Marilyn Monroe

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Marilyn Monroe, 1954 Monroe's signature

Marilyn Monroe [ ˈmɛɹɪlɪn mənˈɹoʊ ] (born June 1, 1926 in Los Angeles , California , as Norma Jeane Mortenson , ecclesiastically registered baptism name Norma Jeane Baker ; † August 4, 1962 in Brentwood , Los Angeles) was an American film actress , film producer and Photo model . She became a world star in the 1950s, is a pop icon and is considered an archetypal sex symbol of the 20th century.

After causing a stir in Hollywood as a photo model and young actress in the late 1940s , she made her breakthrough as a film actress in 1950. Set by the 20th Century Fox to the naive , lascivious blonde type , she advanced with films like Niagara , Blondes preferred , How do you fish for a millionaire? or That 7th year itch in Hollywood's biggest star in the early 1950s. In 1954 she went to New York , founded Marilyn Monroe Productions Inc. and studied at the Actors Studio . For her portrayal in the film Bus Stop , she was praised in the serious press in 1956. She produced the film The Prince and the Dancer in 1957 , in which she also played the lead role. With her appearance in the film Misfits - Not socially acceptable , she succeeded in switching to serious roles in 1961. Her most famous role is that of ukulele player Sugar Kane in the comedy Some Like It Hot from 1959, for which she was awarded the Golden Globe for best actress in a comedy.

Marilyn Monroe was one of the most famous and most photographed women in the world in her day. She was never able to get rid of her image of the naive, inexperienced, attractive blonde. Despite her internationally successful films, she suffered from being recognized as an actress , but not as a full-fledged actress. It was only after her death that her performance as an actress was recognized by critics . She died of a barbiturate overdose at the age of 36 . The exact circumstances of Monroe's death are still unclear. In a 1999 American Film Institute poll , she was ranked sixth among America's greatest female movie stars .

origin

Marilyn Monroe was born on June 1, 1926 in the General Hospital of Los Angeles under the name Norma Jeane. She was the unwanted and illegitimate child of Gladys Pearl Mortensen , née Monroe.

Gladys Pearl Monroe lived in Los Angeles and married John Newton Baker at the age of 15 in 1917. With him she had the two children Robert Jasper (1918–1933) and Berniece Inez Gladys (* 1919). In 1921 Gladys filed for divorce because of extreme violence and mental cruelty. The marriage ended in divorce in 1923 and Gladys received custody of both children. Shortly after the divorce, John Baker abducted the children to Kentucky , where he lived with his mother. Gladys traveled to Kentucky several times because of the children. In 1924 the mother's children were estranged and Gladys broke off contact. In 1924 Gladys married the fee reader Martin Edward Mortensen. Gladys only lived with Mortensen for four months, as he was a preacher in his free time. She only divorced him in 1928.

Marilyn Monroe's birth certificate

In 1925, Gladys worked as a simple film editor in the copy factory of Consolidated Film Industries. Charles Stanley Gifford was her superior there. Gifford began a brief affair with her. So Gladys became pregnant again and on June 1, 1926, she gave birth to Norma Jeane. Gifford was therefore probably Norma Jeane's father. But other men are also possible. Since Gladys was still married to Edward Mortensen at the time of Norma Jeane's birth, she had his name entered on the birth certificate. The child was accidentally named Norma Jeane Mortenson. On December 6, 1926, the grandmother Della Mae Monroe, née Hogan, had the girl baptized in the name of Norma Jeane Baker. She gave the surname of her daughter's first husband to cover up the child's illegitimacy. In 1927, the grandmother, suffering from manic-depressive psychosis , died of an inflammation of the heart muscle at the age of 51 . Grandfather Otis Elmer Monroe had already died in 1909 at the age of 43 from the psychiatric consequences of syphilis .

Childhood and adolescence

On the advice of her mother, Gladys gave Norma Jeane twelve days after the birth for little money in Hawthorne to the religious Pentecostals Ida and Albert Wayne Bolender. The Bolenders were foster parents and lived in poor conditions. For the first seven years of her life, Norma Jeane grew up sheltered. At first she thought the Bolenders were her parents. Together with her adoptive son Lester, who was the same age, she was raised piously and attended church regularly. In 1933 Gladys had saved up money for a bungalow and took her daughter to live with him. A little later, triggered by the suicide of her grandfather Tilford Marion Hogan, who was marked by the global economic crisis , Gladys suffered a nervous breakdown and became mentally ill. In 1934 she was admitted to Los Angeles General Hospital with a diagnosis of schizophrenia and later transferred to Norwalk State Hospital . From then on, Gladys lived, with few exceptions, in institutions for mentally ill women until her death. At the age of 81, Gladys died of a heart attack in Florida in 1984 .

In 1934 Norma Jeane became a social orphan . She spent the following time with various foster parents. Eventually, Grace McKee, her mother's best friend, took over the care. Grace loved films and regularly took the girl to the movies. She awakened Norma Jeane's enthusiasm for the film. In early 1935, Grace married the sales representative Ervin Goddard, who brought his daughter Eleanor into the marriage. Grace now had to send Norma Jeane to the Los Angeles orphanage for 22 months for financial reasons. Norma Jeane was taken care of there, but the briefing remained a traumatic memory of her life.

In 1936, Grace received the guardianship of Norma Jeane and brought her back in 1937. After Ervin Goddard had become intrusive to the girl while drunk, Grace passed her on to a distant relative of Norma Jeane. Shortly before her twelfth birthday, she was forced into sexual acts by her thirteen-year-old cousin, which must have been physically and emotionally painful for her. Eventually, in 1938, Grace placed her in the care of her own aunt. Ana Lower was a relatively wealthy, warm-hearted widow of a ripe old age. With her she found support and trust. Later she said:

"Ana was the only person who let me know what love means."

"Ana was the only person who let me know what love means."

- Marilyn Monroe (1961)

From September 1939, Norma Jeane attended Emerson Junior High School in Westwood Village . In most subjects, her performance was average. She showed a talent in journalism classes. She wrote humorous texts for the school newspaper. As a young girl she was an introvert. Whenever she had to recite something at school, she would stutter. As Ana Lower got older and struggled with health problems, she moved back to the Goddard family. She found a friend in Eleanor Goddard, who was of the same age. With her she went to Van Nuys High School from September 1941.

In 1942, Ervin Goddard decided to move to West Virginia with Grace and Eleanor for professional reasons . In the meantime, Norma Jeane had met her neighbor James Dougherty . To prevent a return to the orphanage, Grace arranged to marry the young neighbor. On June 19, 1942, two and a half weeks after her sixteenth birthday, Norma Jeane Mortenson married her neighbor, James Dougherty, five years her senior. She dropped out of University High School in West Los Angeles because legal requirements regarding married minors forced her to do so. As a result, she was denied a school leaving certificate. In 1944, Norma Jeane met her married half-sister Berniece Miracle and niece Mona Rae . Both knew nothing about each other before.

Career

Photo models and small rolls of film 1945–1949

In 1944, Norma Jeane Dougherty was working in an armaments factory. In the fall of that year she was discovered there by the army photographer David Conover . The photographer was from the officer for public relations , section west coast Ronald Reagan was commissioned to take pictures of pretty women on the assembly line of the domestic defense industry. Such pictures already had cult status under the title Rosie the Riveter during World War II and were popular among soldiers. The first photo with Norma Jeane appeared in Yank magazine on November 4, 1944 . She was featured in an article in the Woman in Industry special issue .

