Edouard Verreaux

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Jean Baptiste Édouard Verreaux (* 16th September 1810 in Paris ; † 14. March 1868 ibid in the 4th arrondissement ) was a French ornithologist and naturalist.

Live and act

Édouard Verreaux was born as the second son of the Parisian natural goods dealer Pierre-Jacques Verreaux and Joséphine Delalande, sister of Pierre Antoine Delalande (1787-1823). Influenced by his family, he soon developed a strong interest in natural history. At the tender age of 17 he was appointed taxidermist of the Natural History Museum (today: Aquarium municipal et musée des sciences naturelles ) in Douai . When his older brother Jules Verreaux (1807–1873) asked him in 1819 to come to the Cape of Good Hope , he set out for South Africa to supply his father's famous Maison Verreaux with natural history goods. Together with his brother, he went on excursions into the Cape Town area and two excursions inland, a part of the country that, apart from François Levaillant (1753-1824) and her uncle Delalande, had not yet explored any Europeans. Although he was very young, he watched with his uncle Delalande 1820 aardwolf that Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1805-1861) under the new genus Proteles described. In a world marked by treacherous, barbaric, superstitious and greedy tribes, their lives often hung by a thread. Thanks to their courage and skills, they collected a large number of natural objects, which they sent to their father's natural produce trade and the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle in Paris.

The brother Jules Verreaux

After two long excursions, he finally returned to Paris. With it came a considerable collection of animal preparations, of which not much was known about many or which were new to science. All of these treasures were exhibited in the gallery of Baron Jules Paul Benjamin Delessert (1773–1847) in 1831 . The sight of these extraordinary exhibits drew the world of scientists under its spell. Georges Cuvier (1769–1832) and Georges Cuvier (1769–1832) and Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1805–1861) were so fascinated that they encouraged him to return to South Africa. On July 1, 1832, he and his younger brother Joseph Alexis Verreaux (? –1868) set off again for Cape Town , which they reached in September of the same year. With great enthusiasm the Verreaux brothers founded a museum in which they exhibited many mammals, birds, reptiles, insects etc. from this country. The museum's collection consisted of the collections of Baron Carl von Ludwig (1784–1847), Andrew Smiths (1797–1872), the Verreauxs and the South African Literary and Scientific Institution . The Verreaux collection was always privately owned and was only available to the museum on loan. Until Jules Verreaux's return in 1838, the Verreaux collection was admired by locals and many travelers on their way to or from India.

After returning from a larger expedition inland, Édouard had the opportunity to explore other animal species and human races. When the captain Geoffroy offered him a place on his ship to the big Asian islands, he accepted it with thanks. His journey took him through Sumatra , Batavia , Surabaya , some parts of the Philippines , China and Cochinchina . Finally returned to Cape Town via Mauritius . He told his friend Étienne Mulsant (1797–1880) curious stories about the trip. He had observed how three children of an unknown person were eaten by caimans when the latter went overboard. Another anecdote that proved his courage came when he went alone into a forest, although a Bengal tiger was recently spotted in the area .

Back in Cape Town, he found his brother Jules in great concern. He had not received any signs of life from his brother Alexis for a long time. They were the harbingers of the sixth Kaffir War (1834–1835). During this time the Kaffirs burned down buildings and massacred the population. They operated from the forests near the coast and there was a risk that they would gradually conquer smaller cities and metropolises. Despite three regiments and two thousand Boers or Dutch settlers under the leadership of Henry George Wakelyn Smith (1787–1860), he did not get the situation under control. The Kaffirs did not fight openly and used guerrilla tactics with small gangs. Only when troops were requested from Saint Helena and India did the English finally defeat the Kaffirs after an 18-month war under the regiment of Sir Benjamin D'Urban (1777-1849).

After waiting in vain for news from his brother for two months, Édouard decided to go looking for him. He wanted to do this by the dangerous overland route, but was convinced by a friend that it would be better to take the sea route to Mossel Bay . Once there, he was warmly received by Mr. Aker and was able to expand his collection. While hunting a hyrax it slipped and miraculously landed in a horizontally protruding tree. Below him it went 600 meters down to a reef hit by the sea waves. After the initial shock wore off, he had to climb 12 feet up the vertical rock to reach the edge of the cliff. Fortunately, with the best of his strength, he managed to climb this point.

