Gray-shouldered hookbill

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Gray-shouldered hookbill
Gray-shouldered hookbeak illustrated by Édouard Traviès

Gray-shouldered hookbeak illustrated by Édouard Traviès

Systematics
Order : Passerines (Passeriformes)
Subordination : Songbirds (passeri)
Family : Tangaren (Thraupidae)
Subfamily : Diglossinae
Genre : Hooked beaks ( diglossa )
Type : Gray-shouldered hookbill
Scientific name
Diglossa carbonaria
( d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye , 1838)

The Gray-bellied flowerpiercer ( Diglossa carbonaria ) is a bird art from the family of tanagers (Thraupidae). The species has a large range that includes the South American countries Argentina and Bolivia . The IUCN assesses the population as Least Concern .

features

The gray shoulder hooked bill reaches a body length of about 12.5 centimeters. The upturned black beak has a hook-shaped tip. The top of the male is black, with the shoulder area light gray and the rump dark gray. The light gray of the chest and belly is criss-crossed by wide stripes. The color around the cloaca is reddish brown. The sexual dimorphism is not particularly pronounced, only the black coloring in the plumage of the male is replaced by a black-gray in the female.

distribution and habitat

The birds are found in the humid to rather dry areas of the Andes at altitudes between 2100 and 4300 meters, whereby they prefer drier areas with poor soils. This is also the reason why they migrate to higher regions in the rainy season. They mainly move in the lower stratification layers , very rarely on the bottom or above this layer. You can usually see them in dense mountain undergrowth and on mountain slopes with Brachyotum hedges or Gynoxys bushes. Now and then they were also observed in eucalyptus . The birds are relatively common in the Bolivian departments of La Paz , Cochabamba , Santa Cruz and Chuquisaca . In Argentina they are very rare in the extreme northeast of the country. Due to the rarity, these could also be stray single copies. A 1974 report by Manuel Alberto Plenge reported deposits in San Mateo in the Lima region . The author refers to a publication by Maria Koepcke from 1952 by adding a subspecies D. c. brunneiventris from Zárate describes, so that it is actually the black-throated hooked beak.

behavior

Gray-shouldered hookbills are usually seen alone, in pairs, or in smaller family groups. They move nervously in the foliage and only take short breaks to visit flowers. You can also observe them hanging from branches and twigs. When looking for nectar, they pierce the corollas with their beak, especially those of black-mouthed plants . Because of the way they eat, they are an important factor in the pollination of the plants. They are territorial and defend their territory quite aggressively by scaring away their fellows.

Cladistics

The gray shoulder hookbill is considered monotypical . Together with the black- hooked beak ( Diglossa humeralis ), the merida hooked beak ( Diglossa gloriosa ) and the black-throated hooked beak ( Diglossa brunneiventris ) it forms a super species . In the northeast of the La Paz department, a small proportion of hybridization between gray-shouldered hooked beak and black-throated hooked beak was found.

Etymology and history of research

Alcide Dessalines d'Orbigny and Frédéric de Lafresnaye originally described the black-throated hooked beak under the name Serrirostrum carbonarium . She gave Sica Sica in the province of Ayopaya as the collection point . In 1832 Johann Georg Wagler introduced the new generic name Diglossa for the cinnamon belly hooked beak ( Diglossa baritula ). This name is made up of "di-, dis, duo δι-, δις, δυο " for "double, twofold, two" and "glōssa γλωσσα " for "tongue" The species name derives from the Latin "carbonarius" for "coal-colored, black , blackish "or from" carbo, carbonis "for" coal ".