David Conover recognized her talent and advised her to apply as a model . In June 1945, Emmeline Snively from the modeling agency The Blue Book Agency in Hollywood offered her a contract. There she trained as a photo model and mannequin . She discussed all the photos with the agency and always worked on perfecting her expression. She quickly established herself as one of the agency's most popular photo models. On April 26, 1946, it appeared for the first time on the front page of a national magazine. On the advice of the agency, she had her brunette, frizzy hair bleached and straightened. From 1947 she was featured on the front pages of numerous magazines around the world.

Norma Jeane Dougherty photographs for the US Army magazine Yank (1945)

At the instigation of her first agent, Norma Jeane got an interview with Ben Lyon, the talent scout for 20th Century Fox . On July 19, 1946, she made the first test shoots in the film. Ben Lyon had hired four of the best people from 20th Century Fox to do this. With the approval of Vice President and Head of Production Darryl F. Zanuck , she received a six-month contract as a young actress shortly afterwards. The contract, which was later extended for six months on double pay, was worth $ 75 a week, regardless of whether she was working or not. In addition, the contract required that she was unmarried, which led Norma Jeane to a quick divorce from her husband. Together with Ben Lyon, she chose a stage name. Although she didn't initially like Marilyn, after Broadway star Marilyn Miller , she let Ben Lyon convince her. As a surname, she chose her mother's maiden name, Monroe. She was on the studio campus every day and attended courses in speaking, singing, dancing and acting.

Her first job was in 1947 as an extra in the musical The Shocking Miss Pilgrim . In the same year she made her debut in the film Scudda Hoo! Scudda Hay! which was not released until 1948. In a scene of a few seconds, she greets the main actress with “Hi, Rad!”, Who then greets back with “Hi, Betty!”. All other scenes in which she can be seen canoeing have been cut out. In addition to other extras in You Were Meant for Me and Green Grass of Wyoming , she had a small role as server Evie in Dangerous Years . The film appearances were neither a success for Marilyn Monroe nor for the film studio. Her contract was not extended after a year. In January 1947, the studio had sent some of the young actors to the Actors Laboratory for training. Here she continued to work, had contact with experienced theater actors from New York, studied scenes, got to know social and political issues and the serious art of acting.

Through the mediation of Joseph Schenck , who was chairman of the board of directors at 20th Century Fox, Marilyn Monroe signed a six-month contract with Columbia Pictures in March 1948. Studio boss Harry Cohn set two conditions for this. Monroe should have her hair bleached more deeply and her pointy hairline should be removed. She quickly followed these changes and in the same year she took acting lessons from Natascha Lytess , who was an acting teacher at Columbia Pictures. Natascha Lytess stood up for her and in the summer of that year Monroe had her first leading role in the film musical I dance in your heart . In the inexpensive B-Picture she enchants with her charisma and singing voice. For this, it was first mentioned in the business newspaper Motion Picture Herald, which was important for the film industry at the time.

In the following time she corrected her teeth with braces for a short time . Her new agent was Johnny Hyde. He was the influential vice president of the well-known and powerful William Morris Agency and had her slight overbite endogenously corrected. From then on, she had a platonic relationship with the much older, married, short-stature agent until his death . A marriage proposal by Johnny Hyde, they did not give in, even though this her at a marriage had assured to survive financially. She justified her reluctance by saying that although she loved him, she would not love him. He died in December 1950 at the age of 55.

Johnny Hyde managed to have a short role written for her in the script for the last Marx Brothers film in 1949 . In Love Happy , Groucho Marx plays a detective and Monroe a seductive client. Monroe's brief appearance impressed the producers so much that they sent her to the USA for the advertising campaign and to the premiere in New York . After that, she was initially unemployed and therefore contacted the photographer Tom Kelley . She had him photographed for a series of professional nudes that would cause excitement in her later life.

First successes as a film actress 1950–1952

As Marilyn Monroe's popularity grew, Johnny Hyde was able to accommodate her in 1950 with a small appearance as a dancer and singer in the film A Ticket to Tomahawk . The head of talent at MGM stood up for her with director John Huston . Then she got her first major role in a major film production in his film noir Asphalt-Jungle . In three scenes of just five minutes in total, Monroe shows an excellent portrayal as the naive Angela Phinlay, the mistress of an old, deceitful lawyer. In the same year she was briefly seen as the groupie Polly in the film Roller Skate Fever . She then had other small roles as the semi-silky model Dusky Ledoux in The Lonely Champion and in the General Motors- funded film Hometown Story as the shrewd receptionist Iris Martin. In a short advertising film, she then advertised the engine oil made by Royal Triton. For this she received through the efforts of Johnny Hyde at 20th Century Fox a major supporting role in the first-class tragicomedy All About Eve by Joseph L. Mankiewicz . The striking role of the ambitious young actress Claudia Caswell, who causes a stir with her witty word jokes , she plays with remarkable talent. Shortly before his death, Johnny Hyde was able to negotiate a new contract for them with 20th Century Fox, which they signed in December 1950. Now, for the first time, she had a steady income. The contract tied her to the film studio for seven years as part of the star system .

In 1951 Monroe met the actor Michael Chekhov . With him she also took acting lessons and got to know the acting concept of Konstantin Sergejewitsch Stanislawski . His acting system would move Monroe to learn method acting four years later . In addition, she took courses in literature and art at the University of California in Los Angeles in 1951 . Tied to the new contract with 20th Century Fox, she initially played major supporting roles in the comedies As Young as You Feel , Love Nest and Let's Make It Legal . The three entertaining films were produced on a budget , with Monroe showing her unique screen presence for the first time. At the Academy Awards in 1951 , Monroe made an appearance as a rising star. For everything about Eva she presented the clay Oscar.

In March 1952, Monroe provoked a sex scandal. As early as 1949 she had worked as a nude model for the photographer Tom Kelley. But only now has one of the nudes been published on a wall calendar and sold under the counter at gas stations . The photo shows Monroe naked on red velvet. When asked by a journalist from Time Magazine , she said:

“It's not true, I had nothing on. I had the radio on. "

“It's not true that I wasn't wearing anything. I had the radio on. "

- Marilyn Monroe (1952)

With her quick-witted response, she saved the career she had just begun. The calendar became a financial success. She herself had received a fee of only $ 50 for the photo session in 1949. In December 1953 the photo appeared again in the first issue of Playboy . By 1956, photos from the meeting were published on several calendars. Ultimately, the photos established their image as sex symbols and icons of nude photography .

Because of her acquired image, journalists also asked her indiscreet questions. She was once asked what Marilyn Monroe wears in bed. Then she replied:

"I only wear Chanel Nº 5. "

"I only wear Chanel Nº 5"

- Marilyn Monroe (1952)

Since then she has been notorious for her quick wittedness.

Other film studios became aware of them and began to advertise them. It was finally loaned by 20th Century Fox to RKO Pictures for Fritz Lang's milieu study Before the New Day . She plays a young, self-confident worker in a fish factory. The success of the film is not least thanks to Marilyn Monroe. Despite mixed reviews, viewers were curious about the provocative actress.

