Shiatsu

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Tempeki Tamais Shiatsu-hō - 指 壓 法 'Finger pressure technique, acupressure therapy' (1939)

Shiatsu ( Japanese 指 圧 ; Kyūjitai 指 壓 , finger pressure, acupressure ' ) is a form of manual therapy developed in Japan , whose historical roots are in Tuina - a medical massage technique from China - and the early modern Japanese forms of Anma - あ ん 摩 , too 按摩 'traditional Japanese massage' . Under the pressure of the introduction and consolidation of the western health care system, various forms of manual treatment methods were combined under the name Shiatsu at the beginning of the 20th century in order to achieve the status of an independent form of therapy and thus a place in the new health care system.

The definition in Shiatsu no riron to jitsugi 'Theory and Practice of Shiatsu' published in 1957 by the Japanese Ministry of Health's Bureau of Medical Affairs is sober. According to her, the Shiatsu technique - Shiatsu-hō , 指 圧 法 - is a “measure in which one exerts pressure on certain areas of the body surface with the finger and ball of the hand in order to correct irregularities in the organism and to preserve health or promote or contribute to the healing of specific diseases ”.

Shiatsu literally means “finger pressure”, but therapists usually work less with muscle strength in the fingers and arms than with their body weight. In the opinion of representative later representatives of this therapy, the therapist tries to establish an “energetic relationship” (energy here in the sense of Ki , also Qi ) with the patient during the treatment . This in turn contributes to the success of his treatment through mindfulness , sensitivity and openness.

Embossing of the name

The term Shiatsu was by no means new; it was already used by engineers of the Meiji period (1868-1912) in a technical sense. Among the first-generation therapists, two people in particular are claiming the right to invent for themselves. On the one hand there is Kazuma Fukunaga ( 福永 数 間 ), who added an appendix "Method of Shiatsu" ( Shiatsuhō ) to his self-published “force application therapies ” ( Chikara ōyō ryōhō ) in 1928 . This is the oldest relevant publication. In 1939 Fukunaga published under the author's name Tempeki Tamai ( 玉井 天 碧 ) an expanded to over 500 pages "Method of Shiatsu" ( Shiatsu-hō ), which is designed as a house book for self-therapy. Here he describes himself as the founder of Shiatsu and refers to twenty years of practice, which is why some western authors date the invention to the year 1919. Tamai's influence was considerable, and his book is still being reprinted in the 21st century (last edition 2008). For school education, d. H. there does not seem to have been any training of followers who would further spread Tamai's concepts. Little is known about Fukunaga and his other activities.

Tokujirō Namikoshi , who is more influential in this regard , tells in his autobiography “A Life for the Thumb” that at the age of seven, around 1912, he became aware of the effects of pressure with the thumb and heel of his hand when he was relieving his mother's arthritis pain wanted to. With regard to the naming, however, his statements are vague. A photo of his practice, founded in Muroran ( Hokkaidō ) in 1925 , shows the name Appakuhō ( 圧 迫 法 , literally 'pressure method').

In view of the administrative pressure on the practitioners of Anma and the spread of Western massage concepts in the medical faculties, at the beginning of the 20th century there were attempts in many places among the followers of traditional medicine to develop and secure new forms of therapy. Parallel developments and reciprocal impulses cannot be ruled out.

Basics

Since the early phase of Shiatsu in Japan was about securing a place in the new, western-oriented health system, ideas of traditional medicine do not play a role at first. The shape developed by Tokujiro Namikoshi is based on the entire body using Western concepts. Tempeki Tamai also bases his therapies on western physiology and anatomy. We find neither the meridian system (channel system) nor the concept of the “five phases of change” ( five-element teaching ) or indications of Ki (Chinese Qi ).

