Bartoszyce

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Bartoszyce
Bartoszyce coat of arms
Bartoszyce (Poland)
Bartoszyce
Bartoszyce
Basic data
State : Poland
Voivodeship : Warmia-Masuria
Powiat : Bartoszyce
Area : 11.00  km²
Geographic location : 54 ° 15 ′  N , 20 ° 49 ′  E Coordinates: 54 ° 15 ′ 1 ″  N , 20 ° 49 ′ 0 ″  E
Residents : 23,482
(Jun. 30, 2019)
Postal code : 11-200
Telephone code : (+48) 89
License plate : NBA
Economy and Transport
Street : DK 51 : Olsztynek - Olsztyn ↔ Bezledy / Bagrationowsk (- Kaliningrad )
Ext. 512 : Szczurkowo ↔ Górowo Iławeckie - Pieniężno
Ext. 592 : → Łankiejmy - Kętrzyn - Giżycko
Next international airport : Danzig
Gmina
Gminatype: Borough
Surface: 11.00 km²
Residents: 23,482
(Jun. 30, 2019)
Population density : 2135 inhabitants / km²
Community number  ( GUS ): 2801011
Administration (as of 2015)
Mayor : Piotr Petrykowski
Address:
ul.Bohaterów Monte Cassino 1 11-200 Bartoszyce
Website : www.bartoszyce.pl



Bartoszyce [bartɔˈʃɨʦe] ? / i ( German Bartenstein ) is a town with about 23,500 inhabitants and the seat of the Powiat Bartoszycki in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship in Poland . Audio file / audio sample

Geographical location

The city is located in the former East Prussia on the banks of the Łyna (Alle) , about 55 kilometers north of Olsztyn (Allenstein) and 53 kilometers southeast of Kaliningrad (Königsberg) .

history

City panorama
Place near the city center
Heilsberger Tor

On the border with the Prussian Gau Natangen , the Teutonic Order took over a wooden castle on a hill in the area of ​​the Gau Barten on the banks of the Alley River, protected by palisades and earth walls. The place name possibly goes back to Prussian “bar, beard” and means to flow, to flow quickly .

There is another plausible explanation for the origin of the name: In its early days the order was mainly recruited from the lower nobility. He offered future sons opportunities for advancement and the sexes from which they came an elevated reputation. Heinrich von Hohenlohe was Grand Master of the Teutonic Order from 1200 to 1249. In Bartenstein (Schrozberg) , the sphere of influence of the Hohenloher family, the Knights of Bartenstein are documented from 1234 to approx. 1350 . The later sons of this sex could have been accepted by the nearby Teutonic Order in Bad Mergentheim and installed in East Prussia in the middle of the 13th century. It is possible that one of these sons would have had Bartenstein Castle / East Prussia built and given it his name. The knights of Bartenstein carried three axes in their coat of arms.

During a Prussian uprising, the castle was besieged from 1260 to 1263 and, after the knights had given up the castle, destroyed. In 1273 the castle, which has since been rebuilt, was sacked by the Sudauer . Between 1274 and 1280 the order rebuilt the fortress, this time as a stone building. Up until the 15th century it was the seat of the Balga Commander in Chief . When the castle was destroyed again at the beginning of the Prussian city war in 1454, restoration was finally abandoned.

At the beginning of the 14th century, a settlement had developed on the bank opposite the castle, which was first mentioned in 1326 and received town charter under the name of Bartenstein in 1332 by Grand Master Luther of Braunschweig . In 1353, Komtur Henning Schindekopf had a defensive wall built. When the Teutonic Order got into financial difficulties after its war against Poland, in 1513 it pledged the Bartenstein office to the knight Heinrich Reuss von Plauen.

A school was mentioned in Bartenstein as early as 1377; later the city had a higher middle school, whose school regulations from 1621 are among the oldest school regulations in the region.