Back at 20th Century Fox, she got her first major leading role. In temptation to 809 , she convinces in the dramatic role of a psychopathic nanny. However, there were no other serious role offers. Their representations were mostly limited to the naive, lascivious blonde type . In the comedy We're Not Married at All , she is named Mrs. Mississippi . She played a teenage secretary in the tumultuous comedy Darling, I'm Getting Younger . In addition to her beauty, her comedic talent was praised. An appendix operation that same year made headlines and sparked a wave of fan letters. It was around this time that Monroe received her first awards, including the Photoplay Award , which honored her as the crowd’s greatest favorite.

International success as a film star 1953–1954

Niagara hit theaters in January 1953 . The film was announced as the "eighth wonder of the world" with Marilyn Monroe. As a seductive, unscrupulous wife who fatally fails with her murder plans, she plays a role that was outside of her cliché . Henry Hathaway directed the color film and thriller in the style of film noir. Against the grandiose backdrop of Niagara Falls , he impressively staged Monroe's erotic charisma as a femme fatale . Niagara was the milestone in her career and made her an international movie star for good .

The 20th Century Fox caused numerous new photos with Monroe in the press. She was shown in these photos in modern, attractive film costume. Middle-aged actress Joan Crawford was publicly disgusted about this . Then, the 20th Century Fox launched a successful PR - campaign with photos on which Monroe a potato sack has to. The photos appeared under the heading:

"Even in a potato sack Marilyn Monroe looks good."

"Even in a potato sack, Marilyn Monroe looks good."

- 20th Century Fox (1953)

As early as 1952, on her birthday, Monroe had preferred the role of the diamond-loving and burlesque Lorelei Lee in the film musical Blondes , an adaptation of the successful Broadway musical of the same name . Directed by Howard Hawks , filming began immediately after Niagara closed . Jane Russell was announced as the Biggest Star and received ten times the salary from Monroe. The “brightly colored” comedy offers ostensibly light entertainment, but contains a few swipes at materialism . In a dance scene, Monroe sings Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend , one of her most famous songs. After the great success of the film, she and her film partner left their hand and shoe prints at Grauman's Chinese Theater in the summer of 1953 .

She had a similar role in 1953, directed by Jean Negulesco, in the comedy film How do you fish for a millionaire? , the first Cinemascope film production . In the role of myopic Pola, she is looking for a rich man. With this film, she replaced Betty Grable as the most popular pin-up girl among US soldiers. Marilyn Monroe was also the guarantee for the success of 20th Century Fox's new film process, which compared her attractive body to the effect of the anamorphic lens . In the same year she made her first appearance on television. She appeared on Jack Benny's show with a little sketch and a vocal part. She promoted the film and the new cinematic experience Cinemascope.

Marilyn Monroe during her concert tour for the soldiers of the 3rd US Infantry Division after the Korean War (1954)

In December 1953, through Bob Hope's mediation, Monroe had signed a contract with the United Service Organizations for a concert tour to war-ravaged South Korea . In February 1954 she sang for the soldiers of the Allied US Forces . The short tour was a great success. Despite the icy weather, she appeared in a light evening dress, which is why she fell ill with pneumonia after the tour .

In the spring of 1954, Fluß of No Return premiered, the only classic western in which Monroe starred. The direction was directed by Otto Preminger . Monroe injured his ankle during filming, which delayed production of the film. There were disputes with the director. He had said in an interview:

“Marilyn Monroe is like Lassie . You have to shoot the same scene with her 14 times before she barks in the right place. "

“Marilyn Monroe is like Lassie. You have to shoot the same scene 14 times with her before she barks in the right place. "

- Otto Preminger (1954)

Commenting on the film, Monroe said:

"I think I deserve better than a third-rate cowboy movie in which acting is secondary to the scenery and the cinemascope process."

"I think I deserve better than a third-rate cowboy movie in which acting is secondary to the landscape and the cinemascope process."

- Marilyn Monroe (1954)

The 1954 film Rhythm in the Blood is an elaborate color production and a tribute to the composer Irving Berlin . In it she plays a cloakroom who makes a career as a dancer. The musical family stir-up was a huge hit in the United States.

In February she was honored with the Henrietta Award 1954 as the world's most popular actress at the Golden Globe Awards .

In 1953 and 1954, Monroe became 20th Century Fox's greatest financial success. Her old, unfavorable seven-year contract with film production gave her the opportunity to sign a contract with RCA Records in 1953 . This allowed her to release vocal recordings from the films River Without Return and Rhythm in Blood outside the usual soundtrack under her own name on shellac records , singles and EPs internationally. Two more songs were recorded under the RCA label, which were only released on LP in 1972 , as they were felt to be too vulgar for publication at the time of recording.

As early as 1953, there had been repeated clashes with 20th Century Fox. Monroe insisted on more demanding roles. She had already turned down several scripts. This resulted in a compromise in 1954. For her participation in the film Rhythm in the Blood , she was promised the leading role in the film The Itchy 7th Year , directed by Billy Wilder . The comedy was already successful as a theater play on Broadway . In it, Monroe plays "The Girl" who puts her underwear in the fridge in midsummer. Filming began in 1954. The film became one of her greatest successes. The scene in which her dress is blown up over a New York subway shaft became legendary. The resulting photos are among the most famous images of the 20th century. In another scene of the film, she parodied a femme fatale to the point of ridiculousness. After filming was over, she separated from her long-time acting teacher Natascha Lytess and moved to New York.

Method Acting and Better Films 1955–1957

1955 saw a creative and professional turning point for Monroe. In December 1954 she had with photographer Milton Greene her own company, Marilyn Monroe Productions Inc. founded. Monroe held 51% of the shares, Milton Greene 49%. At the time, Monroe was the third female contract actress in Hollywood, alongside Mary Pickford and Ida Lupino , to set up her own production company. This led to a scandal in Hollywood, especially since she had sued 20th Century Fox for breach of contract. Despite repeated reminders from Monroe, 20th Century Fox had not fulfilled its obligations from the seven-year contract of 1950, and had not paid for its work for the film The Itchy 7th Year . A comparison was made. Finally, Marilyn Monroe subsequently received her fee and the seven-year contract from 1950 was terminated. By mutual agreement , both parties agreed to draw up a new contract as soon as possible.

Already a world star, she now attended courses at the Actors Studio and learned method acting there. Acting teacher Lee Strasberg became her mentor. His wife Paula was to advise Monroe during the shooting of the following films. In the years that followed, both method acting, which is hated in the industry, and Paula Strasberg led to controversy during filming.

In 1955 she was back in front of the camera in Hollywood. The film Bus Stop was produced under new contractual conditions . Monroe could now have a say in the selection of scripts and directors. The modern western drama had previously celebrated success on Broadway. Director Joshua Logan was hired for the film . The director also had experience with method acting, which Monroe won over. She picked up a southern accent especially for this role. Her acting performance was critically acclaimed after the premiere. However, the commercial success failed to materialize. In Europe in particular, the American milieu study did not go down well with the public.