It is only in the second generation that one observes recourse to the ideas of traditional Japanese medicine . Tadashi Izawa (1895–1990) was the pioneer of these concepts , which today are summarized under the umbrella term Keiraku Shiatsu (Meridian Shiatsu), with his "Illustrated Explanation of Meridians, Points and Shiatsu Treatment Method " published in 1964 ( Zukai ni yoru keiraku, keiketsu to Shiatsuryōhō) ). In this book he also builds a historical bridge to Ōta Shinsai's "Illustrated explanation of the abdominal massage" (1827). With the further development by Shizuto Masunaga, this Shiatsu, which was merged with the medical tradition of Japan, experienced another breakthrough in a new direction. Today in Japan the physiological-anatomical form initiated by Namikoshi dominates - not least because Namikoshi's training course was recognized by the Ministry of Health. Outside of Japan, the meridian - related Zen Shiatsu , founded by Shizuto Masunaga, competes with a number of other derivative new developments.

Shiatsu is one of those forms of therapy in which what is known in Japan as shindan soku chiryō ( 診断 即 治療 , roughly equivalent to "diagnosis and immediate therapy") is possible. When touching or palpating the body, hardening, tension, "build-up of Ki ", imbalances, etc. a. m. clear that the therapist can act on immediately.

Shiatsu is also used in the wellness area and for health care and is taught in courses at technical schools and private institutes. Many representatives of the more recent Shiatsu styles live outside of Japan. The conceptual and practical further development is at least currently mainly taking place in western countries.

Teachers and concepts

The most influential pioneers of Shiatsu in Japan are Tokujirō Namikoshi and Shizuto Masunaga.

Tokujirō Namikoshi (1905-2000浪 越 徳 冶 郎 ) founded after he had acquired a license for Anma in1925, first in Hokkaido a practice for pressure therapy ( Appakuhō ). In 1940 he founded the "Japan Shiatsu Academy" ( Nihon Shiatsu Gakuin )in Tokyo. In 1953 he accepted an invitation from the chiropractor Bartlett Josua Palmer to the USA. This encounter prompted him to send his son Tōru to a seven-year training with Palmer in order to compare both forms of therapy and to further develop Shiatsu. For his Shiatsu, father and son developed a system of neuromuscular pressure points, 8 types of pressure and 16 application techniques using Western physiology and pathology. Through successful healing and skillful public relations work, Namikoshi made the decisive contribution to the state recognition of Shiatsu in 1955. Since 1990, the training course in his school has been expanded to three years.

Shizuto Masunaga (1925–1981増 永 静 人 ), one of Namikoshi's students, studied psychology at the University of Kyoto , which had a considerable influence on his further work. He took up traditional concepts, expanded the meridian system (channel system) and developed his own interpretations of the “energetic structure” of the human body. According to him, the success of the respective therapy also depends on the meditative state of the therapist. In 1968 he founded a "Iōkai Shiatsu Institute" ( Iōkai Shiatsu Kenkyūsho 医 王 会 指 圧 研究所 )in Tokyo. In hisconcept, called Zen Shiatsu in Western languages, a synthesis of Western physiology and psychology with traditional Sino-Japanese medicine, individual points do not play a major role. Masunaga uses a two-hand technique to treat the entire meridian (channel) thathe has extendedand that runs over the associated diagnostic zone of the abdomen ( hara ). In addition to the "Hara diagnosis" that emerged in the 18th and 19th centuries, he further developed the back diagnosis and propagated six special stimulation exercises (Keiraku Taiso - meridian stretching exercises) in order to resolve disturbances in the flow of Ki . Hisbook, printedin Japan in 1974 under the title Shiatsu , was published in 1977 in English translation as Zen Shiatsu - How to Harmonize Yin and Yang for Better Health . Masunaga's thoughts and techniques were spread and further developed especially in western countries.

Kazunori Sasaki continues the concepts of his teacher Masanaga under the name Iōkai Meridian Shiatsu . He justified u. a. the "European Iokai Shiatsu Association" with representatives in seven countries and a four-year training program.

Akinobu Kishi (1949–2012, 岸 明 伸 ), later Shinmei Kishi, trained at Namikoshi's Academy and at Masunaga's "Iōkai Institute", where he worked as an assistant for 10 years. On the occasion of an illness at the age of 29, he developed a form of treatment on this basis, which he initially called Shinto Shiatsu , then Seiki Sōhō ( 整 気 操法 , literal method for regulating Ki ) or, for a shorter time, Seiki and from around 1980 up to after his death mainly spread abroad. Special exercises such as "breathing with folded hands" ( Gasshō-gyōki 合掌 行 気 ), spontaneous body movements triggered during therapy ( Katsugen 活 元 ), reciting / singing ( Kotodama 言 霊 ) and body work with a partner should stimulate the Ki , in Bring movement and promote the desired unity of mind and body.

