George Newbold Lawrence

George Newbold Lawrence 1884

George Newbold Lawrence (born October 20, 1806 in New York City , † January 17, 1895 there ) was an American businessman and amateur ornithologist who was the first to describe several species of birds .

Live and act

Lawrence's ancestors came from St Albans in the county of Hertfordshire , and came in 1644 in the United States . His father John Burling Lawrence (1774–1844) was the manager of the Lawrence, Keese & Co pharmacy . His mother was Hannah Haines born. Newbold (1771-1832). George married Mary Anne Newbold (1808–1895) in 1835. Their marriage resulted in the children Emlen Newbold Lawrence (1837-1925), John Burling Lawrence (1844-) and John L. Lawrence. In his second marriage, he married Ann Hough Trotter (1821-1893) with whom he had five children, including Susan Newbold Lawrence (1856-1923) and Mary Gertrude Murray nee. Lawrence.

From early childhood, Lawrence was interested in the birds, which he observed in their habitats in his free time. Since he became an employee at the age of 16 and a partner in his father's business at the age of 20, he could not spend much time on ornithology. He had had a rifle since 1820 and began to watch the bird migration in spring and autumn. During this time he lived in Forest Hill , his father's domicile, during the summer , from where he could overlook Manhattan and the Hudson River . At the age of eighty-three he published An account of the former abundance of some species of birds on New York Island, at the time of their migration to the south and, as a contemporary witness, described how much the avifauna in this area had changed within 75 years.

1841 bought John James Audubon an approximately 16,200 m ² large area along the Hudson, which as today Audubon Park Historic District is known. The property was near Forest Hill and so Lawrence came into contact with Audubon's sons Victor Gifford (1809-1860) and John Woodhouse Audubon (1812-1862). Apart from his adolescent observations of bird migration and the exploration of their natural habitats, he was still too little aware of the breadth of the research field of ornithology. At first he was above all a successful businessman who otherwise showed little ambition in this area. An event in 1841 fundamentally changed his field of interest. Jacob Post Giraud Jr. (1811–1870) and he were among the first to acquire a collection of American birds as a hobby. That is why the taxidermist John Graham Bell (1812–1889) invited them to his house to meet with young ornithologists. It was here that the anatomy of birds and in particular the muscles used to move their wings were demonstrated for the first time . It was also at the meeting that he made the first acquaintance with Baird, who cast a spell over him with his enthusiasm for ornithology and with whom he subsequently became a lifelong friend. In 1846 his first publication appeared with the title Description of a new species of Anser , in which he described Lawrence's Brent Goose ( Branta nigricans ), which was new to science .

Together with Baird and John Cassin , he wrote the work Birds of North America . He bequeathed his collection of around 8,000 bird skins to the American Museum of Natural History .

Dedication names

Philip Sclater and Osbert Salvin named 1868 Kubaeule ( Margarobyas lawrencii ), Osbert Salvin 1874 Purple back Dove ( Geotrygon lawrencii ), John Cassin 1850 Lawrence's Goldfinch ( Carduelis lawrencei ), Robert Ridgway 1878, the Panama Schopf ear ( Pseudocolaptes lawrencii ) and Elliott Coues 1880 Lawrence throttle ( Turdus lawrencii ) after him. Also in the subspecies of Breitschnabel humming ( Cynanthus latirostris lawrencei ( of Berlepsch , 1887)), the black cap Schopf bully ( Myiarchus tuberculifer lawrenceii ( Giraud , 1841)), the Graubürzelseglers ( Chaetura cinereiventris lawrencei Ridgway , 1893), the Euler-Schnäppertyranns ( Lathrotriccus euleri lawrencei ( Allen, JA , 1889)), the happiness Wren ( Pheugopedius Felix lawrencii ( Ridgway , 1878)), the Jamaikatrupials ( icterus leucopteryx lawrencii Cory , 1887), the glasses Wren ( Cyphorhinus phaeocephalus lawrencii Lawrence , 1863) and the grate tail bunting ( Peucaea ruficauda lawrencii ( Salvin & Godman , 1886)) there is a dedication for him. Amazilia lawrencei Elliot , 1889 is now considered synonymous with the green-bellied hummingbird ( Amazilia viridigaster ) Sclerurus lawrencei Ridgway , 1889 as a synonym for a subspecies of the White-throated Foliage Wenders ( Sclerurus caudacutus umbretta ) Fregetta lawrencii Bonaparte , 1855 as synonymous with the white-faced storm petrel ( Pelagodroma marina ) Cichlherminia lawrencii Cory , 1891 as a synonym for the Antilles throttle ( Turdus lherminieri dorotheae ) Picumnus lawrencii Cory , 1881 as a synonym for the Hüpfspecht ( Nesoctites Micromegas ) Lanio lawrencii Sclater, PL , 1887 as a synonym for a subspecies of Trauertangare ( Tachyphonus luctuosus flaviventris ) mime gilvus lawrencei Ridgway , 1882 as a synonym for tropical Mockingbird ( mime gilvus gracilis ), Dendrornis lawrencei Ridgway , 1887 as a synonym for a subspecies of small Pale Kehl-tree riser ( Xiphorhynchus Susurrans nana ) and Myrmelastes lawrencii Salvin & Godman , 1892 as a Synonym for the bare-forehead ant- bird ( Gymnocich la nudiceps ). The Homophania lawrencei described by Adolphe Boucard in 1892 is a hybrid of the Andean hummingbird ( Coeligena torquata ) and the velvet -bellied hummingbird ( Lafresnaya lafresnayi ), while the Helminthophaga lawrencii described by Herold Herrick in 1874 is a hybrid of the blue-winged warbler ( Blue-winged warbler ) Golden-winged Warbler ( Vermivora chrysoptera ). The generic name Lawrencia Ridgway , 1896 is a synonym for Vireo Vieillot , 1808, Lawrencius Boucard , 1896 a synonym for Elvira Mulsant , Verreaux, J. & Verreaux, É. , 1866.

