Black-bellied hummingbird
| Black-bellied hummingbird | ||||||||||||
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Black-bellied hummingbird ♂ |
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| Eupherusa nigriventris | ||||||||||||
| Lawrence , 1868 |
The black- bellied hummingbird or black-bellied upherusa ( Eupherusa nigriventris ) is a species of bird from the hummingbird family (Trochilidae) that occurs in Costa Rica and Panama . According to the IUCN, the population is not endangered ( least concern ). The species is considered to be monotypical .
features
The black-bellied hummingbird reaches a body length of about 7.5 to 8.5 cm with a weight of about 3.7 g for males and about 3.3 g for females. It has a rather short black beak that is slightly curved. Both sexes are bronze green on the upper side and slightly darker on the central control feathers . The male is velvety black on the forehead, face and underside. The female is gray on the underside with green spots on the sides. The red-brown spot on the arm wings is smaller and more matt in the female. The three outer control springs are predominantly white. The black on the face and the underside is replaced by a dark sooty bronze in young birds . Both sexes of young animals have dark fringes on the face, on the top of the head, neck and rump . The black edges of the outer plume of the third tail feather are drawn wider and more blurred than in adult birds.
Behavior and nutrition
In the forests, the male black-bellied hummingbird gets its nectar preferably from the flowers of the trees of the genera Inga , Calliandra , Pithecellobium and Clusia as well as from epiphytes of the families and genera heather , Columnea , Norantea and Elleanthus . Females tend to fly to flowers in scrub such as Besleria , Cephaelis or Witheringia . Both sexes can be found on stachytarpheta on the edges of coffee plantations. The male behaves aggressively and territorial of flowers that are not larger and more dominant species like the violet Kehl nymph ( Lampornis hemileucus ( Salvin are mastered, 1865)). He often storms off to catch flies and mosquitoes from branches in the tree tops or on the edges of the forest with clearings. He also collects arthropods at forest edges and river streams.
Reproduction
The breeding season of the black-bellied hummingbird in Costa Rica is in August or October to March, so it ranges from the rainy season to the early dry season . During the breeding season, males sit in the scrub or the lower part of the tree canopy at the edges of the forest. They are alone or more often in leks up to five birds. The nest is a small goblet built primarily from tree fern scales and cobwebs. This is sparsely decorated with moss and lichen and attached 2 to 4 meters above the ground in the undergrowth or on the edges of the forest. Mostly it is protected by large overhanging leaves. A clutch consists of two eggs. The incubation period is 16 days.
Vocalizations
His singing consists of high, thin rattling warbles. The call includes repeated sharp bright 'tsip or pit' tones at a frequency of 8 to 10 kHz. It emits a deeper liquid tsip and a high-pitched hissing rattle during the hunt.
distribution and habitat
The black-bellied hummingbird prefers cool, wet forests on the plateaus, forest edges, adjacent semi-open vegetation including shady hedges and coffee plantations and large secondary vegetation . In Costa Rica it is mostly at altitudes between 900 and 2000 meters, in Panama at altitudes between 1300 and 1800 meters. Within forests, the males are mostly in the upper undergrowth and in the tree tops, while females tend to be in the undergrowth. Both sexes move on the edges of forests and clearings and in secondary vegetation down to scrub height.
migration
Most black-bellied hummingbird populations move to lower altitudes after breeding. Locally this can go down to altitudes between 400 and 600 meters.
Etymology and history of research
The black-bellied hummingbird was first described in 1867 by George Newbold Lawrence under the scientific name Eupherusa nigriventris . The type specimen was collected by Auguste Endrés (1838–1874) in Costa Rica. It was John Gould who introduced the new genus Eupherusa in 1857 . The word "Eupherusa" is derived from the Greek words "eu εὖ " for "good" and "pherō φέρω " for "to wear". The species name »nigriventris« is a Latin word formation from »niger« for »black« and »venter, ventris« for »belly«.
literature
- Frank Garfield Stiles III , Peter Boesman in: Josep del Hoyo , Andrew Elliott, Jordi Sargatal , David Andrew Christie, Eduardo de Juana: Black-bellied Hummingbird (Eupherusa nigriventris). In: Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive . Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
- James A. Jobling: Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names . Christopher Helm, London 2010, ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4 .
- George Newbold Lawrence: Description of Five New Species of Central American Birds . In: Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia . tape 19 , no. 4 , December 1867, p. 232-234 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
- John Gould: A monograph of the Trochilidæ, or family of humming-birds . tape 5 , delivery 14. Taylor and Francis, London 1857 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
- Frederick Herschel Waterhouse: The dates of publication of some of the zoological works of the late John Gould, FRS RH Porter, London 1885 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
Web links
- Eupherusa nigriventris inthe IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018.2. Listed by: BirdLife International, 2016. Retrieved April 20, 2019.
- BirdLife International: Species Factsheet - Black-bellied Hummingbird ( Eupherusa nigriventris ) . Retrieved April 20, 2019.
- Videos, photos and sound recordings of Black-bellied Hummingbird (Eupherusa nigriventris) in the Internet Bird Collection
- Black-bellied hummingbird ( Eupherusa nigriventris ) at Avibase; accessed on April 20, 2019.
- Eupherusa nigriventris in the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). Retrieved on 2019-04-20.
- xeno-canto: sound recordings - black-bellied hummingbird ( Eupherusa nigriventris )
- Black-bellied Hummingbird (Eupherusa nigriventris) in the Encyclopedia of Life . Accessed April 20, 2019.