The Masunaga student Tetsurō Saitō ( 斉 藤 哲朗 ), who has lived in Canada since 1971, developed a "Shiatsu of the deep layers" ( Shinsō Shiatsu , also Shinsō Keiraku Shiatsu ) using the finger test method of the acupuncturist Tadashi Irie (1907-2002 ). Three degrees of disharmony exert an influence on the meridians, the course of which can change as a result. For this purpose he designed maps of the "deeper meridian system". When disharmonies are resolved on a deeper level in one meridian, this also regulates the other meridians. In addition to finger pressure, there are ion cables, heated metal pens ( Yakihari ), moxibustion and the like. a. m. to use. Saitō's finger test method is not only used to track down the levels to be treated with their corresponding systems and meridians. It is also used to detect disturbances in the room or in the food, etc.

Wataru Ōhashi (1944– 大橋 渡 ) also gained considerable international influence . He was first known as a translator of Masunaga's "Zen Shiatsu". This was followed by his own works on finger pressure therapy , for which he coined the name Ohashiatsu . Living in the USA since 1970, he took a Namikoshi course in 1973. The following year he founded the "Shiatsu Education Center of America", which was later renamed the "Ohashi Institute". Ōhashi combines touch techniques, body rotations, body stretching in flowing movements to a meditative dance , which is supposed to support the self-healing powers of the body, increase well-being and be helpful in the psychological, physical and mental development of the therapist as well as the person being treated.

Kiyoshi Ikenaga (1966– 池 永 清 ), who was born in Tokyo, completed his training in 1986 at the "Japan Shiatsu Academy" with Namikoshi Tokujirō. After moving to Canada, he founded the Canadian College of Shiatsu Therapy in 1998, where he teaches what is known as Tsubo-Shiatsu . Ikenaga based his concept on an anatomical-physiological interpretation of the individual therapy points (Japanese: tsubo ). Meridians do not play a role. In his book, published in 2003, he explains 200 points and their relationship to nerves, blood vessels, muscles and bones.

The abbot of the Wada Temple ( Wadaji ) and Masunaga student Ryōkyū Endō (1956– 遠藤 喨 及 ), who was born in Japan, but spent his childhood in New York, developed a holistic concept using Buddhist and Daoist elements, which he propagated under the name Tao-Shiatsu in countries of Asia and the West since the beginning of the 80s .

Pauline Sasaki (1946–2010), a student of Masunaga and Kishi, has been developing Quantum Shiatsu since the 1980s and postulated an energetic body as a field of energetic vibrations. With this method, physical contact between the giver and the recipient is not absolutely necessary.

Saul Goodman acquired a number of Shiatsu techniques from Masunaga, Ōhashi and others and founded Shin Tai as a therapy developed from Shiatsu, craniosacral and osteopathic elements during the 1980s and 1990s .

The roots of the Baby Shiatsu developed by Karin Kalbantner-Wernicke can be traced back to Ōta Shinsai's "Illustrated Explanation of Abdominal Massage" (1827). Today's baby shiatsu is based on the knowledge of meridian development and western development theories and can be classified under neurophysiological methods. The building blocks of Baby Shiatsu are special gentle touch qualities based on Shiatsu techniques, advice for parents, imparting knowledge and exercises to strengthen the parents' meridian system. Baby Shiatsu is used both individually and in parent-child groups. In addition to strengthening a parent-child bond, the baby should develop economic movement patterns through the treatment and be given the opportunity to develop its potential.

The doctor Wilfried Rappenecker developed a form of meridian-free Shiatsu (so called to distinguish it from the meridian Shiatsu Sh. Masunagas), in which the orientation in the so-called body space and the work with the physical and "energetic" structures perceived in it Stand in focus. Among other things, Wilfried Rappenecker developed " Inner Techniques " in which certain "space offering" mental images or images are used as treatment techniques in a Shiatsu treatment.

