederkalbe, Chalve, Chalbe, Kalm): mentioned around 1555 as a Schildhof
  • Pseirer (Turngut): mentioned in 1288, the square tower and the remains of a curtain wall have been preserved
  • Baumkirch (Unter-Gereut, Bamkirch): fresco of St. Christopher from the 15th century.
  • Ober-Gereut (Geraut, Gereut, Grüt): mentioned in 1288; 1420 with the owner Niklas Gerauter von Geraut
  • Steinhaus (Staynhaus): mentioned in 1285; Bay windows, pointed arch and donkey back doors from the 15th century.

St. Leonhard

All mentioned in the 14th century, except for Gomion without any structural features.

  • Ebion (Erbion, Urbian, Orbian), 1420 with the owner Perchtold Wiser von Oerbion
  • Buchenegg (Buechenegg, Gadenacker, Puchach, Buochenegg, Puochach)
  • Happerg (Kolber, Endhof)
  • Gomion (Gamion, Camian, Camyan): formerly owned by Albert von Gomion, natural son of Meinhard II ; Older building stock in the basement, entrance gate with pointed arch and coat of arms stone

special cases

The Gadenackerhof, which was broken out of the Buchenegghof, is a special case. Both farms used to be united in one owner. Both farms had separate houses and stables. When Johann Hafner, owner of the Buchenegg and Gadenackerhof died in 1779, his sons divided the farm between them, so that Mathias Hafner got the Buchenegghof and Josef Hafner the Gadenackerhof. The Gadenackerhof is a special case because it was interpreted as a Schildhof, although it is actually not one. If the Schildhof farmers go with the processions mentioned above, there is even a sign with the inscription "Gadenacker", which the Gadenacker farmer carries with him along with the halberd.

literature

  • Josef Weingartner : The Art Monuments of South Tyrol, Volume 2 . 7th edition. Athesia, Bozen 1991, ISBN 88-7014-642-1 .
  • Heinz Moser: The Schildhöfe in Passeier . 1st edition. Athesia, Bozen 1988, ISBN 88-7014-493-3 .
  • Werner Graf: History of houses and farms in St. Leonhard in Passeier 1775–1913 . Paper professional St. Leonhard, St. Leonhard in Passeier 1993.
  • Museum Passeier (Ed.): The Schildhöfe in Passeier. Questions, answers, picture stories , St. Leonhard in Passeier 2017.
  • Adelgott Schatz: The Schildhöfe in Passeier , in: Der Schlern , 1924, pp. 165–176. (on-line)
  • Rudolf Granichstaedten-Czerva: Meran. Burgraves and lords of the castle . Vienna 1949, pp. 29–34.
  • Heinz v. Wieser: The Schildhöfe in Passeir in relation to Castle Tyrol . In: Oswald Trapp : Tiroler Burgenbuch. Volume II: Burgrave Office . Athesia publishing house, Bozen 1980, pp. 143–145.

Web links

Commons : Schildhöfe in Passeier  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ The Schildhöfe in Passeier, Museum Passeier p. 8
  2. ↑ The Schildhöfe in Passeier , Museum Passeier p. 10
  3. ^ Heinz Moser: The Schildhöfe in Passeier. Bolzano 1988, p. 9
  4. ^ Gustav Pfeifer: Nobis servire tenebitur in armis , in: Kurt Andermann and Peter Johanek (eds.): Between nobility and non-nobility. Stuttgart 2001, p. 51
  5. ↑ Bozner Tagblatt , edition of September 30, 1944, p. 1 with photo
  6. ↑ historical names after Granichstaedten-Czerva in brackets
  7. ↑ The Schildhöfe in Passeier , Museum Passeier p. 148 f.
  8. ↑ The Schildhöfe in Passeier , Museum Passeier p. 148 f.
  9. ^ A b Hannes Obermair : Bozen South - Bolzano North. Written form and documentary tradition of the city of Bozen up to 1500 . tape 2 . City of Bozen, Bozen 2008, ISBN 978-88-901870-1-8 , p. 60-61, no. 959a .