On March 12, 1956, Monroe legally changed her name from Norma Jeane Mortenson to Marilyn Monroe. In the same year she stood in front of the camera in England in the romance The Prince and the Dancer . Her partner was classic actor Laurence Olivier , who also directed. The film is the only work by Marilyn Monroe Productions . Tension arose between Olivier and Monroe during the filming. Despite good reviews and a number of awards in Europe, the film did not achieve the expected commercial success in the United States. After filming, she separated from her business partner Milton Greene. She paid this off and became the sole shareholder of Marilyn Monroe Productions .

Most successful comedy and character role 1958–1961

After Marilyn Monroe had not worked in any film for almost two years, she was in front of the camera for Billy Wilder in his comedy Some Like It Hot from August 1958 . In it she plays the singer and ukulele player in a women's band. In the film, she sings several songs, including the evergreen I Wanna Be Loved by You . Working on the film set turned out to be difficult. Monroe interrupted filming several times because she was not satisfied with her work. She was often hours late in front of the camera and then couldn't memorize her text. She was afraid she wasn't good enough. Without the heavy use of tranquilizers , she could not sleep. At the same time, she drank too much alcohol. That affected her concentration. She was under the influence of her acting teacher Paula Strasberg. There were arguments between Billy Wilder and Paula Strasberg. Monroe's husband Arthur Miller complained to Billy Wilder about his harsh directing and threatened him with various lawyers. Monroe was pregnant at the time, which Billy Wilder knew. The shooting turned into a fiasco and was extended by 20 days. This increased production costs. In the end, Monroe lost her child to a miscarriage . After filming Some Like It Hot , Billy Wilder said in the New York Herald Tribune :

“Would I do [a movie] with Marilyn again? I discussed this with my family doctor, my psychiatrist, and my accountant, and they told me I was too old and too rich to go through this again. "

“Would I do [a movie] with Marilyn again? I discussed this with my GP, my psychiatrist, and my accountant and they told me I was too old and too rich to go through this again. "

- Billy Wilder (1958)

Some Like It Hot became the greatest success in the careers of Billy Wilder and Marilyn Monroe. The film was a box-office hit in 1959 and is considered the best comedy film of all time. For her role as Sugar Kane, Monroe was awarded the Golden Globe for best actress in a comedy in 1960.

Long behind schedule, 20th Century Fox had to offer Monroe a role for contractual reasons. Monroe had already threatened the film company with a lawyer. Since no male film star wanted to take on a role next to her, she played next to the French actor Yves Montand in Let's do it in love in 1960 . The director took George Cukor . The film is about a Broadway actress who considers a very rich CEO to be his own double . Despite funny plots and original vocals, the film was not a commercial success.

Monroe's last completed film was Misfits, directed by John Huston . The film was completed in the fall of 1960. She played alongside Clark Gable . The admired actor died of a heart attack shortly after filming was finished, which shook Monroe. This film heralded a long-awaited change into the character field . The film was dominated by criticism of the American dream of freedom. In the United States, the modern western was criticized as European and was a failure due to its depressive mood. The role of Roslyn, who longs for more respect, humanity and meaning in her life, was written for Monroe by Arthur Miller . Monroe herself found the role, however, too close to her person.

Last film roll and photo session 1962

In early 1962, Marilyn Monroe bought a first house of her own at 12305 Fifth Helena Drive in Brentwood . In March she was honored with the Henrietta Award 1962 as the world's most popular actress at the Golden Globe Awards.

From April 1962, the film Something's Got to Give was filmed with Monroe . In the process, she made daring film recordings in the film studio for the time, which she shows almost undressed. For the film, that meant worldwide, successful advertising. But after she accepted an invitation from the White House to attend President John F. Kennedy's birthday party in Madison Square Garden , New York, to sing Happy Birthday, Mr. President , there were difficulties with the film production. She was on sick leave at the same time and her trip to New York was made worse by a cold. 20th Century Fox gave her notice without notice on her 36th birthday, June 1st, while filming was still in progress. After contractual renegotiations in Monroe's favor, filming should then be continued. Nevertheless, the film could not be finished because Monroe died earlier.

Marilyn Monroe was a fashion model in demand all over the world. She especially loved the photo camera. She worked with the most famous photographers of her time. These included Philippe Halsman , Alfred Eisenstaedt , Sam Shaw , Richard Avedon , Cecil Beaton , Eve Arnold and Elliott Erwitt . Some of her photographs appear modern and timeless to this day.

One of her major appearances on film material that would go down in the history of photography came from Monroe in Bert Stern's The Last Sitting in June 1962 . A photo series with fashion shots that he took on behalf of Vogue . This also resulted in nudes. She had her last photo session on July 6, 1962. The title The Last Sitting is therefore just a fiction by Bert Stern.

Monroe's fame was unbroken until the end of her life. On August 3, 1962, she made a specific statement to Life magazine on the subject:

“If fame goes by, so long, I've had you, fame. If it goes by, I've always known it was fickle. So at least it's something I experience, but that's not where I live. "

“When the fame goes - bye, I had you, fame. When it passes, I've always known it is fickle. At least that's my experience. But that's not my world. "

- Life Magazine, Marilyn Monroe Pours Her Heart Out by Richard Meryman (August 3, 1962)

Private life

Marilyn Monroe suffered from her origins, childhood and adolescence all her life. She was afraid of the psychiatric illnesses that were prevalent in her family. From 1955 she went regularly to the psychiatrist. In doing so, she discovered psychoanalysis, which was popular in the USA at the time . Psychoanalysis allowed her to better understand method acting, which she had been learning since early 1955. Over the years she became a Freudian .

Monroe was a keen reader. Freud , Beckett and Flaubert were among her readings .

Forced by her guardian, the 16-year-old Norma Jeane Mortenson was married on June 19, 1942 to the five-year-old neighbor James Dougherty. The couple hardly knew each other when the husband was drafted into the Navy shortly after the wedding . During the Second World War, Norma Jeane began working as a photo model in 1945 and concluded contracts in this regard, which actually required the husband's signature. On September 13, 1946, she divorced Dougherty, especially since this disapproved of her acting ambitions. In an interview with the Associated Press in 1990, he said:

“I never knew Marilyn Monroe… I knew and loved Norma Jeane. … Fame was injurious to her. She was too gentle to be an actress. She wasn't tough enough for Hollywood. And once someone starts getting into pills - uppers and downers, the way she was - people can go downhill. They can't sleep, so they take more and more pills. "

“I never knew Marilyn Monroe… I knew and loved Norma Jeane. ... The fame was detrimental to her. She was too gentle to be an actress. She wasn't tough enough for Hollywood. And as soon as someone starts to swallow pills - to wake up and fall asleep, just like she did - then people crash. You can't sleep and take more and more pills. "

- James Dougherty (1990)
Clockwise: Japanese war hero and naval aviator Tetsuzō Iwamoto, Marilyn Monroe and Joe DiMaggio in Tokyo , Japan (1954)

The marriage to baseball star Joe DiMaggio was concluded on January 14, 1954 and lasted nine months. Monroe had DiMaggio on an arranged blind date in 1952 while filming Darling, I'm Met Younger . She later said she didn't want to meet him at all. She imagined he wore brightly colored ties and had muscles like a bodybuilder. The marriage was followed closely by the public and the gossip press. DiMaggio, who had retired from active baseball , wanted a domestic wife while Monroe was at the height of her career. When his wife described how she had once again been admired, DiMaggio would reply bitterly that he remembered the feeling well. Apparently he couldn't stand the end of his career and the admiration of his wife. DiMaggio spent a lot of time in front of the TV, which in turn bored Monroe. During the filming of the film The Itchy 7th Year , in which Monroe's dress was repeatedly blown up over a subway shaft in one scene, DiMaggio had an attack of jealousy in front of hundreds of viewers. The marriage suffered from contradictions and was divorced on October 31, 1954 because of mutual psychological cruelty. From the spring of 1961, Monroe and DiMaggio maintained cordial contact again. After Monroe's death, DiMaggio had red roses brought to her coffin wall niche three times a week for 20 years . His last words were:

"I'll finally get to see Marilyn."