Harold Dull (1935-), a student of Shizuto Masunaga and Wataru Ohashi developed in the 1980s in the thermal Harbin Hot Springs ( California ), the Watsu (from "Water Shiatsu"), in which the body circling in flowing, rocking, rolling and Rhythms are moved in body-warm water. The treatment is aimed at stretching ligaments and muscles, relieving pressure on joints, relaxing muscles and stretching holding and support structures.

Kōichi Tōhei (1920-2011), founder of Shin Shin Toitsu Aikidō ( Ki-Aikidō for short) took over the Ki exercises of the yoga and martial arts teacher Tempū Nakamura (1876-1986) and developed the Shiatsu-based Kiatsu , in which one to relax hardened muscles using this Ki (Chinese Qi ).

The “ Samurai program ” developed by Karin Kalbantner-Wernicke using Shiatsu is based on neurophysiological and development-oriented principles and the eastern model of meridian development. It should lead to an improvement in neurophysiological maturity and self-perception through touch, movement and perception training and at the same time support personality development and self-efficacy by promoting resilience. The exercise program was developed for children, for active, for people with restricted mobility and also for immobile adults, adapted to the respective phase of life.

Macrobiotic Shiatsu , founded by Ohsawa student Shizuko Yamamoto (1924–2015 山 本 静 子 ), combines macrobiotics with Shiatsu, including barefoot techniques borrowed from yoga, some of which she developed after moving to the USA. In 1986 she founded the International Macrobiotic Shiatsu Society.

Shiatsu is also used on horses and dogs ( animal Shiatsu ).

Course of a conventional Shiatsu session

Shiatsu in the traditional form is practiced on a mat or a special futon on the floor. In addition, there are forms of treatment on the treatment couch or on special massage chairs. It is treated with the hands (fingers and ball of the thumb), but also with the elbows and knees.

In addition to gentle rhythmic techniques, deeper physical and energetic techniques as well as stretches and rotations are used. The therapist works primarily from the middle of the body ( Hara , Japanese 腹 ) using his body weight .

Forms of organization in Europe

In the course of the spread of therapeutic Shiatsu, national professional associations emerged, which merged in overarching organizations. In 1994 the European Shiatsu Federation (ESF) was established as the first umbrella organization, pursuing the establishment of Shiatsu as a complementary medical method in Europe and the development of procedures for mutual recognition of professional practitioners, teaching and schools between the member associations. In 1997, in a resolution on the legal status of non-conventional medical disciplines, the European Parliament included Shiatsu in a list of “non-conventional medical disciplines”, for whose assessment, practice and regulation should be developed uniform guidelines. Since 2015, Shiatsu has been one of the state-approved treatment methods as complementary therapy in Switzerland.

After dissonances, national associations from Germany (GSD), France (FFST), Italy (FIS, FNSS) and Switzerland (SGS) founded the International Shiatsu Network (ISN) to promote cooperation between members and legal recognition of Shiatsu.

Discussion of medical effectiveness

As with many complementary and alternative medicine therapies, there are many debates about the medical effectiveness of Shiatsu. So far, the discrepancy between the effectiveness observed in everyday treatment and the difficulties of reproducible evidence under scientifically strict conditions has not been satisfactorily resolved.