literature

• Lafayette Sabine Foster: The published writings of George Newbold Lawrence, 1844-1891 . In: Bulletin of the United States National Museum . No. 40 , 1892, p. 1–124 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed November 16, 2015]).
• Daniel Giraud Elliot: In memoriam: George Newbold Lawrence . In: The Auk . tape 13 , no. 1 , 1896, p. 1–10 (English, sora.unm.edu [PDF; 479 kB ; accessed on November 13, 2015]).
• Daniel Giraud Elliot: Descriptions of Supposed New Species of Hummingbirds Belonging to the Genera Amazilia and Eriocnemis . In: The Auk . tape 6 , no. 3 , 1889, p. 209–210 (English, sora.unm.edu [PDF; 77 kB ; accessed on November 14, 2015]).
• Hans Hermann Carl Ludwig von Berlepsch: Descriptions of new Species and Subspecies of Trochilidae . In: The Ibis . tape 5 , series 5, 1887, p. 289–298 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed November 14, 2015]).
• John Cassin: Descriptions of new species of birds of Genera Parus, Linn .; Emberiza Linn .; Carduelis, Briss .; Myiothera, Ill; amd Leuconerpes, Sw., specimens of which are in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia . In: Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia . tape 5 , October 1850, p. 103-106 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed November 14, 2015]).
• Elliott Coues: Third Installation of American Ornithological Bibliography . In: Bulletin of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories . tape 5 , no. 4 , 1880, p. 521-1066 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed November 14, 2015]).
• Robert Ridgway: Description of two new species of birds from Costa Rica, and notes on other rare species from that country . In: Proceedings of the United States National Museum . tape 1 , no. 39 , 1878, p. 252-255 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed November 14, 2015] a).
• Robert Ridgway: Description of a new Wren from the Tres Marias Islands . In: Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club . tape 3 , no. 1 , 1878, p. 10–11 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed November 16, 2015] b).
• Robert Ridgway: Description of several new races of American birds . In: Proceedings of the United States National Museum . tape 5 , 1882, p. 9-15 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed November 16, 2015]).
• Robert Ridgway: Descriptions of some new species and subspecies of birds from Middle America . In: Proceedings of the United States National Museum . tape 10 , no. 655 , 1887, pp. 505-510 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed November 16, 2015]).
• Robert Ridgway: A review of the genus Sclerurus of Swainson . In: Proceedings of the United States National Museum . tape 12 , no. 420 , 1890, pp. 21–31 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed November 15, 2015]).
• Robert Ridgway: Description of two supposed new species of swifts . In: Proceedings of the United States National Museum . tape 16 , no. 420 , 1893, pp. 43–44 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed November 14, 2015]).
• Robert Ridgway: Description of a New Genus of Tyrannidae from Santo Domingo . In: The Auk . tape 3 , no. 3 , 1896, p. 382–383 (English, sora.unm.edu [PDF; 79 kB ; accessed on November 15, 2015]).
• Joel Asaph Allen: Descriptions of New Species of South American Birds, with Remarks on various other little known Species . In: Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History . tape 2 , no. 3 , 1889, p. 137–151 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed November 14, 2015]).
• Jacob Post Giraud Jr .: A description of sixteen new species of North American birds, described in the Annals of the New York Lyceum of Natural History . George F. Nesbitt, New York 1841 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed November 14, 2015]).
• Adolphe Boucard: A complete list up to date of the Humming-birds found in Columbia, with descriptions of several supposed new species . In: The Humming bird. A monthly scientific, artistic, and industrial review . tape 2 , no. 9 , 1892, p. 73-87 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed November 14, 2015]).
• Adolphe Boucard: Genera of humming birds: being also a complete monograph of these birds . Pardy & Son, Bournemouth 1894, pp. 108–206 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed November 15, 2015]).
• Herold Herrick: Description of a new species of Helminthorhaga . In: Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia . tape 26 , 1874, pp. 220 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed November 14, 2015]).
• Philip Lutley Sclater, Osbert Salvin: Description of New or little-known American Birds of the Families Fringillidae, Oxyrhamphidae, Bucconidae, and Stringidae . In: Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London For the Year 1868 . 1868, p. 322–329 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed November 14, 2015]).
• Philip Lutley Sclater: On some little-known Species of Tanagers . In: The Ibis . tape 3 , series 5, 1887, p. 271–275 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed November 14, 2015]).
• Osbert Salvin: A Visit to the principal Museums of the United States, with Notes on some of the Birds contained therein . In: The Ibis . tape 4 , series 3, 1874, p. 305–329 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed November 15, 2015]).
• Osbert Salvin, Frederick DuCane Godman: Aves . In: Biologia Centrali-Americana . tape 1, 1879-1904 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed November 16, 2015]).
• Osbert Salvin, Frederick DuCane Godman: Aves . In: Biologia Centrali-Americana . tape 2, 1888-1904 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed November 16, 2015]).
• Charles Lucien Jules Laurent Bonaparte: Conspectus generum avium . tape 2 . EJ Brill, Leiden 1857 ( gallica.bnf.fr [accessed November 16, 2015]).
• Charles Barney Cory: Description of Four new Species of Haitian Birds . In: Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club . tape 6 , no. 3 , 1881, p. 129-139 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed November 16, 2015]).
• Charles Barney Cory: Descriptions of Six Supposed New Species of Birds from the Islands of Old Providence and St. Andrews, Caribbean Sea . In: The Auk . tape 4 , no. 3 , 1887, p. 177–180 (English, sora.unm.edu [PDF; 140 kB ; accessed on November 16, 2015]).
• Charles Barney Cory: Notes on West Indian Birds . In: The Auk . tape 8 , no. 1 , 1891, p. 41–46 (English, sora.unm.edu [PDF; 229 kB ; accessed on November 16, 2015]).