During his stay in Mossel Bay, he received the relieving news that his brother Alexis was doing well and was in a place that had not been affected by the chaos of war so far. So he went there and finally met Alexis.

The list of dangerous situations in which Édouard found himself on his numerous hunting trips is long. For example, his horse was attacked by a leopard while they were chasing him. Fortunately for Édouard, a hunter shot him just in time. He rescued a Hottentot one more time when it was attacked by a lion.

After several months of adventure, the two brothers sent their numerous booty to their brother Jules. At the same time they set out to look for just that.

marriage certificate

In 1833, Édouard returned to France. Here he took over his father's business the following year and expanded it into an unrivaled institution. Business flourished and so he asked Jules to come to Paris with her entire collection to support him here. When he started his journey home with the Lucullus in 1838 , the ship crashed in front of La Rochelle . It was a heavy blow for the Maison Verreaux , because in addition to the priceless natural historical treasures, they lost all their manuscripts and drawings that were supposed to help them to fame and glory in the world of science. Despite the setback, Édouard was not discouraged. On January 20, 1846 he married Henriette Jeanne nee. Bodier in Paris, to which he and his brother also dedicated the name of the green-crowned nectar bird ( Cinnyris johannae ).

The Maison Verreaux , which was located in Paris Place Royal 9 and Succursale Boulevard Monmartre 6, established a worldwide connection to all natural history museums and almost large private collectors. In addition to commercial interests, the brothers were always willing to impart all aspects of natural history to everyone. So it was not surprising that important scientists from all over Europe and America kept coming here.

In their camp there were around 3,000 mammals, 40,000 birds, 200,000 shell molluscs, many skeletons, reptiles and fish. All were prepared in an exemplary manner. There was also a considerable collection of eggs from birds from all over the world. When determining the exhibits, they carefully tried to record all synonyms they knew and the country from which they came on the associated labels .

Édouard developed a fondness for hummingbirds. Therefore, he tried to bring both sexes of every known hummingbird species in different phases of development, their skeletons and their nests with the eggs together as completely as possible.

When Étienne Mulsant (1797–1880) began a work on the natural history of the hummingbirds ( Histoire naturelle des oiseaux-mouches ou colibris constituant la famille des trochilidés ) with the help of the Jules Bourciers (1797–1873) collection , it was Édouard Verreaux who actively supported this project. After Verreaux's death, the widow gave Mulsant access to the valuable material. So it was a matter of course for him to publish this 5-volume work under the name Verreauxs.

In August 1867, Édouard's health began to deteriorate noticeably. When Mulsant visited him in September of the same year, he appeared sad and suffering, so that death was already imminent. Gradually he got worse and so he finally died in March 1864 with his family.

Entry of his death in the 4th arrondissement of Paris

After his sudden death, his collection, valued at 500,000 francs, went to the widow. Part of the collection, including an almost complete collection of American birds, as well as birds of paradise and pheasants , were bought by Daniel Giraud Elliot (1835–1915) for the American Museum of Natural History . Some of his hummingbirds were sold to the Italian banker and ornithologist Ercole Turati (1829–1881).

Dedication names

Exclusively for Édouard Verreaux

Subspecies of the butterfly elf Lophornis chalybeus verreauxii

Often one finds in the literature Jules Verreaux and Édouard Verreaux as first authors of the green-headed elf Lophornis verreauxii , since the title in the original article lists them as authors. In a correction of errors in the same issue, the two brothers make it clear that Jules Bourcier (1797–1873) is the sole author of the article. The name of this subspecies of the green-headed elf is exclusively dedicated to Édouard. So wrote Bourcier:

"Elle est dédiée à M Edouard Verreaux, possesseur du type unique qui orne la magnifique collection de Trochilidés de cet amateur classique."

English: It is dedicated to Mr. Edouard Verreaux, the owner of this unique species that adorns his magnificent classic amateur hummingbird collection.