literature

  • Carola Beresford-Cooke: Shiatsu: Basics and Practice . Urban & Fischer, Elsevier, 2012, ISBN 978-3-437-55803-0 .
  • Harold Dull: Watsu: Freeing the Body in Water . Harbin Springs Publishing, 1993, ISBN 0-944202-04-7 .
  • Ryokyu Endo: Tao Shiatsu - The Revolution in Eastern Medicine . Bacopa-Verlag, Schiedlberg 2009, ISBN 978-3-901618-58-1 .
  • Saul Goodman: Shiatsu - Shin Tai - Evolution and Synthesis in Traditional Bodywork Quantum Bodywork Publication, Graz 1998, ISBN 3-9500691-0-0 .
  • Kiyoshi Ikenaga: Traditional Japanese Medicine: Tsubo Shiatsu - The Scientific Explanation of Keiketsu / Meridian Points for Shiatsupractors . Japan Shiatsu, North Vancouver, BC 2003, ISBN 0-9688100-2-0 .
  • Peter Itin: Shiatsu as therapy . Books on Demand, 2007, ISBN 978-3-8334-8319-6 .
  • Yukiko Irwin: Shiatsu - the Japanese healing massage . OW Barth Verlag, Bern / Munich / Vienna 1976, ISBN 3-502-67334-9 .
  • Tadashi Izawa: Zukai ni yoru keiraku, keiketsu to Shiatsuryōhō . Tōkyō Shoseki, 1964. ( 井 沢 正: 図 解 に よ る 経 絡 ・ 経 穴 と 指 圧 療法. 東京 書籍 )
  • Karin Kalbantner-Wernicke: Shiatsu for babies and toddlers. Energetic development, promotion and treatment . Elsevier, Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-437-58510-4 .
  • K. Kalbantner-Wernicke, T. Haase: Baby Shiatsu - lucky grips for tiny ones . Kösel, Munich 2011, ISBN 978-3-466-34567-0 .
  • Karin Kalbantner-Wernicke, Thomas Wernicke: Samurai-Shiatsu - Fit for school with Shiatsu . Kiener, Munich 2013, ISBN 978-3-943324-71-6 .
  • Karin Kalbantner-Wernicke, Thomas Wernicke, Birgit Mai: Samurai Shiatsu - Moving and being moved for seniors . Kiener, Munich 2013, ISBN 978-3-943324-19-8 .
  • Meike Kockrick, Wilfried Rappenecker: Atlas Shiatsu - the meridians of Zen Shiatsu . Urban & Fischer, Elsevier, 2011, ISBN 978-3-437-57341-5 .
  • Akinobu Kishi, Alice Whieldon: Sei-ki - The hidden in the art of Shiatsu. In resonance with life . Pirmoni, 2015, ISBN 978-3-9817460-0-6 .
  • Saburō Kuriyama: Shiatsu ryōhō to seirigaku . Keibundō Shoten, 1934 ( 栗 山 三郎: 指 壓 療法 と 生理學. 慶 文 堂 書店 ).
  • Shizuto Masunaga: Shiatsu . Idō no Nihonsha, 1974, ISBN 4-7529-3003-X . ( 増 永 静 人: 指 圧. 医 道 の 日本社 ).
  • Shizuto Masunaga, Wataru Ohashi: Zen Shiatsu - How to Harmonize Yin and Yang for Better Health . Japan Publications, 1977, ISBN 0-87040-394-X .
  • Shizuto Masunaga, Wataru Ohashi: The great book of healing through Shiatsu . Droemer Knaur, Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-426-29144-3 . (First edition OW Barth, 1977)
  • Tokujiro Namikoshi: Shiatsu - healing through the fingertips . Wilhelm Goldmann, 1990, ISBN 3-442-10765-2 .
  • Wataru Ohashi: Ohashi Bodywork Book - Beyond Shiatsu with the Ohashiastu (r) Method. Kodansha America, New York 1997, ISBN 1-56836-096-7 .
  • Wataru Ohashi: Ohashi's New Book of Body Work. In the balance of energies . Hermann Bauer Verlag, Freiburg (Br.) 2001, ISBN 3-7626-0532-7 .
  • Wataru Ohashi: Body Interpretation: Eastern Diagnosis and Therapy . Schirner Verlag, Darmstadt 2004, ISBN 3-89767-213-8 .
  • Shinsai Ōta: Anpuku zukai (Illustrated explanation of the abdominal massage ). Okuda Yasuke, Osaka 1827.
  • Wilfried Rappenecker: Five elements and twelve meridians . Felicitas Huebner Verlag, Lehrte 2007, ISBN 978-392735909-3 .
  • Wilfried Rappenecker: Yu Sen - Bubbling Spring - Shiatsu for beginners . Felicitas Huebner Verlag, Lehrte 2011, ISBN 3-927359-05-X .
  • Wilfried Rappenecker (Ed.): Cases from therapeutic Shiatsu practice . Urban & Fischer / Elsevier, 2013, ISBN 978-3-437-58280-6 .
  • Tetsuro Saito, Cheryl Coull: Shin So Shiatsu: Healing the Deeper Meridian Systems. Agio Publishing House, 2012, ISBN 978-1-897435-74-8 .
  • Tempeki Tamai: Shiatsu-hō . Tōkyō 1939 ( 玉井 天 碧: 指 圧 療法 ).
  • Kōichi Tōhei: Kiatsu - healing with Ki. Werner Kristkeitz Verlag, Heidelberg-Leimen 1985, ISBN 3-921508-21-5 .

