Black-throated hookbill
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Black-throated hooked beak ( Diglossa brunneiventris ) |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Diglossa brunneiventris | ||||||||||||
| Lafresnaye , 1846 |
The black-throated flowerpiercer ( Diglossa brunneiventris ) is a bird art from the family of tanagers (Thraupidae). The species has a large range that includes the South American countries Colombia , Peru , Bolivia, and Chile . The IUCN assesses the population as Least Concern .
features
The black-throated hookbill reaches a body length of about 14 centimeters. The upturned black beak has a hook-shaped tip. The top, sides of the head and throat are black, while the shoulders and rump are blue-gray. The underside and the cheek lines are red-brown to chestnut-colored. The pale gray sides become light gray on the flanks. There is no pronounced sexual dimorphism in this species .
Immature are dark olive on top and have dark stripes. There are two closely spaced lines on the blackish wings. The brownish yellow underside is also traversed by stripes on the throat, chest and stomach. Juveniles resemble the Immatures, but do not have the brown tint on the upper side and have paler beaks.
distribution and habitat
They move in moist to relatively dry zones, but they prefer drier areas with poor soils, and often replace the beard hookbill in these habitats . You can hardly see them on the ground or in the upper layers of the tree. They usually move in the middle Stratifikationsschichten in low mountain scrub, slopes to the Black mouth plants belonging Brachyotum -Büschen, Gynoxys -Gestrüpp or secondary vegetation and gardens. They can also be seen on Polylepis and sometimes even on eucalyptus . They are ubiquitous on the eastern slopes of the Andes at forest edges and tree lines at altitudes between 2000 and 4300 meters.
behavior
Usually seen in pairs or in smaller groups, they rarely mix with other species. They actively search for food in the thicket of bushes, where they usually stay. In this vegetation they shimmy up and down from branch to branch. When looking for nectar, they usually pierce the corollas of black-mouthed plants with their beak. They are very territorial and scare away conspecifics, but also other species such as the masked hookbill . Seasonally they seem to migrate between different altitudes. They build their bowl-shaped nest out of grass, moss and Espeletia .
Subspecies
Two subspecies are described, which differ mainly in their coloration and their area of distribution:
- Diglossa brunneiventris brunneiventris Lafresnaye , 1846. The nominate form occurs from central Cajamarca in Peru to Chile in the Tarapacá region and in Bolivia in the La Paz department .
- Diglossa brunneiventris vuilleumieri Graves , 1980. The distance to the nominate form is relatively large at almost 1500 kilometers from the northern Andes of Colombia. Here they occur in the western Andes in the Antioquia department in the Cordillera de Paramillo and Páramo Frontino . They are also present in central Andes near Medellín in the municipalities of Angelópolis , Santa Elena and Hacienda Zulaiba . The subspecies is slightly smaller than the nominate form.
Cladistics
Together with the black hooked bill ( Diglossa humeralis ), the merida hooked bill ( Diglossa gloriosa ) and the gray-shouldered hooked bill ( Diglossa carbonaria ) it forms a super species .
Etymology and history of research
Frédéric de Lafresnaye originally described the black-throated hooked beak under its current name Diglossa brunneiventris . He stated Peru as the collection point. In 1832 Johann Georg Wagler introduced the new generic name Diglossa for the cinnamon belly hooked beak ( Diglossa baritula ). This name is made up of "di-, dis, duo δι-, δις, δυο " for "double, twofold, two" and "glōssa γλωσσα " for "tongue". The species name is a word from the Latin "brunneus, brunius" for "Brown" and "venter, ventris" for "belly". Vuilleumieri dedicated Graves to François Vuilleumier (1938–2017), the former curator of the American Museum of Natural History and expert on the bird life of the Andes .
literature
- Jon Fjeldså , Niels Krabbe : Birds of the High Andes: A Manual to the Birds of the Temperate Zone of the Andes and Patagonia, South America , Zoological Museum and Apollo Books, p. 603, ISBN 978-8788757163
- Thomas Schulenberg, Douglas F. Stotz , Daniel F. Lane: Birds of Peru. Princeton University Press, 2007, p. 580, ISBN 978-0-691-04915-1 .
- Steven L. Hilty , William L. Brown: A Guide to the Birds of Colombia. Princeton University Press, 1986, ISBN 978-0691083728 , p. 594.
- Edward S. Gruson: Words For Birds: A Lexicon Of North American Birds with Biographical Notes , Quadrangle Books, S 201, 1972
- James A. Jobling: Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names . Christopher Helm, London 2010, ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4 .
- Frédéric de Lafresnaye: Essai d'une monographie du genre Diglossa, Wagler, G.-B. Gray, Gen. of birds, p.23 . In: Revue zoologique par la Société cuviérienne . tape 9 , 1846, pp. 317-320 (French, biodiversitylibrary.org ).
- Gary Russell Graves: A new subspecies of Diglossa (Carbonaria) brunneiventris . In: Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club . tape 100 , 1980, pp. 230–232 (English, biodiversitylibrary.org ).
- Gary Russell Graves: Bergmann's rule near the equator: Latitudinal dines in body size of an Andean passerine bird . In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . tape 88 , 1991, pp. 2322–2325 (English, pnas.org [PDF; 771 kB ]).
- Johann Georg Wagler: Reports on some remarkable animals . In: Isis von Oken . tape 25 , 1832, pp. 275-282 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
Web links
- Diglossa brunneiventris inthe IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011.2. Listed by: BirdLife International, 2009. Retrieved January 2, 2012.
- BirdLife International: Species Factsheet - Black-throated Flowerpiercer ( Diglossa brunneiventris ) . Retrieved January 2, 2012.
- Videos, photos and sound recordings of Black-throated Flowerpiercer (Diglossa brunneiventris) in the Internet Bird Collection
- Black-throated hooked beak ( Diglossa brunneiventris ) at Avibase; Retrieved January 2, 2012.
- xeno-canto: Sound recordings - Black-throated Flowerpiercer ( Diglossa brunneiventris )
- Arthur Grosset Black-throated Flowerpiercer Diglossa brunneiventris Information and pictures
- naturalezasencilla - Michell León- Photo Diglossa brunneiventris (JUVENIL). Picture of a young bird
- PBase Zwartkeel-berghoningkruiper - Black-throated Flowerpiercer - Diglossa brunneiventris Image
- Aves de Chile Diglossa brunneiventris (span.) Image and information