A subspecies of the crinkled guinea fowl includes the name Édourds in its scientific name, namely Guttera pucherani edouardi . In the translation of a letter from Jules Verreaux to Gustav Hartlaub (1814–1900) he wrote:

“The fatherland of this undoubtedly new species is the Natal coast, where Jules Verreaux himself shot the specimen from the Paris collection 35 years ago. He wishes to see the same named in honor of his brother Edouard. "

The mussel species Olivella (Niteoliva) verreauxii described by Armand Marie Paulin Ducros de Saint-Germain (1823–1888) in his work Revue critique du genre Oliva, de Bruguières in 1857 is now a synonym for Olivella (Niteoliva) minuta minuta H. F. Link , 1807. Thus wrote Ducros de Saint-Germain:

“Nous la dédions avec plaisir à M. Edouard Verreaux qui a bien voulu nous la donner. (German: It is my pleasure to dedicate it to Mr. Edouard Verreaux, who kindly made it available to me) "

Another mussel named Burnupia verreauxii was described by Jules René Bourguignat (1829–1892) in 1853. However, the taxonomic status of this species requires further analysis.

For the brothers

The blue-ringed dove ( Leptotila verreauxi ), which Charles Lucien Jules Laurent Bonaparte (1803-1857) described in 1857, is not exclusively dedicated to Jules, but probably also to his brother Édouard. So wrote Bonaparte:

“A magnifique example of adults a été procuré par MM. Verreaux au Muséum, qui possède l'espèce tous ses états d'age et de sexe ..... en magasin. (German: A splendid fully grown specimen, which was provided by Messrs Verreaux from the museum, who have the species in all ages and genders .... in their warehouse.) "

A subspecies of the yellow-flanked woodpecker ( Celeus grammicus verreauxii ), which Alfred Malherbe (1804-1865) described under the name Celeopicus Verrauxii , is also dedicated to the brothers. Malherbe used the reason for the name:

"C'est la république de L'Équateur (Amérique mèridionale) que MM. Verreaux ont reçu récemment cette nouvelle espèces, à laquelle j'ai donné leur nom, et dont je ne connais encore que deux femelles. It is the Republic of Ecuador (South America) from which Messrs. Verreaux got this new species and for which I give this name, and of which I only know two females. "

Hermann Schlegel (1804-1884) showed in an analysis of the Musophaga Persa (today Guinea- Turaco Tauraco persa ) in 1854 that today's subspecies of the blue-backed turaco Tauraco macrorhynchus verreauxii , which the Verreaux brothers had classified as Guinea-Turaco, differs significantly. So he wrote in his analysis:

“The Verreaux brothers later showed that this view was wrong. The species listed by Mr. Verreaux as Persa is quite different from the true Persa; it is obviously new and may therefore be called M. Verreauxii. "

First descriptions by Jules & Édouard Verreaux

Édouard Verreaux and his brother described many genera , species and subspecies as the first author. Marc Athanase Parfait Œillet Des Murs (1804–1894) also contributed to the description of the red breasted hawk .

Genera

On the genres that Édouard Verreaux described:

  • Tricholaema Verreaux, J & Verreaux, E , 1855
  • Ixonotus Verreaux, J & Verreaux, E , 1855
  • Elvira Mulsant , Verreaux, J & Verreaux, E , 1866

species

Adanson quail ( Coturnix adansonii ) painted by Claude Gibney Finch-Davies (1875–1920)
Gloss widow ( Vidua hypocherina )

The species that Édouard Verreaux described include chronologically:

Subspecies

The subspecies that Édouard Verreaux described include chronologically:

  • Yellow-throated bearded bird ( Pogoniulus subsulphureus flavimentum ) ( Verreaux, J & Verreaux, E , 1851)
  • Scaly whiskers ( Pogoniulus scolopaceus flavisquamatus ) ( Verreaux, J & Verreaux, E , 1855)
  • Common buzzard ( Buteo magnirostris pucherani ) ( Verreaux, J & Verreaux, E , 1855)
  • Shimmer cuckoo ( Phaenicophaeus curvirostris oeneicaudus ) ( Verreaux, J & Verreaux, E , 1855)
  • Spotted whiskered bird ( Tricholaema hirsuta flavipunctata ) Verreaux, J & Verreaux, E , 1855.

Works

Year 1832

  • Together with Jules Verreaux: Illustrations de L'Océanie en estampes ou Description geographique et historique de toutes les îles du Grand Océan et du continent de la Nouvelle Hollande, Notasie, Polynésie, Australie . Librairie Nepveu, Paris 1832 ( online [accessed December 12, 2012]).

Year 1833

  • Catalog des objets d'histoire naturelle: composant le cabinet de Mm. Verreaux, père et fils, naturalistes preparateurs, boulevard Montmartre, No. 6 . Gondelier-Morisset, Paris 1833.