Studies

  • LH Brady, K. Henry, JF Luth, KK Casper-Bruett: The effects of shiatsu on lower back pain. In: Journal of Holistic Nursing. 19 (1), 2001, pp. 57-70.
  • Results 14th Shiatsu World Congress 2001 (digitized version)
  • D. Chevalier: Shiatsu and Side Effects of Chemotherapy. 2007.
  • Maria Gryllaki et al: Effects of Shiatsu on coping with pain. University Aretaieion Hospital Athens, 2011. Digitized version of the abstract
  • J. Ingram et al .: The effects of Shiatsu in postterm pregnancy. In: Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 13 (1), 2005, pp. 11-15.
  • A. Kleinau: The transcultural integration of non-European concepts in the second German health market, illustrated using the example of Shiatsu, the current state of research and endpoint analysis of clinical studies on the effectiveness of the heterodox Shiatsu process . Dissertation. European University Viadrina, Frankfurt 2016. (digitized version)
  • S. Lewicka: Effect of Shiatsu on menopausal symptoms. University of Heidelberg, 2005/2009.
  • AF Long: The Effects and Experience of Shiatsu: A Cross-European Study. Salford University, Manchester 2007.
  • N. Robinson, Lorenc, A .: The evidence for Shiatsu: A systematic review of Shiatsu and acupressure. In: BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 11 (1), October 2011, p. 88 ( digitized in Researchgate ).
  • N. Robinson, A. Lorenc, X. Liao, J. Donaldson: Shiatsu and Acupressure - A review of the effectiveness of evidence. London South Bank University, June 2011. Commissioned and funded by the Shiatsu Society UK. (Digitized version)
  • C. Rackeseder, R. Drabek: Can Shiatsu as an additional therapy have a positive effect on healing processes? Vienna 2005.
  • SL Yuan, AA Berssaneti, AP Marques: Effects of shiatsu in the management of fibromyalgia symptoms: a controlled pilot study. In: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. Volume 36, Number 7, September 2013, pp. 436-443, doi: 10.1016 / j.jmpt.2013.05.019 . PMID 23830713 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ On the book cover Tamai describes himself as the inventor of Shiatsu. The book is designed for self-therapy in order to “promote health, prevent or treat diseases”. All Kanji ( Chinese characters ) have been added to the reading in syllabary , in order to enable “ poorly literate ” users to access the content.
  2. ↑ For the historical background see W. Michel-Zaitsu: Traditional Medicine in Japan. Kiener, 2017, pp. 162-164, 288-292.
  3. ↑ Kōseishō Imukyoku, Ijika: Shiatsu no riron to jitsugi . Tōkyō, Ishiyaku Shuppan, 1957 ( 厚生 省 医務 局 医 事 課: 指 圧 の 理論 と 実 技. 医 歯 薬 出版, 昭和 32 年, 66pp. )
  4. ↑ 福永 数 間: 力 応 用 療法 ー 附 ・ 指 圧 法. 昭和 ３ 年
  5. ↑ Namikoshi Tokujirō - oyayubi ichidai . Tōkyō: Jitsugyō no Nihonsha, 1975 ( 浪 越 徳 治郎 - お や ゆ び 一代. 実 業 之 日本社 ). Namikoshi treated well-known personalities not only in Japan. B. Marilyn Monroe and Muhammad Ali .
  6. ↑ For more on the historical background, see Michel-Zaitsu (2017), pp. 162–164, 288–292.
  7. ↑ Izawa (1964), pp. 17f. Ōta Shinsai: Anpuku zukai . 1827 ( 大田 晋 齋: 按 腹 図 解. )