Fonts (selection)

• Description of a New Species of Anser . In: Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York . tape 4 , 1848, p. 171–172 ( biodiversitylibrary.org - first edition: 1846).
• Description of a New Species of Humming Bird of the Genus Mellisuga Brisson, with a note on Trochilus aquila Bourcier . In: Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York . tape 6 , 1858, pp. 137–142 ( biodiversitylibrary.org - first edition: 1855).
• Description of seven new species of humming birds . In: Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York . tape 6 , 1858, pp. 258–264 ( biodiversitylibrary.org - first edition: 1855).
• Description of Three New Species of Birds . In: Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York . tape 7 , 1861, p. 303-305 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
• Catalog of a Collection of Birds, made in New Grenada, by James McLeannan, Esq., Of New York, with Notes and Descriptions of New Species . In: Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York . tape 7 , May 27, 1861, p. 315-334 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
• Catalog of a Collection of Birds, made in New Granada, by James McLeannan, Esq .; of New York, with Notes and Descriptions of New Species . In: Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York . tape 8 , 1863, p. 1-13 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
• Descriptions of New Species of Birds of the Families Tanagridae, Cuculidae, and Trochilidae, with a Note on Panterpe insignis . In: Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York . tape June 8 , 1864, p. 41-46 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
• Description of Six New Species of Birds from Central America . In: Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York . tape 8 , 1865, p. 170-178 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
• Catalog of a Collection of Birds in the Museum of the Smithonian Institution, made by Mr. HE Holland at Greytown, Nicaragua, with Descriptions of New Species . In: Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York . tape 8 , 1865, p. 178-184 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
• Description of new species of Birds of the families Paridae, Vireonidae, Tirannidae and Trochilidae, with notes on Myiarchus Panamensis . In: Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia . tape 17 , 1865, pp. 37-39 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
• Catalog of a Collection of Birds in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution, made by Mr. HE Holland at Greytown, Nicaragua, with Descriptions of New Species. In: Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York . tape 8 , no. 22 , 1865, p. 178-184 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
• Description of Six New Species of Birds of the Families Hirundinidae, Formicaridae, Tyrannidae, and Trochilidae . In: Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York . tape 8 , 1866, pp. 400-405 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
• Description of Five New Species of Central American Birds . In: Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia . tape 19 , no. 4 , December 1867, p. 232-234 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
• Catalog of a Collection of Birds from Puna Islands, Gulf of Guayaquil, in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution, collected by JF Reeve, Esq. In: Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York . tape 9 , 1870, p. 234-238 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
• Descriptions of New Species of Birds of the Families Troglodytidæ and Tyrannidæ . In: Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia . tape 23 , 1871, pp. 233-237 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
• Characters of some New South American Birds, with Notes on other rare or little known species . In: Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York . tape 9 , 1870, p. 265-275 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
