Smodajny

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Smodajny (German Schmodehnen ) is a district of the urban and rural community (Gmina) Sępopol in the northeast of the Powiat Bartoszycki in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship in Poland .

Geographical location   

Smodajny is about 3 km south of the Polish-Russian state border on a side road that leads from Sępopol to Gierkiny (Gerkiehnen) and ends at the border (before 1945 it continued to the district town of Gerdauen and Reichsstraße 131 to Königsberg). There is no border crossing to Schelesnodorozhny in the Kaliningrad Oblast . There is a regular bus connection to Bartoszyce and Sępopol.

history

Schmodehnen belonged to the Barten area until the 13th century , a sub-tribe of the Baltic Prussians ; the settlement area was east of the river Alle .

After the conquest of the country by the Teutonic Order in the 13th century, numerous new villages were founded and settled in the formerly Prussian areas; in the area of ​​the Gerdauen district mainly between 1360 and 1400. The southwest of the district, in which Schmodehnen is located, is an area of ​​new villages with German names (Dietrichsdorf, Lindenau, Groß Schönau) for which there are founding documents, as well as places with names Prussian origin (Schmodehnen, Laggarben, Gerkiehnen, Woninkeim).

The interest book 1414-1437 the Teutonic Knights recorded for Smedeyn 3 free goods , 14 hooves farmland, 1 miller, 1 Kruger.

The farms were 2-3 hooves tall; the free estates of the so-called little free ones - these mostly of Prussian origin - were about two to three times as large. The difference between peasants and free people was mainly of a legal nature. The free ones could freely dispose of their property, especially bequeath it and sell it, they were obliged to do military service for the order (little free ones: riding with 1 horse). The peasants could not freely dispose of their property without the consent of the rulers and were obliged to do regular, considerable labor to them.

The three free estates Schmodehnens were preserved as Kölmische Güter ( Kölmer = free large farmer); In 1614 the elector passed the farms in the village to a noble family, tax-free and permanently; Grünhof was sold to the noble Sillginnen estate.

In the 18th century Schmodehnen belonged to the villages that were partly under the rule of the country, partly under aristocratic landlords: in a regional register from 1785 the place is listed as Noble Schmodehnen and as Cölmisch Schmodehnen - each with different parish and court jurisdictions.

As a result of the agrarian reform at the beginning of the 19th century, the mixed lands of the three Cologne estates were separated (1815); The three farms of Adlig Schmodehnens were released in 1821 from their obligations to their former rulers in exchange for an annual pension

In 1893 Adl. Schmod Stretching and Cölm. Schmodehnen merged into the rural community Schmodehnen; with the neighboring communities Dietrichsdorf and Woninkeim the place forms the office Woninkeim (from 1931: Dietrichsdorf). Grünhof remained a legally independent, parish-free manor district. In 1928 the estate districts in Prussia were dissolved, and Grünhof became part of the Schmodehnen community.

Schmodehnen was until 1945 a village - and good - in the southwestern part of the circle Gerdauen , Administrative district Königsberg , Province of Prussia . The community belonged to the Dietrichsdorf office, 3 km and to the parish Laggarben, 5 km away. The nearest train station was Schakenhof , 8 km, the district town of Gerdauen was 15 km away and Königsberg approx. 80 km.

Population development

  • 1785: 17 fire places (Adl. Schmod. 12; Cölm. Schmod .: 5; no information on Grünhof)
  • 1833: 189 inhabitants (Adl.-Schmod .: 31, Cölm Schmod .: 83, Grünhof 75)
  • 1910: 226 inhabitants (Schmodehnen 150, Grünhof 126)
  • 1933: 238 inhabitants
  • 1939: 217 inhabitants

economy

Schmodehnen was an exclusively agricultural community; the soil is sandy loam; the ground shape is flat to slightly wavy. Arable and green farming with cattle and horse breeding were predominant.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the entire agricultural area of ​​the municipality - as well as a large part of that of the district - was systematically drained ( melioration ) to improve agricultural yields .

In 1939 the village consisted of three estates, two farms, the buildings and land of the former blacksmith's shop and the (post windmill) mill (both businesses were given up in the 1920s), a grocery store and a varying number of insthäuser (farm workers' houses) on the estates .