  8. ↑ Today "Japan Shiatsu College" ( Japan Shiatsu College (viewed July 1, 2018))
  9. ↑ BJ Palmer's father Daniel David Palmer is considered to be the founder of chiropractic.
  10. ↑ Namikoshi (1982)
  11. ↑ With Iō ( 医王 ), literally Medicine King is called in Buddhism the Bhaisajyaguru , Jap. 薬師如来 Yakushi Nyorai , German , Medicine Buddha ' . Iōkai therefore means something like union of the Bhaiṣajyaguru.
  12. ↑ Origin of Iokai Shiatsu ( viewed July 1, 2018); Iokai Shiatsu Germany ( Viewed July 7th 2018)
  13. ↑ The name comes from Haruchika Noguchi (1911–1976), the developer of Seitai , but such shaking movements have been known from ancient times in Shinto.
  14. ↑ Kishi, Whieldon (2015)
  15. ↑ Saito, Coull (2012)
  16. ↑ Ohashi (1997); Ohashiatsu website ( Viewed July 7, 2018)
  17. ↑ Ikenaga (2003); Canadian College of Shiatsu Therapy (Viewed July 7, 2018)
  18. ↑ Endo, Christini, Calisar (2004); Endo website
  19. ↑ Cliff Andrew: The development of touch in Shiatsu - shiatsu-austria.at ( viewed on July 10, 2018)
  20. ↑ Goodman (1996), (1998); International School of Shiatsu (Viewed July 7th 2018)
  21. ↑ Kalbantner-Wernicke (2010)
  22. ↑ K. Kalbantner-Wernicke / T. Haase (2011)
  23. ↑ https://www.schule-fuer-shiatsu.de/images/pdf_deutsch/W.Rappenecker_Spuren_des_Ki_HH.pdf
  24. ↑ https://www.schule-fuer-shiatsu.de/images/pdf_deutsch/w.rappenecker_innere_techniken.pdf
  25. ↑ Harbin Hot Springs - Birthplace of Watsu ( Viewed July 8, 2018)
  26. ↑ Dull (1993); s. also Claudia Tichy: The contribution of water shiatsu to counseling and therapy: A comparison of a clinic with an independent practice. Publishing house Dr. Müller, Saarbrücken 2011, ISBN 978-3-639-35230-6 .
  27. ↑ Tōhei (1985); About Shinshin Toitsu Aikido ( Viewed July 8th 2018)
  28. ↑ Karin Kalbantner-Wernicke, Thomas Wernicke (2013); Karin Kalbantner-Wernicke, Thomas Wernicke, Birgit Mai (2013)
  29. ↑ Shizuko Yamamoto: Barefoot shiatsu. Tokyo: Japan Publications, 1979.
  30. ↑ Website of the International Macrobiotic Shiatsu Society (Viewed July 7, 2018)
  31. ↑ Cathy Tindall, Jaki Bell: Shiatsu for horses - help with muscle problems and tension. Cadmos Verlag, Schwarzenbek 2006, ISBN 3-86127-415-9 . Pamela Hannay: Shiatsu for Dogs. JA Allen, 1998.
  32. ↑ ESF website (viewed on July 1, 2018)
  33. ↑ Resolution on the legal status of non-conventional medical devices , accessed on July 1, 2018
  34. ↑ https://shiatsuverband.ch/shiatsu-als-therapie/komplementaertherapie/
  35. ↑ ISN website (viewed July 1, 2018)
  36. ↑ A comprehensive analysis of the relevant literature was published by Nicola Robinson (London South Bank University) and Ava Lorenc (University of Bristol) in 2011. Kleinau (2016) provides a further in-depth discussion of this matter. For the skeptical voices see z. E.g. the Australian Ministry of Health study Review on the Australian Government Rebate on Natural Therapies for Private Health Insurance (2015) ( Memento June 26, 2016 in the Internet Archive ). In: www.health.gov.au; See also Robinson / Lorenc / Liao / Donaldson (2011), accessed April 18, 2020. (English)

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