"I'll finally see Marilyn."

- Joe DiMaggio (1999)

On June 29, 1956, Monroe and the famous playwright Arthur Miller were married. For him she converted to Judaism . The two had in 1951 during the filming of the movie As Young as You Feel by Elia Kazan met. Monroe saw Arthur Miller as a protector and a substitute for father. She finally had a family where she could look after Arthur Miller's children from his first marriage. Both were happy; Arthur Miller's love gave her a feeling of security and appreciation. They also wished they had children together. Monroe could imagine only being a housewife for him. When Arthur Miller was defamed as a Communist sympathizer in 1957 , Monroe stood by her husband. However, the marriage was overshadowed by three miscarriages caused by Monroe's endometriosis . Arthur Miller wrote the script for the film Misfits especially for her . The problematic filming, however, marked the end of the marriage. Arthur Miller despaired of her substantial pill consumption. Monroe, in turn, had read his diary, in which he described her, among other things, as an unpredictable and helpless nanny, for whom he only felt pity. After numerous marital disputes, the couple divorced on January 20, 1961 without mutual claims. He said of his wife Marilyn Monroe:

“In her presence, most men's character traits that they already have become even more pronounced: a hypocrite becomes even more hypocritical, a confused head even more confused, a reticent retains even more. She is like a magnet that pulls the essential properties out of the male beast. "

“When you are around most men, the character traits they already have become even more pronounced: a hypocrite becomes even more hypocritical, a confused head even more confused, a reticent holds back even more. It is like a magnet that pulls the essential properties out of the male beast. "

- Arthur Miller

“The best way to understand Marilyn is to see her with children. Children love her; her approach to life has the same simplicity and directness. "

“You understand Marilyn best when you see her with children. Children love them; their approach to life has the same simplicity and directness. "

- Arthur Miller

death

Grave of Marilyn Monroe in the Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in Los Angeles

Marilyn Monroe died on Saturday, August 4th, 1962 at the age of 36. The date of her death is often mentioned on August 5th, when her body was found.

On the afternoon of August 4th, she received her psychiatrist Dr. Ralph Greenson . Dr. Greenson returned to Monroe's house at 12305 Fifth Helena Drive in Brentwood in the early morning of August 5th after Monroe's housekeeper, Eunice Murray, saw a light on under the door of her bedroom and Monroe did not respond to her knock on the door. After Dr. Greenson broke the bedroom window around 3:30 am, and found Monroe dead in her bed. Your family doctor Dr. Hyman Engelberg officially declared her dead at 3:50 am. At 4:15 am, Dr. Greenson the Los Angeles Police Department .

According to the autopsy report from pathologist Dr. Thomas Noguchi was the cause of death from a barbiturate overdose . Due to the police investigation, Dr. Noguchi states that Monroe had already died on the evening of August 4 between 8:30 p.m. and 10:30 p.m. due to the beginning rigor mortis. The unusually high concentration of barbiturate found in the blood required him to write “probably suicide” on Monroe's death certificate. Based on Marilyn Monroe's psychiatric circumstances, Los Angeles District Attorney Theodore Curphey believed on August 17 that Monroe had committed suicide . Since then, multiple theories of murder and conspiracy have been circulating. It mostly mentions Monroe's doctors, the brothers John and Robert Kennedy , although the American Mafia has also been associated with their death over the years.

Monroe's funeral was on August 8th. Only Monroe's closest family and friends were present. She was buried in a bronze coffin in the Corridor of Memories at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in Los Angeles.

Appreciation

Marilyn Monroe was a legend even in her lifetime . A girl from a poor background becomes a sex symbol and Hollywood star. Monroe changed the blonde's aura . Before Hollywood blondes were more likely to be man-murdering or hysterical vamps , they became more approachable to blondes.

The Rolling Stone wrote: "With Marilyn Monroe died one of the greatest actresses Hollywood has ever seen."

Filmography

From 1947 to 1962 Marilyn Monroe starred in 30 films. There are also three appearances as an extra and her appearance in a compilation film a year after her death, which was a financially successful honor from 20th Century Fox.

Marilyn Monroe's regular German dubbing voice was Margot Leonard .

Television appearances

In a sketch, Monroe appeared on the Jack Benny TV show in 1953. Along with Milton Greene and his wife Amy, she was in 1955 in the talk show Person to Person by the journalist Edward R. Murrow in a Live - Interview to see. In the TV show USO - Wherever They Go! In 1960, a half-minute recording of her appearance in South Korea from 1954 was recorded and briefly commented on by her. The television recording of her appearance at the birthday party for John F. Kennedy in 1962 was only shown on television in 1966.

  • 1953: The Jack Benny Show, The Honolulu Trip, Episode No. 4.1
  • 1955: Person to Person, Episode No. 2.32
  • 1961: The DuPont Show of the Week, USO - Wherever They Go !, episode 1.44
  • 1962: President Kennedy's Birthday Salute, Madison Square Garden, New York, May 19, 1962, televised

Singing appearances

Marilyn Monroe has sung in many of her films. Her best known songs are Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend and I Wanna Be Loved by You . Their concert tour through South Korea for the soldiers met with an overwhelming response. Her appearance at the birthday party for John F. Kennedy is famous. She recorded some of her songs for vinyl. However, she never acted as a professional singer.

year Film / appearance Songs and notes
1947 I dance in your heart The Ladies of the Chorus ( lip-syncing , Columbia Pictures Choir ) • Anyone Can See I Love You • Every Baby Needs a Da-Da-Daddy
1950 A ticket to Tomahawk Oh! What a Forward Young Man You Are (in choir)
1953 Niagara Kiss
Blondes preferred Two Little Girls from Little Rock (in a duet with Jane Russell) • Bye Bye Baby • Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend • When Love Goes Wrong (in a duet with Jane Russell)
The Jack Benny Show, The Honolulu Trip, Episode No. 4.1 Bye bye baby
1954 Concert tour through South Korea Kiss • Do It Again • Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend • Bye Bye Baby
River of no return One Silver Dollar • I'm Gonna File My Claim • Down in the Meadow • River of No Return
Rhythm in the blood After You Get What You Want (You Don't Want It) • Heat Wave • A Man Chases a Girl (Until She Catches Him) (in a duet with Donald O'Connor ) • Lazy (with Donald O'Connor and Mitzi Gaynor • There's No Business Like Show Business (lip dubbing, 20th Century Fox Choir))
Recordings for RCA Records A Fine Romance • She Acts Like a Woman Should • You'd Be Surprised
1955 The darned 7th year Chopsticks
1956 Bus stop That Old Black Magic
1957 The prince and the dancer I found a dream
1959 Some like it hot Runnin 'Wild • I Wanna Be Loved by You (including the second shorter recording for the EP) • I'm Through with Love • Some Like It Hot (recording for the EP)
1960 Let's do it in love Let's Make Love (with the 20th Century Fox Choir) • My Heart Belongs to Daddy • Specialization (in a duet with Frankie Vaughan ) • Incurably Romantic (in a duet with Frankie Vaughan) • Incurably Romantic (in a duet with Yves Montand) • Let's Make Love (in a duet with Frankie Vaughan)
1962 Birthday party for John F. Kennedy Happy Birthday, Mr. President • Thanks for the memory

Awards

At the beginning of her career, Marilyn Monroe received the Photoplay Award for her popularity and audience appeal. For her acting performance in film she received from 1956 important international film awards or was nominated for such. For some like it hot , she won the 1960 Golden Globe for best actress in a comedy. As part of the Golden Globe Awards in 1954 and 1962, she received the Henrietta Award as the world's most popular actress.