Year 1849

  • Catalog d'oiseaux . De Hennuyer et C., Batignolles 1849 ( online [accessed September 28, 2011]).

Year 1851

  • together with Jules Verreaux: Descriptions d'espèces nouvelles, rares ou peu connues, d'Oiseaux du Gabon (Afrique occidentale) par MM. Jules et Édouard Verreaux . In: Revue et magasin de zoologie pure et appliquée . tape 3 , 1851, pp. 306-317 ( online [accessed December 12, 2012]).
  • together with Jules Verreaux: Descriptions d'espèces nouvelles, rares ou peu connues, d'Oiseaux du Gabon (Afrique occidentale) par MM. Jules et Édouard Verreaux . In: Revue et magasin de zoologie pure et appliquée . tape 3 , 1851, pp. 417-424 ( online [accessed December 12, 2012]).
  • together with Jules Verreaux: Descriptions d'espèces nouvelles d'Oiseaux du Gabon (côte occidentale d'Afrique) by MM. Jules et Éd. Verreaux . In: Revue et magasin de zoologie pure et appliquée . tape 3 , 1851, pp. 513-516 ( online [accessed December 12, 2012]).

Year 1853

  • together with Jules Verreaux: Note du genre Lophornis, Ch. Bp. - Lophornis Verrauxii Bourc. by MM. Jules et Éd. Verreaux . In: Revue et magasin de zoologie pure et appliquée . tape 5 , 1853, pp. 193 ( online [accessed December 12, 2012]).
  • together with Jules Verreaux: Description d'Oiseaux nouveaux, by MM. Jules et Édouard Verreaux . In: Revue et magasin de zoologie pure et appliquée . tape 5 , 1853, pp. 193–197 ( online [accessed December 12, 2012]).
  • together with Jules Verreaux: Errata . In: Revue et magasin de zoologie pure et appliquée . tape 5 , 1853, pp. 288 ( online [accessed December 12, 2012]).

Year 1855

  • together with Jules Verreaux: Observations sur les mœurs des Oiseaux exotiques par MM. Édouard et Jules Verreaux . In: Revue et magasin de zoologie pure et appliquée . tape 7 , 1855, pp. 174–177 ( online [accessed December 12, 2012]).
  • together with Jules Verreaux: Description d'oiseaux nouveaux de l'Afrique méridionale et occidentale, by MM. Jules et Edouard Vekreaux . In: Revue et magasin de zoologie pure et appliquée . tape 7 , 1855, pp. 217–222 ( online [accessed December 12, 2012]).
  • together with Jules Verreaux: Description d'oiseaux nouveaux de l'Afrique méridionale et occidentale, by MM. Jules et Edouard Vekreaux . In: Revue et magasin de zoologie pure et appliquée . tape 7 , 1855, pp. 270-274 ( online [accessed December 12, 2012]).
  • together with Jules Verreaux: III. Mélanges et Nouvelles - MM. Jules et Edouard Verreaux nous adressent les descriptions suivantes d'Oiseaux nouveaux nouvellement découverts par les voyageurs qu'ils entretiennent dans divers pays . In: Revue et magasin de zoologie pure et appliquée . tape 7 , 1855, pp. 348–352 ( online [accessed December 12, 2012]).
  • together with Jules Verreaux: Observations sur les mœurs des Oiseaux exotiques par MM. Édouard et Jules Verreaux . In: Revue et magasin de zoologie pure et appliquée . tape 7 , 1855, pp. 353-355 ( online [accessed December 12, 2012]).
  • together with Jules Verreaux: Notice sur le genre Phænicophæus, Vieill., Malcoha, Cuv .; par MM. J. et Éd. Verreaux . In: Revue et magasin de zoologie pure et appliquée . tape 7 , 1855, pp. 356-357 ( online [accessed December 12, 2012]).
  • together with Jules Verreaux: Observations sur les mœurs des Oiseaux de l'Afrique méridionale et occidentale par MM. Jules et Édouard Verreaux . In: Revue et magasin de zoologie pure et appliquée . tape 7 , 1855, pp. 414-422 ( online [accessed December 12, 2012]).
  • together with Jules Verreaux: Observations sur les mœurs des Oiseaux de l'Afrique méridionale et occidentale par MM. Jules et Édouard Verreaux . In: Revue et magasin de zoologie pure et appliquée . tape 7 , 1855, pp. 511-513 ( online [accessed December 12, 2012]).
  • together with Jules Verreaux: Description et figure d'un Oiseau nouveau du Gabon par MM. Jules et Éd. Verreaux . In: Revue et magasin de zoologie pure et appliquée . tape 7 , 1855, pp. 555-556 ( online [accessed December 12, 2012]).
  • Together with Jules Verreaux ( Nisus Toussenelii also with Marc Athanase Parfait Œillet Des Murs): Oiseaux nouveaux du Gabon . In: Journal of Ornithology . tape 3 , no. 14 , 1855, p. 101-106 ( online [accessed December 12, 2012]).