The Bartenstein Treaty was signed on April 26, 1807 between Prussia and Russia against Napoleon during the Fourth Coalition War . As a result of the Prussian administrative reform set in motion in 1815 , Bartenstein was incorporated into the Friedland district, which was later renamed the Bartenstein district (Ostpr.) . In 1868 the East Prussian Southern Railway was run through the city, thus creating the conditions for the settlement of numerous industrial companies. An iron foundry, a machine and a wagon factory were built. In addition, an important oak wood trade developed. Bartenstein became a garrison town and seat of the regional and jury courts. In 1880, 7,132 people lived in the city. At the beginning of the 20th century, Bartenstein had two Protestant churches, a Catholic church, a Baptist chapel, a synagogue , a grammar school and a regional court.

After Bartenstein had developed into the largest city in the district, it became a district town in 1902 and gave the district its name in 1927 . During the First World War , this was the headquarters of Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg .

In January 1945 Bartenstein was captured by Soviet troops and 60% destroyed in the process or in the following period; but essential parts, including the large market square, have been preserved. In the summer of 1945, Bartenstein was placed under Polish administration by the Soviet occupying power along with the southern half of East Prussia and all of West Prussia in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement . As far as the German residents had not fled, most of them were expelled from Bartenstein in the following period .

Bartenstein, east of Elbing and south of Königsberg i. Pr. On a map from 1910.

Demographics

Population development until 1945
year population Remarks
1729 2,000
1785 2,780 in 307 households (fire places) , not including the garrison (staff and five companies of the Prussian Infantry Regiment No. 14 )
1802 3,454
1810 2,507
1816 2,449 including 2,388 Evangelicals, 48 ​​Catholics and 13 Jews
1821 3,225
1831 3,603
1875 6,460
1880 7.132
1890 6,442 including 265 Catholics and 65 Jews
1905 6,805 mostly Protestants
1925 7,890 mostly Protestants
1933 8,717
1939 11,268 of which 10,030 Protestants, 848 Catholics, 139 other Christians and eleven Jews
Population since 1945
year population
2009 24,994
Bar chart of population development

politics

Gmina

  • The city of Bartoszyce is an independent municipality .
  • The city of Bartoszyce is the seat of the independent rural municipality of Bartoszyce , to which it does not belong. The rural community has an area of ​​428 km² and includes that of the urban community on all sides. It has the same coat of arms as the city, in addition with a writing field Gm. Bartoszyce provided.

coat of arms

Blazon : “In the field on a red stepped gable (stone), two obliquely crossed averted beards (hatchets) with red stems in the field divided by blue and gold.” This was the SIGILLVM CIVITATIS BARTENSTEIN used in 1440 and a similar 1458 documentary seal. The city's banner, lost in the battle of Tannenberg in 1410, on the other hand, showed a black flag under a white pennant with a raised ax inside. Since the middle of the 17th century the image of a knight on horseback with a beard in his right hand has been placed in the seal, but the crossed beards have recently been reverted to.

Town twinning

Church building

City Parish Church - The former city church, now consecrated to the Evangelist John and the Mother of God of Czestochowa (Kościół św. Jana Ewangelisty i Matki Boskiej Częstochowskiej), is built in the Gothic style; it dates from the middle of the 14th century and was rebuilt in 1678. The tower was built in 1732. Due to severe destruction in the Second World War , extensive restoration work took place between 1945 and 1958. It served as a Protestant church from the Reformation until 1945 and has been a Roman Catholic parish church since 1959 . Renewed by Polish restorers , the confessionals and the altar from the Teutonic Order Church in Tilsit have been decorating the parish church for ten years.

John's Church - The so-called Johanniskirche (Kościół św. Jana Chrzciciela), which was also known before 1945, is dedicated to John the Baptist and dates from the middle of the 15th century. The baroque altar was built between 1715 and 1720. The church was Protestant until 1945 and has been a Roman Catholic church since 1946.

