Blackhooked bill

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Blackhooked bill
Blackhooked bill

Blackhooked bill

Systematics
Order : Passerines (Passeriformes)
Subordination : Songbirds (passeri)
Family : Tangaren (Thraupidae)
Subfamily : Diglossinae
Genre : Hooked beaks ( diglossa )
Type : Blackhooked bill
Scientific name
Diglossa humeralis
( Fraser , 1840)

The Black hooked beak ( Diglossa humeralis ) or black belly-hooked beak is a bird art from the family of tanagers (Thraupidae) that in Venezuela , Colombia , Ecuador and Peru is widespread. The IUCN assesses the population as Least Concern .

features

The black hooked bill reaches a body length of about 13.7 cm with a weight of about 9.6 to 14.3 g. It is a medium-sized hooked bill with a slender, slightly curved black bill and a protruding hook on the tip. Half to the base of the lower mandible is pale gray. It is almost entirely matt black on the top, the rump a little more dark gray. He has a small blue-gray spot in the shoulder area. Some individuals have faint gray borders on the upper and lower tail-coverts as well as on the flanks and belly, others in turn have chestnut-colored under-tail coverts or a weakly indicated pale over-eye stripe . The iris is reddish brown. The legs are dark gray. It differs from the very similar steel hooked beak in its slightly smaller size, smaller beak and dull, non-shiny plumage and significantly smaller shoulder patch. Both sexes are very similar. Adolescent young animals are grayish-brown, indistinctly darkly streaked and more clearly streaked on the underside.

Behavior and nutrition

The black-hooked bill feeds on nectar and insects. Its behavior is similar to that of the steel hookbill, but unlike this species, it mingles with other groups. When brooding it forms pairs, but otherwise it aggressively defends its territory with flowers against conspecific conspecifics or other nectar eaters, such as B. hummingbirds or tangerines of the genus Conirostrum . It is extremely active when foraging, but mostly stays out of sight in the thick undergrowth. Often this happens over a longer period of time in order to generally avoid competition conflicts with hummingbirds within the thicket. To get nectar, he pierces the flower crowns at their base, but also gets it directly from the flower. He collects insects from leaves and flowers, but also during quick flights.

Vocalizations

The singing of the black-hooked bill comes from the undergrowth or bushes, but also from tall trees. The confused stuttering resembles the song of the steel hookbill, but is uttered more quickly. From the Bogota area, sharp, fast, two to three thin notes are reported, followed by two fast trills. This sounds like tsi-tsi-tsrrr-sirrt-t or psi-si-psit-tsrrrrrr . Occasionally the singing consists of a mixture of fast, light and unmusical trills and short notes. A thin sit or tsi , usually light and fine, is also part of his repertoire. Occasionally you hear a rough friiiiiii from him.

Reproduction

There are reports of young animals and adolescent black-hooked bills almost all year round. Birds in breeding mood have been observed in Colombia from February to September. A nest in Ecuador was goblet-like and consisted of roots and moss and was attached to a thorn of a sword-like aloe at 0.8 meters . In Colombia, well-hidden nests were found at a height of one to four meters in a bush, in undergrowth or on bamboo. The clutch in Ecuador consisted of two blue eggs with red spots. The eggs in Colombia were pure blue or had brown spots.

distribution and habitat

The black-hooked beak prefers moist mountain regions. It occurs in stunted elven forests , on scrub edges and woody ravines near the tree line, occasionally in polylepis and deep undergrowth also near the tree line. More often it moves in hedges, parks, flower gardens and other cultural areas with bushes in the settlement areas of the lower elevations, including larger urban areas where the steel hookbeak is rarely found. In Venezuela it moves at altitudes between 2175 and 3300 meters, mostly over 2700 meters. Otherwise it can occur at altitudes of 1500 to 4000 meters. In Colombia this is usually between 2200 and 3400 meters, in Ecuador between 2200 and 4000 meters and in Peru between 1850 and 3300 meters.

migration

Little research has been done into the migration behavior of the black-hooked bill. It's extremely territorial. Local migrations may occur seasonally, depending on food resources.

Subspecies

There are three known subspecies:

  • Diglossa humeralis nocticolor Bangs , 1898 occurs in northern Colombia and northwestern Venezuela. This subspecies is similar to D. h. aterrima , but has a dark gray rump.
  • Diglossa humeralis humeralis ( Fraser , 1840) occurs from central Colombia to western Venezuela.
  • Diglossa humeralis aterrima Lafresnaye , 1846 is distributed from western central Colombia via Ecuador to northern Peru. In this subspecies the rump is black, the shoulder patch is missing. In addition, she never has a pale over-eye stripe or chestnut-colored under tail-covers.

Etymology and history of research

The black-bellied hookbeak was first described in 1840 by Louis Fraser under the scientific name Agrilorhinus humeralis . The type specimen came from across the board from Santa Fe de Bogotá . As early as 1832 Johann Georg Wagler introduced the new generic name Diglossa for the cinnamon-belly hooked beak ( Diglossa baritula ). This name is made up of "di-, dis, duo δι-, δις, δυο " for "double, twofold, two" and "glōssa γλωσσα " for "tongue". The species name »humeralis« is derived from the Latin »umerus« for »shoulder«. "Nocticolor" is a Latin combination of "nox, noctis" for "night" and "color, coloris" for "color". "Aterrima" comes from the Latin "aterrimus, ater" for "very black, black".

literature

  • Steven Leon Hilty in: Josep del Hoyo , Andrew Elliott, Jordi Sargatal , David Andrew Christie, Eduardo de Juana: Black Flowerpiercer (Diglossa humeralis) in Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive . Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
  • James A. Jobling: Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names . Christopher Helm, London 2010, ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4 .
  • Louis Fraser: Mr. Fraser read his descriptions of, and observations upon, some new species of Insessorial Birds, belonging to the genus Agrilorhinus . In: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . tape 8 , no. 86 , 1840, pp. 22-23 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • On some birds from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia . In: Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington . tape 12 , 1898, pp. 171-182 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Frédéric de Lafresnaye: Essai d'une monographie du genre Diglossa, Wagler, G.-B. Gray, Gen. of birds, p. 23 . In: Revue Zoologique par La Société Cuvierienne . tape 9 , 1846, pp. 317-320 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Johann Georg Wagler: Reports on some remarkable animals . In: Isis von Oken . tape 25 , 1832, pp. 275-282 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).

Web links

Commons : Black- hooked bill ( Diglossa humeralis )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h Steven Leon Hilty
  2. ↑ IOC World Bird List Tanagers and allies
  3. ↑ Outram Bangs, p. 22.
  4. ↑ a b Louis Fraser, p. 22.
  5. ↑ Frédéric de Lafresnaye, p. 319.
  6. ↑ Johann Georg Wagler, pp. 280–281.
  7. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 136.
  8. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 196.
  9. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 274.
  10. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 58.