Praised for preferred blondes , she and her film partner Jane Russell left their hand and shoe prints at Grauman's Chinese Theater in 1953. In 1960 she was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame .

year Award category Movie result
1952 Photoplay Award special price Won
1953 Photoplay Award Most popular female star Won
1954 Golden Globe Henrietta Award Won
1956 British Film Academy Award Best foreign actress The darned 7th year Nominated
1957 Golden Globe Best Actress in Comedy or Musical Bus stop Nominated
1958 British Film Academy Award Best foreign actress The prince and the dancer Nominated
David di Donatello - Targa d'Oro Won
Étoile de Cristal Best foreign actress Won
Laurel Award Best Actress in a Comedy Nominated
Laurel Award Biggest female star Nominated
1959 Laurel Award Biggest female star Nominated
1960 Golden Globe Best Actress in Comedy or Musical Some like it hot Won
Laurel Award Best Actress in a Comedy Nominated
Laurel Award Biggest female star Nominated
1961 Laurel Award Biggest female star Nominated
1962 Golden Globe Henrietta Award Won
Laurel Award Biggest female star Nominated

  • Monroe's hand and shoe prints at Grauman's Chinese Theater

  • Monroe's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame

Reception in art and culture

Wax statue of Monroe in Madame Tussauds, London

Even during Marilyn Monroes' lifetime, her image was unique. Film studios tried with the actresses Sheree North , Jayne Mansfield or Mamie van Doren , who ostensibly embodied a similar type, to bring competition to the screen. The famous photo, which shows Monroe in a white dress above the subway shaft, established her status as a sex symbol and was among other things. Copied by Anna Nicole Smith .

James Gill: Pink Marilyn
Monument to Monroe in Haugesund , Norway

Marilyn Monroe is considered a pop icon , cult figure and legend . In addition to Salvador Dalí and Willem de Kooning, who used Monroe's image in their paintings, the Monroe inspired, for example, Andy Warhol for the Marilyn Diptych or James Gill for Pink Marilyn .

Numerous musicians wrote songs about them. A well-known example is Elton John's Candle in the Wind . Marilyn Manson or the band Norma Jean use her name. Their appearance inspired, among other things. Madonna , Kylie Minogue , Gwen Stefani or Christina Aguilera .

Films (selection)

Numerous feature and television films have been made about Monroe's life, mostly based on her biography.

Art (selection)

Music (selection)

Documentation (selection)

  • The Story of Marilyn Monroe , USA 1962. The b / w documentary was shown on television shortly after the death of Marilyn Monroe in the USA. In Germany it was shown on ARD on December 2, 1962, with additions by the USA correspondent Peter von Zahn .
  • The Legend of Marilyn Monroe , by David L. Wolper and Terry Sanders, USA 1966. The b / w documentary is commented on by John Huston. It was her first appearance at the birthday party for John F. Kennedy in 1962.
  • Facts About Legends - Who Killed Marilyn Monroe? , SDR, D 1972. In the documentation, the psychiatrist Dr. Ralph Greenson on his patient Marilyn Monroe.
  • Marilyn Monroe - A true story , orig. Marilyn: The Untold Story , USA 1986. The contemporary witnesses Celeste Holm , Joshua Logan , Robert Mitchum , Don Murray , Sheree North, Susan Strasberg and Shelley Winters report in the documentary.
  • Marilyn Monroe's last days orig. Marilyn Monroe: The Final Days , USA 2001. There is a report about her last months including a reconstructed 30 min. Version of Something's Got to Give .
  • Legends: Marilyn Monroe by Ulrike Brincker, ARD, D September 5, 2001. Contemporary witnesses such as James Dougherty, Evelyn Moriarty and Jane Russel report in this documentary.
  • Marilyn Monroe - I want to be loved by Eckhart Schmidt , D 2010. The contemporary witnesses John Gilmore, Diana Herber, Mickey Rooney , Stanley Rubin and Jane Russell report in this documentary.
  • Love, Marilyn , USA 2012. In the documentary, numerous Hollywood stars take a personal look at the private side of the icon Marilyn Monroe.

Literature (selection)

Autobiographical publications

  • Stanley Buchthal and Bernard Comment (eds.): Marilyn Monroe: Bravely love. Your personal notes, poems and letters . Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2010, ISBN 978-3-10-043702-0 .

Secondary

  • Marilyn Monroe with Ben Hecht: My story . Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 1980, ISBN 3-596-23663-0 .

Biographies

  • Lois Banner: Marilyn: The Passion and the Paradox . Bloomsbury, London 2012, ISBN 978-1-4088-1410-9 .
  • Peter Harry Brown, Patte Barham: Marilyn. The end as it really was. Droemer Knaur, Munich 1992, ISBN 3-426-26567-2 .
  • Charles Casillo: Marilyn Monroe: the private life of a public icon . St. Martin's Press, New York 2018, ISBN 978-1-250-09686-9 .
  • Sarah Churchwell: The many lives of Marilyn Monroe . Picador, New York, NY 2004, ISBN 978-0-312-42565-4 .
  • Ruth-Esther Geiger: Marilyn Monroe . Rowohlt, Reinbek near Hamburg 1995, ISBN 3-499-50507-X .
  • Barbara Leaming: Marilyn Monroe. The biography beyond the myth . Herbig, Munich 1999, ISBN 3-7766-2103-6 .
  • Norman Mailer : Marilyn Monroe. A biography . Droemer-Knaur, Munich and Zurich 1993, ISBN 3-426-75025-2 .
  • Matthew Smith: Why did Marilyn Monroe have to die? . Krüger, Frankfurt am Main 2003, ISBN 3-8105-1950-2 .
  • Donald Spoto : Marilyn Monroe: The Biography . Heyne, Munich 1993, ISBN 3-453-06919-6 .
  • Anthony Summers: Marilyn Monroe. The truth about their life and death . Marion v. Schröder Verlag, Düsseldorf 1986, ISBN 3-547-78935-4 .
  • Adam Victor: Marilyn Monroe Encyclopedia . Könemann, Cologne 2000, ISBN 3-8290-4821-1 .
  • Maurice Zolotow: Marilyn Monroe with an obituary by Eva Zahn. Hans E Günther Verlag, Stuttgart 1962, no ISBN.
  • Sidney Skolsky: The Story of Marilyn Monroe . Dell Pub. Co., New York, 1954, No ISBN.