Church of St. Brun - In 1889 the newly built St. Brun's Church (Kościół św. Brunona) was consecrated in the neo-Gothic style . It was the only Catholic church in the city until 1945.

Brother Albert Church - The Roman Catholic Brother Albert Church (Kościół św. Brata Alberta) named after Albert Chmielowski was consecrated in 1990, making it the youngest of the four Roman Catholic churches in Bartoszyce.

St. Andrew's Church - St. Andrew the Apostle (Cerkiew św. Andrzeja Apostoła) was built in 1996. It serves as a place of worship for the Polish Orthodox Church .

Evangelical-Augsburg Church - The small Evangelical-Lutheran church in Bartoszyce looks modest compared to the Catholic church buildings. It is the worship center of a widely spread diaspora congregation of the Evangelical Augsburg Church in Poland .

Evangelical parish

The Reformation was introduced in Bartenstein very early on, albeit not without considerable resistance. The spiritual leaders of the city resisted with the backing of the Warmian bishop Mauritius Ferber and refused entry to the city to the preacher commissioned by the evangelical bishop Erhard von Queis . But as early as 1525, the two churches at that time were made available to the Evangelicals. Until 1945 the town and St. John's Church were Protestant houses of worship, each of which was the worship center of extensive parishes . The two Protestant parishes initially belonged to the Friedland church district (today in Russian: Prawdinsk), then to the renamed Bartenstein church district. It was in the church province of East Prussia of the Evangelical Church of the Old Prussian Union . In 1939, 10,030 of the 11,268 inhabitants of the city were Protestant.

Due to the flight and expulsion of Germans from Central and Eastern Europe in 1945–1950, the number of Protestant church members in Bartenstein shrank to a minimum. It was not until the following decades that a small diaspora congregation formed again in Bartoszyce, which is now a subsidiary of the parish church of St. Johannes in Kętrzyn (Rastenburg) . It belongs to the Masurian Diocese of the Evangelical-Augsburg Church in Poland .

Parishes (until 1945)

Before 1945, more than 50 parish locations belonged to the two Protestant parishes of Bartenstein :

City Church

  • Assmann (Witki)
  • Brostkersten (Brzostkowo)
  • Buchau (Bukowo)
  • Oak Quarry (Dębówka)
  • Erdmannshof (Okopa)
  • Ernsthof (Ceglarki)
  • Foxyards (Lisówka)
  • Glittens (glitajny)
  • Big Schwaraunen (Szwaruny)
  • Hermenhagen (Osieka)
  • Karlshof (Karolewka)
  • Kinkeim (Kinkajmy)
  • Klein Schwaraunen (Szwarunki)
  • Kraftshagen (Krawczyki)
  • Laurienen (Wawrzyny)
  • Losgehnen (Lusiny)
  • Mekienen (Mekiny)
  • Mielitzfelde (Milicz)
  • Ancestors (nuny)
  • Passaria (pasarie)
  • Perkuiken (Perkujty)
  • Plensen (Plęsy)
  • Polenzhof (Połęcze)
  • Rothgörken (Czerwona Górka)
  • Sand lacquer (Sędławki)
  • Tromits (Tromity)
  • Wiesenthal
  • Wilhelminenhof (Wiloszyn)
  • Wordommen (Wardomy)

Johanniskirche

  • Brämerhafen
  • Damerau (Dąbrowa)
  • Awakened (Jarkowo)
  • Fauthshof (Falczewo)
  • Glowing
  • Gross Kärthen (Kiertyny Wielkie)
  • Basic mill
  • Klein Kärthen (Mała Kiertyny)
  • Legines (Leginy)
  • Liekeim (Nalikajmy)
  • Liesken (Liski)
  • Loschkeim (Łoskajmy)
  • Loyden (Łojdy)
  • Markings (markiny)
  • New Assmanns (Nowo Witki)
  • Sagerlauken (Zagławki)
  • Sauer rails (Zawiersze)
  • Writer's farm (Wiatrak)
  • Siddau (Żydowo)
  • Skitten (Skitno)
  • Söllen (Szylina Mała, Szylina Wielka)
  • Wehrwilten (Wirwilty)
  • Wilhelmsruh (Stoczki)

Pastor

Between 1525 and 1945 there were two clergymen (pastor and deacon) at the Bartensteiner Stadtkirche, and only one clergyman (deacon, until 1827 Polish minister) at St. John's Church: Ernst Nietzki was superintendent until 1928.