Gutshof Grünhof (Polish: Gaj): 331 hectares in size, approx. 1 km from the old town center, formerly the outbuilding of the noble manor Sillginnen. The Schmodehnens farms and the mill also belonged to the Sillginnen estate until the liberation of the farmers. From 1862 owned by the Sucker family, who created a 48- acre park with botanically valuable trees. The local school was in Grünhof.

Most of the house and stables have been preserved; the estate was continued as a state estate after 1945; the agricultural areas of the Schmodehnens are cultivated from there; after 1989 the state property became private property.

Romahnshof estate: 192 ha; owned by the Romahn family since 1721. At the end of the 19th century, the estate was relocated from the center of the village as a so-called dismantling, and the courtyard and house were rebuilt. The house was preserved after 1945, and some stables were demolished.

Schmodehnen manor: 155 ha. The property came into the possession of the Erdtmann family through marriage in 1689 (Cologne free people from Plienkeim , Bartenstein district); it was the estate of the village. The 250th anniversary was celebrated in 1939. The house was destroyed by fire in 1945 and the stables torn down in the 1970s. Some of the insthouses belonging to the farm are no longer available or have been derelict. The entire yard is wilderness.

2 farms (55 or 30 ha): all buildings no longer exist. The buildings of the forge and the mill property no longer exist.

The center of the village was formed by the Schmodehnen manor and the smaller farms and commercial properties until 1945. This core no longer exists. Today there is a pumping station of the Polish water company and a bus stop called Smodajny with regular bus services to Bartoszyce , Gierkiny (Gerkienen) and Sępopol (Schippenbeil) on the site of the former manor . Only an Insthaus , remains of the stable as well as the foundations and foundation walls have been preserved from the original estate . 

literature

  • Oskar W. Bachor (Ed.): The district of Gerdauen. Würzburg, Holzner 1968.
  • Hartmut Boockmann: East Prussia and West Prussia. Berlin, Siedler 1992.
  • Martin Rousselle: The settlement work of the Teutonic Order in the land of Gerdauen. In: Old Prussian research. Vol. 6, 1929. pp. 220-255.
  • Robert Stein: The transformation of the agricultural constitution of East Prussia through the reform of the 19th century. Vol. 1: The rural constitution of East Prussia at the end of the 18th century. Jena 1918. Reprint Hamburg, self-published. Association f. Family research East Prussia 1997.
  • Wulf D. Wagner: Culture in rural East Prussia. History, goods and people in the Gerdauen district. 2 vols. Husum, Husum Druck- u. Verl.ges. 2008 - 2009

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Wagner, p. 40; Rousselle pp. 239, 243
  2. ↑ The large interest book of the German Knight Order (1414-1438) Ed. P. Thielen. Marburg 1958. pp. 29, 67.
  3. ↑ Boockmann, The German Order. Munich, Beck pp. 121-125
  4. ^ Wagner, p. 1088
  5. ^ Goldbeck, Johann Fr .: Complete topography of the Kingdom of Prussia. Part 1: Topography of East Prussia. Königsberg 1785. Reprinted Hamburg 1990. p. 167.
  6. ^ Krug, Leopold: The Prussian Monarchy - represented topographically, statistically and economically. Part 1: East Prussia Province. Berlin 1833 (full text version). P. 363–413 (Gerdauen district) here: p. 392, p. 399.
  7. ^ A b territorial.de: Territorial changes in Germany and German administered areas 1874 - 1945. Office Woninkeim. Accessed July 15, 2016.
  8. ^ Community directory.de: Community directory 1900. Accessed July 15, 2016
  9. ^ Official directory of the German Reich 1939, 2nd edition 1941
  10. ^ Wagner: Grünhof: p. 651 ff; Romahnshof: p. 1016/17; Schmodehnen: pp. 1088-93.
  11. ^ Statement of the former representative for the parish of Laggarben, Kurt Erdtmann, to the Gerdauen Heimatkreisgemeinschaft on September 17, 1999

Coordinates: 54 ° 18 ′ 50.9 ″  N , 21 ° 8 ′ 23.5 ″  E