Secondary

Filmographies and illustrated books

  • Michael Conway and Mark Ricci: Marilyn Monroe and Her Films . Goldmann, Munich 1980, ISBN 3-442-10208-1 .
  • André de Dienes: Marilyn . Taschen, Cologne 2002, ISBN 3-8228-1467-9 .
  • Sam Shaw and Norman Rosten: Marilyn in private . Heyne, Munich 1988, ISBN 978-3-453-02498-4 .
  • Bert Stern: Marilyn Monroe. The last sitting . Schirmer and Mosel Verlag, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-88814-196-6 .
  • Anne Verlhac (Ed.): Marilyn Monroe. Pictures of a life . Henschel Verlag, Leipzig 2007, ISBN 978-3-89487-582-4 .

newspapers and magazines

Web links (selection)

Commons : Marilyn Monroe  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files
Wikiquote: Marilyn Monroe  - Quotes

Remarks

  1. ↑ Marilyn Monroe was convinced throughout her life that Charles Stanley Gifford was her birth father. See: Find a Grave - Millions of Cemetery Records: Stanley Gifford (1898–1965) - Find a Grave Memorial. Retrieved March 28, 2021 .
  2. ↑ The official entry of the last name in the birth certificate of Marilyn Monroe was Mortenson and not Mortensen. The second husband of Monroe's mother was named Martin Edward Mortensen. In the birth certificate, however, Edward Mortenson or Norma Jeane Mortenson was accidentally entered. This fact was not known to Marilyn Monroe herself. See: Fred Lawrence Guiles: Norma Jeane. McGraw Hill, New York 1969, pp. 22-34, ISBN 978-0-491-00472-5 .
  3. ↑ Like many families of that time, the Bolenders increased their income by looking after a child. To take on this responsibility, they were paid either $ 25 per month by their birth parents or by the State of California. See: Fred Lawrence Guiles: Norma Jean. McGraw Hill, New York 1969, pp. 36-37, ISBN 978-0-491-00472-5 .
  4. ↑ The time in the orphanage was portrayed in retrospect by Marilyn Monroe in dramatic pictures. The orphans were forced to do work for little money, such as washing the dishes. This contradicts the statement of the later director Mrs. Ingraham. According to her, sufficient staff was employed for all work such as cooking, washing up, cleaning the rooms, etc. Playgrounds and toys were available to the orphans. They were only given small tasks, such as helping with the dishes for about an hour a week to make them feel they were needed. For this work they would have received a small pocket money of five cents a week. See: Maurice Zolotow: Marilyn Monroe. Harcourt, Brace & Company, New York 1960, pp. 17-21.
  5. ↑ Her cousin Ida May recalled that Norma Jeane almost compulsively bathed for days after the incident. Marilyn Monroe later described that she was "sexually abused". She wasn't raped. Her first husband, Jim Dougherty, claimed she was a virgin at the wedding . See: Donald Spoto: Marilyn Monroe. The biography. Heyne, Munich 1993, p. 61.
  6. ↑ Despite all claims, Monroe is not to be found in any issue of the Army magazine Yank, the Army Weekly from 1944 to 1945. In fact, she can only be seen with other women in a small photo in the Yank special issue Woman in Industry of November 4, 1944 on page 16. Her name is not mentioned in it.
  7. ↑ The book goes back in part to a manuscript by Ben Hecht and was later supplemented by the agent Jacques Chambrun. Many details are incorrect. See: Donald Spoto: Marilyn Monroe. The biography . S. 189, 262f, Heyne, Munich 1993, ISBN 3-453-06919-6 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Lois Banner: Marilyn: The Passion and the Paradox . Bloomsbury, 2012, ISBN 978-1-4088-3133-5 .
  2. ↑ Michael Conway, Mark Ricci: Marilyn Monroe and Her Films . Goldmann, 1980, ISBN 3-442-10208-1 .
  3. ↑ Marilyn Monroe Archive Germany: The Actress. marilynmonroe.de, March 7, 2013. Accessed March 28, 2021.
  4. ↑ Marilyn Monroe, ed. by Stanley Buchthal and Bernard Comment: Brave love. Your personal notes, poems and letters. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2010, ISBN 978-3-10-043702-0 .
  5. ↑ Susanne Beyer, Lothar Gorris: The interior view of a myth. In: Spiegel Online . October 4, 2010, accessed February 19, 2015 .
  6. ↑ a b c Donald Spoto: Marilyn Monroe. The biography . Wilhelm Heyne Verlag , Munich 1993, ISBN 3-453-06919-6 .
  7. ↑ AFI's 100 Years ... 100 Stars. American Film Institute website , Los Angeles, June 16, 1999. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
  8. ↑ Donald Spoto: Marilyn Monroe. The biography. Heyne, Munich
  9. ↑ Find a Grave - Millions of Cemetery Records: Stanley Gifford (1898–1965) - Find a Grave Memorial. Retrieved March 28, 2021 .
  10. ↑ Donald Spoto: Marilyn Monroe. The biography. Heyne, Munich 1993, p. 21.
  11. ↑ Donald Spoto: Marilyn Monroe. The biography. Heyne, Munich 1993, p. 24.
  12. ↑ Find a Grave - Millions of Cemetery Records: Della Mae Hogan Monroe (1876–1927) - Find a Grave Memorial. Retrieved March 27, 2021 .
  13. ↑ Find a Grave - Millions of cemetery records: Otis Elmer Monroe (1866–1909) - Find a Grave Memorial. Retrieved March 27, 2021 .
  14. ↑ Donald Spoto: Marilyn Monroe. The biography. Heyne, Munich 1993, p. 39.
  15. ↑ Find a Grave - Millions of Cemetery Records: Gladys Pearl Monroe Baker (1902–1984) - Find a Grave Memorial. Retrieved March 29, 2021 .
  16. ^ The woman behind Marilyn. In: Examiner.com. August 7, 2009, archived from the original on December 28, 2014 ; accessed on June 2, 2016 .
  17. ↑ Maurice Zolotow: Marilyn Monroe. Harcourt, Brace & Company, New York 1960, Library of Congres Catalog Card Number 60-10934, pp. 17-21.
  18. ↑ Donald Spoto: Marilyn Monroe. The biography. Heyne, Munich 1993, p. 61.
  19. ↑ Donald Spoto: Marilyn Monroe. The biography. Heyne, Munich 1993, p. 138.
  20. ↑ Christopher Reed: Eleanor Goddard . In: The Guardian (online), March 14, 2000. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
  21. ↑ Van Nuys High School alumni . Retrieved December 7, 2012.
  22. ↑ Former University High School Los Angeles . Retrieved December 7, 2012.
  23. ↑ Donald Spoto: Marilyn Monroe. The biography . Heyne, Munich 1993, pp. 23-80.