literature

  • Jon Fjeldså , Niels Krabbe : Birds of the High Andes: A Manual to the Birds of the Temperate Zone of the Andes and Patagonia, South America , Zoological Museum and Apollo Books, p. 604, ISBN 978-8788757163
  • Robert S. Ridgely , Guy Tudor , William Liddle Brown: The Birds of South America. Volume I: The Oscine Passerines. Jays and Swallows, Wrens, Thrushes, and Allies, Vireos and Wood-Warblers, Tanagers, Icterids, and Finches. University of Texas Press, 1989, ISBN 9780292707566 , pp. 204f.
  • Flavio Nicolás Moschione, Javier San Crictobal: Registro del Payador Negro Diglossa carbonaria para la Argentina . In: Hornero . tape 13 , no. 4 , 1993, p. 307 (Spanish, digital.bl.fcen.uba.ar [PDF; 89 kB ]).
  • Jennifer RA Cahill: An albino Gray-bellied Flowerpiercer (Diglossa carbonaria) in the high Andes of Bolivia . In: Ecología en Bolivia . tape 43 , no. 1 , 2008, p. 53–57 (English, scielo.org.bo [PDF; 329 kB ]).
  • Gary Russell Graves: Speciation in the Carbonated Flower-Piercer (Diglossa carbonaria) complex of the Andes . In: The Condor . tape 84 , no. 1 , 1982, pp. 1–14 (English, sora.unm.edu [PDF; 1.4 MB ]).
  • Gary Russell Graves: Pollination of a Tristerix mistletoe (Loranthaceae) by Diglossa (Aves, Thraupidae) . In: Biotropica . tape 14 , no. 4 , 1982, pp. 316–317 (English, repository.si.edu [PDF; 329 kB ]).
  • Gary Russell Graves: Bergmann's rule near the equator: Latitudinal dines in body size of an Andean passerine bird . In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . tape 88 , 1991, pp. 2322–2325 (English, pnas.org [PDF; 771 kB ]).
  • Manuel Alberto Plenge: Notes on Some Birds in West-Central Peru . In: The Condor . tape 76 , no. 3 , 1974, p. 326–330 (English, sora.unm.edu [PDF; 539 kB ]).
  • Maria Koepcke : Birds of the Western Slope of the Andes of Peru . In: American Museum Novitates . No. 2028 , 1961, pp. 1–31 (English, digitallibrary.amnh.org [PDF; 26.4 MB ]).
  • James A. Jobling: Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names . Christopher Helm, London 2010, ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4 .
  • Alcide Dessalines d'Orbigny, Frédéric de Lafresnaye: Synopsis Avium Ab Alcide d'Obrigny, in ejus per Americam meridionalem itinere, collectarum et ab ipso viatore necnon a de Lafresnaye in ordine redactarum . In: Magasin de zoologie, Journal destiné a établir une coorespondance entre les zoologistes de tous les pays, et a leur faciliter les moyens de publier les espèces nouvelles ou peu connus qu'ils possèdent . tape 8 , Classe II, 1838, pp. 1-34 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Johann Georg Wagler: Reports on some remarkable animals . In: Isis von Oken . tape 25 , 1832, pp. 275-282 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Diglossa carbonaria in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010.2. Listed by: BirdLife International, 2009. Retrieved August 6, 2010.
  2. ↑ Naturaleza & Conservación p. 13 Las aves de los bosques y pastizales montanos ( Memento of the original from 23 September 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Spanish; PDF file; 3.02 MB) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.avesargentinas.org.ar
  3. ↑ The Condor 7, pp. 326-330 Notes on some birds in west-central Perú (English; PDF file; 539 kB)
  4. ↑ Biotropica 14, p. 316–317 Pollination of a Tristerix Mistletoe (Loranthaceae) by Diglossa (Aves, Thraupidae) (English; PDF file; 330 kB)
  5. ↑ IOC World Bird List Tanagers and allies
  6. ↑ Condor 84, pp. 1–14 Speciation in the Carbonated Flower-Piercer (Diglossa carbonaria) complex of the Andes (English; PDF file; 1.34 MB)
  7. ↑ Alcide Dessalines d'Orbigny u. a., p. 25.
  8. ↑ Johann Georg Wagler, pp. 280–281.
  9. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 136.
  10. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 91.