• Description of New Species of Buirds from Mexico, Central America, and South America, with a Note on Rallus longirostris . In: Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York . tape 10 , 1871, p. 1-21 ( biodiversitylibrary.org - 1874).
• Description of Six supposed New Species of American Birds . In: Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York . tape 10 , 1874, p. 395-399 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
• Description of a New Species of Jay of the Genus Cyanocitta; also of a supposed New Species of the Genus Cyanocorax . In: Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York . tape 11 , 1876, p. 163-166 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
• Descriptions of New Species of Birds from the Island of Dominica . In: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . tape 1 , 1877, p. 46-49 ( biodiversitylibrary.org - 1877-1880).
• Description of a New Species of Birds of the Families Trochilidae and Tetranonidae . In: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . tape 1 , 1877, p. 50-52 ( biodiversitylibrary.org - 1877-1880).
• Descriptions of Seven New Species of Birds from the Island of St. Vincent, West Indies . In: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . tape 1 , 1878, p. 146-152 ( biodiversitylibrary.org - 1877-1880).
• Descriptions of Supposed New Species of Birds from the Islands of Grenada and Dominica, West Indies . In: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . tape 1 , 1878, p. 160-163 ( biodiversitylibrary.org - 1877-1880).
• Catalog of the Birds of Antigua and Bermuda from Collections made for the Smithonian Institution, by Mr. Fred A. Ober, with his observations . In: Proceedings of the United States National Museum . tape 1 , 1878, p. 232-242 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
• Description of New Species of Birds of the Families Silviidae, Troglodytidae and Tyrannidae . In: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . tape 4 , no. 2 , 1887, p. 66-68 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
• Description of a New Species of Wren from the Island of Tobago, West Indies . In: The Auk . tape 5 , no. 4 , 1888, p. 404 (English, sora.unm.edu [PDF; 37 kB ]).
• An Account of the Former Abundance of some species of Birds on New York Island, at the time of their Migration to the South. In: The Auk . tape 6 , no. 2 , 1889, p. 201–203 (English, sora.unm.edu [PDF; 462 kB ]).

Individual evidence

1. ^ Daniel Giraud Elliot (1896), p. 3.
2. ^ Entry in The Burling Books: Ancestors and Descendants of Edward and Grace Burling
3. ^ MyHeritage
4. ^ Daniel Giraud Elliot (1896), pp. 4–5.
5. ^ Daniel Giraud Elliot (1896), p. 5.
6. ^ Daniel Giraud Elliot (1896), p. 6.
7. ↑ George Newbold Lawrence (1846), pp. 171-172.
8. ^ Philip Lutley Sclater et al. a. (1868), p. 327.
9. ↑ Osbert Salvin, p. 329.
10. ^ John Cassin, p. 105, plate 5.
11. ↑ Robert Ridgway (1878a), p. 254
12. ^ Elliott Coues, p. 570.
13. ↑ Hans Hermann Carl Ludwig von Berlepsch, p. 293.
14. ^ Jacob Post Giraud Jr., p. 9, plate 2, figure 1.
15. ^ Robert Ridgway (1893), p. 43.
16. ^ Joel Asaph Allen, p. 150.
17. ↑ Robert Ridgway (1878b), p. 10
18. ^ Charles Barney Cory (1887), p. 178.
19. ↑ George Newbold Lawrence (1863), p. 5.
20. ↑ Osbert Salvin et al. a. (1879-1904), p. 397.
21. ^ Daniel Giraud Elliot (1889), p. 210.
22. ^ Robert Ridgway (1889), p. 29.
23. ^ Charles Lucien Jules Laurent Bonaparte, p. 198.
24. ^ Charles Barney Cory (1891), p. 44.
25. ^ Charles Barney Cory (1881), p. 129.
26. ^ Philip Lutley Sclater (1887), p. 272.
27. ^ Robert Ridgway (1882), p. 10.
28. ^ Robert Ridgway (1897), p. 509.
29. ^ Osbert Salvin (1888–1904), p. 226.
30. ^ Adolphe Boucard (1892), p. 87.
31. ↑ Herold Herrick, p. 220.
32. ^ Robert Ridgway (1896), p. 383.
33. ↑ Adolphe Boucard (1894), p. 174.