Year 1856

  • together with Jules Verreaux: Description d'une espèce nouvelle de Veuve by MM. Verreaux . In: Revue et magasin de zoologie pure et appliquée . tape 8 , 1856, pp. 260-262 ( online [accessed December 12, 2012]).

Year 1857

  • together with Jules Verreaux: Pitta Mathilda, J. et Ed. Verr. In: Revue et magasin de zoologie pure et appliquée . tape 9 , 1857, pp. 303-304 ( biodiversitylibrary.org online [accessed December 12, 2012]).

Year 1866

  • with Étienne Mulsant, Jules Verreaux: Essai d'une classification méthodique des trochilidés ou oiseaux-mouches . F. Savy, Paris 1866 ( online [accessed December 12, 2012]).
  • with Étienne Mulsant, Jules Verreaux: Essai d'une classification méthodique des trochilidés ou oiseaux-mouches . In: Mémoires de la Société impériale des sciences naturelles de Cherbourg (=  2 ). tape 2 , 1866, p. 149-242 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • with Étienne Mulsant, Jules Verreaux: Description d'une nouvelle espèce d'Oiseau- Mouche (Diphlogena (Helianthea) Traviesi) . In: Annales de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon . tape 13 , 1866, pp. 391 ( online [accessed December 12, 2012]).

Year 1868

  • Catalog de la collection ornithologique de la maison Verreaux . Seringe, Paris 1868.

Year 1874

  • with Étienne Mulsant: Histoire naturelle des oiseaux-mouches ou colibris constituant la famille des trochilidés . tape 1 . Bureau de la Société Linnéenne, Lyon 1874 ( online [accessed December 12, 2012]).

Year 1876

  • with Étienne Mulsant: Histoire naturelle des oiseaux-mouches ou colibris constituant la famille des trochilidés . tape 2 . Deyrolle, Paris 1876 ( online [accessed December 12, 2012]).

Year 1877

  • with Étienne Mulsant: Histoire naturelle des oiseaux-mouches ou colibris constituant la famille des trochilidés . tape 3 . Bureau de la Société Linnéenne, Lyon 1877 ( online [accessed December 12, 2012]).
  • with Étienne Mulsant: Histoire naturelle des oiseaux-mouches ou colibris constituant la famille des trochilidés . tape 4 . Deyrolle, Paris 1877 ( online [accessed December 12, 2012]).

Year 1879

  • with Étienne Mulsant: Histoire naturelle des oiseaux-mouches ou colibris constituant la famille des trochilidés (directory) . tape 5 . Au Bureau de la Société Linnéenne, Lyon 1879 ( online [accessed December 12, 2012]).