  24. ↑ Berniece Baker Miracle: My sister Marilyn: A memoir of Marilyn Monroe. Algonquin Books, 1994, ISBN 1-56512-070-1 .
  25. ↑ Donald Spoto: Marilyn Monroe. The biography . Heyne, Munich 1994, pp. 94-95.
  26. ↑ Yank, the Army Magazine: Woman in Industry . San Diego November 4, 1944, Vol. 5, No. 6, p. 16.
  27. ↑ Maurice Zolotow: Marilyn Monroe . Harcourt, Brace & Company, New York 1960, pp. 44-46.
  28. ↑ Donald Spoto: Marilyn Monroe. The biography . 1994, pp. 112-119.
  29. ↑ Donald Spoto: Marilyn Monroe. The biography . Heyne, Munich 1994, p. 122.
  30. ↑ Maurice Zolotow: Marilyn Monroe . Harcourt, Brace & Company, New York 1960, p. 69.
  31. ↑ Donald Spoto: Marilyn Monroe. The biography . Heyne, Munich 1993, pp. 133, 146.
  32. ↑ Donald Spoto: Marilyn Monroe. The biography . Heyne, Munich 1994, pp. 163-174.
  33. ↑ Donald Spoto: Marilyn Monroe. The biography . Heyne, Munich 1994, pp. 177-185.
  34. ↑ Quoteikon: Marilyn Monroe quota . Retrieved April 11, 2021 (American English).
  35. ^ Spiegel Online: Marilyn Monroe. Nudes under the hammer . February 3, 2001, accessed April 11, 2021 .
  36. ↑ Grarage: Did Coco Chanel Really Tell Us to Stay Classy and Fabulous? . February 12, 2019, accessed April 11, 2021 (American English).
  37. ↑ Michael Conway, Mark Ricci: Marilyn Monroe and Her Films . Goldmann, 1980, ISBN 3-442-10208-1 .
  38. ↑ John Kobal: Marilyn Monroe . Taschen Verlag, 2001, ISBN 3-442-10208-1 .
  39. ↑ 50 things you didn't know about Marilyn . In: The Daily Telegraph (online), July 31, 2012. Retrieved April 10, 2014.
  40. ↑ The Jack Benny Program, Season 4, Episode 1: Honolulu Trip . In: tv.com. Retrieved April 8, 2014.
  41. ^ Otto Preminger quotes . (English).
  42. ↑ Marilyn Monroe in 'River of No Return'. In: entertainment.howstuffworks.com. August 29, 2007, accessed February 19, 2015 .
  43. ↑ Donald Spoto: Marilyn Monroe. The biography . Heyne, Munich 1994, pp. 388-393.
  44. ↑ Famous Quotes: Quotes from Billy Wilder. Retrieved March 27, 2021 .
  45. ↑ Donald Spoto: Marilyn Monroe. The biography . Heyne, Munich 1994, pp. 393-394.
  46. ^ AFI Announces The 100 Funniest American Movies Of All Time . American Film Institute website , Los Angeles, June 14, 2000. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
  47. ↑ Donald Spoto: Marilyn Monroe. The biography . Heyne, Munich 1994, pp. 402-439.
  48. ↑ Donald Spoto: Marilyn Monroe. The biography . Heyne, Munich 1994, pp. 443-467.
  49. ↑ Donald Spoto: Marilyn Monroe. The biography . Heyne, Munich 1994, pp. 478-485.
  50. ↑ Marilyn Monroe Archive Germany: The photo model. marilynmonroe.de, February 22, 2021. Retrieved April 4, 2021.
  51. ↑ Behind the Scenes of Marilyn Monroe's Final Photoshoot With Bert Stern. May 4, 2015, accessed April 4, 2021 .
  52. ↑ Marilyn Monroe Archive Germany: The photo model. marilynmonroe.de, February 22, 2021. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  53. ↑ AZ Quotes: Marilyn Monroe Quotes About Fame. Retrieved March 28, 2021 (American English).
  54. ↑ Andreas Jacket: Marilyn Monroe and Psychoanalysis. Psychosozial-Verlag, Giessen 2005, ISBN 3-89806-398-4 .
  55. ↑ Verena Lueken: Marilyn Monroe's private notes: Forgotten notes under the bed. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung . October 5, 2010, accessed April 5, 2021 .
  56. ↑ Los Angeles Times: James Dougherty, 84; Was Married to Marilyn Monroe Before She Became a Star. August 18, 2005, accessed January 8, 2021 (American English).
  57. ^ A b Donald Spoto: Marilyn Monroe. The biography. Munich 1994, ISBN 3-453-08276-1 .
  58. ↑ Anthony Summers: Marilyn Monroe. The truth about their life and death . Marion von Schröder, Düsseldorf 1986, p. 484.
  59. ↑ Donald Spoto: Marilyn Monroe. The biography . Heyne, Munich 1993, p. 577.
  60. ↑ Famous Quotes: Marilyn Monroe Quotes. Retrieved March 26, 2021 .
  61. ↑ Christa Maerker : Marilyn Monroe and Arthur Miller. Rowohlt, Reinbek near Hamburg, ISBN 3-499-23163-8 .
  62. ↑ Famous Quotes: Marilyn Monroe Quotes. Retrieved March 26, 2021 .
  63. ↑ Famous Quotes: Marilyn Monroe Quotes. Retrieved March 26, 2021 .
  64. ↑ Lois Banner: Marilyn: The Passion and the Paradox . Bloomsbury, 2012, ISBN 978-1-4088-3133-5 .
  65. ^ History com Editors: Marilyn Monroe is found dead. Accessed January 19, 2021 .
  66. ↑ WORLD: Marilyn Monroe: The strange details of a mysterious death . In: THE WORLD . August 5, 2012 ( welt.de [accessed January 19, 2021]).
  67. ↑ Lois Banner: Marilyn: The Passion and the Paradox . Bloomsbury, 2012, ISBN 978-1-4088-3133-5 .
  68. ↑ Lois Banner: Marilyn: The Passion and the Paradox . Bloomsbury, 2012, ISBN 978-1-4088-3133-5 .
  69. ^ Report in the New York Mirror , August 9, 1963 (English).
  70. ↑ Marilyn Monroe Archive Germany: Myth and Legend. marilynmonroe.de, February 22, 2021. Retrieved March 28, 2021.
  71. ↑ Rolling Stone: Marilyn Monroe: The Mysterious Death of an Icon. 23rd November 2020. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  72. ↑ Marilyn Monroe in the German synchronous index , accessed on August 31, 2018.
  73. ↑ Marilyn Monroe. Awards . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved December 14, 2013.
  74. ↑ Lois Banner: Marilyn: The Passion and the Paradox . Bloomsbury, 2012, ISBN 978-1-4088-3133-5 .
  75. ↑ Joyce Carol Oates: Blonde . HarperCollins, 2001, ISBN 978-0-06-093493-4 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
  76. ↑ Peter M. Nichols: Inventing Marilyn, But Not From Scratch. In: The New York Times , May 13, 2001.
  77. ^ Showcase New Gallery: "Marilyn Monroe" by Wolf Vostell . ( Memento from August 17, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Website of the Museum Landscape Hessen Kassel. Retrieved November 10, 2013.
personal data
SURNAME Monroe, Marilyn
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Mortenson, Norma Jeane (maiden name); Baker, Norma Jeane (christened name)
SHORT DESCRIPTION US-american actress
BIRTH DATE June 1, 1926
PLACE OF BIRTH Los Angeles , California , United States
DATE OF DEATH 5th August 1962
PLACE OF DEATH Los Angeles , California , United States