literature

  • Martial Étienne Mulsant: Notice sur Édouard Verreaux in Notices et Portraits . H. Georg, Lyon 1879, p. 139-145 .
  • Piotr Daszkiewicz: La maison Verreaux au XiXe siècle à Paris, plaques tournanante des collections naturalistes mondiales . In: Journal d'Agriculture Traditional et de Botanique Appliquée . tape 39 , no. 2 , 1874, p. 111–129 ( persee.fr [PDF; 5.8 MB ]).
  • Albert Smith Bickmore: The American Museum of Natural History in Central Park, New York . In: Nature . tape 9 , 1873, p. 9 ( online [accessed September 25, 2011]).
  • Saul Dubow: A Commonwealth of Knowledge: Science, Sensibility, and White South Africa 1820-2000 . Oxford University Press, Oxford New York 2006, ISBN 978-0-19-929663-7 ( online [accessed October 2, 2011]).
  • Barbara Mearns, Richard Mearns: The Bird Collectors . Academic Press Limited, London 1998, ISBN 978-0-12-487440-4 .
  • Eugène Anselme Sébastien Léon Desmarest in Charles Henry Dessalines d'Orbigny: Dictionnaire universel d'histoire naturelle: résumant et complétant tous les faits présentés par les encyclopédies, les anciens dictionnaires scientifiques . L. Houssiaux et Cie, Paris 1861, p. 567-570 ( online [accessed September 25, 2011]).
  • Ludwig Reichenbach: About the great commercial establishment of the Verreaux brothers for natural history, in Paris . In: Journal for Ornithology Volume = Bd. Extra booklet . 1854, p. 22-23 ( online [accessed December 12, 2012]).
  • Charles Lucien Jules Laurent Bonaparte: Zoology - Coup d'œil sur les Pigeons (cinquième partie) . In: Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences . tape 40 , 1855, pp. 96-102 ( online [accessed September 25, 2011]).
  • Alfred Malherbe: Description d'une nouvelle espèce de Piciné de la république de l'Équateur . In: Revue et magasin de zoologie pure et appliquée . tape 10 , 1858, p. 8-10 ( online [accessed September 28, 2011]).
  • Hermann Schlegel: Preliminary note on the true Musophaga Persa (Lin.) . In: Journal of Ornithology . tape 10 , 1854, p. 462-463 ( online [accessed September 28, 2011]).
  • Gustav Hartlaub: About a new Numida. After a letter from Jules Verreaux . In: Journal of Ornithology . tape 15 , no. 85 , 1860, pp. 36-37 ( online [accessed December 12, 2012]).
  • Jules Bourcier: Note du genre Lophornis, Ch.Bp. - Lophornis Verreauxii, Bourc . In: Revue et magasin de zoologie pure et appliquée . tape 5 , 1853, pp. 193 ( online [accessed March 13, 2012]).
  • Armand Marie Paulin Ducros de Saint-Germain: Revue critique du genre Oliva, de Bruguières . F. Thibaud, Clermont-Ferrand 1857.
  • Jules René Bourguignat: Aménités malacologique . In: Revue et magasin de zoologie pure et appliquée . tape 5 , 1853, pp. 340–354 ( online [accessed December 30, 2012]).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Martial Étienne Mulsant, p. 139
  2. ↑ Eugène Anselme Sébastien Léon Desmarest, p. 570
  3. ↑ a b c d Martial Étienne Mulsant, p. 140
  4. ↑ Saul Dubow, p. 37
  5. ↑ a b c Martial Étienne Mulsant, p. 141
  6. ↑ a b c Martial Étienne Mulsant, p. 142
  7. ↑ a b c d Martial Étienne Mulsant, p. 143
  8. ↑ marriage certificate
  9. ↑ In Descriptions d'espèces nouvelles d'Oiseaux du Gabon (côte occidentale d'Afrique) , p. 514.
  10. ↑ Ludwig Reichenbach, p. 22
  11. ↑ a b Ludwig Reichenbach, p. 23
  12. ↑ a b Martial Étienne Mulsant, p. 144
  13. ^ Albert Smith Bickmore, p. 9
  14. ↑ Barbara Mearns et al. a., p. 308
  15. ↑ Jules & Édouard Verreaux. (1853), p. 288
  16. ↑ Jules Bourcier, p. 193
  17. ↑ Gustav Hartlaub, p. 37
  18. ^ Armand Marie Paulin Ducros de Saint-Germain, p. 97
  19. ↑ Jules René Bourguignat, p. 351
  20. ↑ Burnupia verreauxi in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012.2. Submitted by: Appleton, C., Jørgensen, A. & Kristensen, TK, 2010. Retrieved December 30, 2012.
  21. ^ Charles Lucien Jules Laurent Bonaparte, p. 99
  22. ↑ Alfred Malherbe, p. 8
  23. ↑ Hermann Schlegel, p. 462
  24. ^ N-Woodpeckers ( Memento of May 13, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) on IOC World Bird Names
personal data
SURNAME Verreaux, Édouard
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Verreaux, Jean Baptiste Édouard
BRIEF DESCRIPTION French ornithologist, taxidermist and dealer in natural produce
DATE OF BIRTH September 16, 1810
PLACE OF BIRTH Paris
DATE OF DEATH March 14, 1868
Place of death Paris