Church registers (until 1945)

The church records of the two Bartensteiner parishes are a few exceptions in Evangelical Central Archives in Berlin-Kreuzberg :

  • Baptisms: 1644-1944
  • Weddings: 1652 to 1944
  • Burials: 1765-1944
  • Confirmations: 1735 to 1935
  • Participants in the sacrament: 1838 to 1941

Roman Catholic parishes

From the Reformation to the end of the 19th century there was no Catholic church in Bartenstein. A church was not built until 1889. Bartenstein belonged to the then diocese of Warmia . In 1939 there were 848 Catholics in the city. That changed in the years after 1945. The number of church members increased so much that there are now four Roman Catholic parishes in Bartoszyce. You belong to the deanery Bartoszyce in the Archdiocese of Warmia of the Catholic Church in Poland .

The parishes of the city of Bartoszyce form the deanery of Bartoszyce with another five rural parishes :

Greek Catholic Parish

A Polish Orthodox parish has also been established in Bartoszyce. She belongs to the Olsztyński (Allenstein) deanery of the Greek Catholic Church in Poland.

Other municipalities

Attractions

The Heilsberger Tor was built as part of the city fortifications in the 14th century.

traffic

Station building

Through the village leading national road 51 of the 72 km distant city Allenstein ( Olsztyn ) over the 17 km distant border crossing to the Russian enclave Kaliningrad to Konigsberg ( Kaliningrad ).

Despite its location near the border, Bartoszyce has good road connections. The national road DK 51 (formerly Reichsstraße 134 ) coming from the border crossing Bagrationowsk / Bezledy runs through the municipality from north to south in the direction of Lidzbark Warmiński , Olsztyn and Olsztynek . Coming from the south from Kleszewo via Szczytno (Ortelsburg) and Biskupiec , the national road DK 57 ends in the southern municipal area near Szwarunki at DK 51. In addition, two voivodship roads lead into the area of ​​Gmina Bartoszyce: the voivodship road 512 (section of the former state road 142 ) begins in the northeastern municipality at Szczurkowo (Schönbruch) and leads in a western direction to Górowo Iławeckie and Pieniężno . The provincial road 592 (former Reichsstrasse 135 ) meets the municipality from the southwest - coming from Giżycko and Kętrzyn - and ends in Bartoszyce.

The Bartoszyce area is connected to the Polish State Railways (PKP) network via the Bartoszyce Town Station . PKP line 38, which comes from Białystok , Giżycko , Kętrzyn and Korsze , ends in Bartoszyce . The route once continued over today's Russian Bagrationovsk (Prussian Eylau) to Kaliningrad (Königsberg) . Passenger traffic is no longer operated after Bartoszyce.

sons and daughters of the town

literature

  • Leopold Krug : The Prussian Monarchy - represented topographically, statistically and economically . Part 1: Province of East Prussia , Berlin 1833, pp. 488–493.
  • August Eduard Preuss : Prussian country and folklore . Königsberg 1835, pp. 512-513, no. 108.
  • Johann Gottlob Behnisch : An attempt at a history of the city of Bartenstein in East Prussia and the parish, as a memorial to the five hundred year jubilee of the city on August 3rd, 1832, with a description of the city and LIX. Side dishes. Königsberg 1836 ( full text ).

Web links

Commons : Bartoszyce  - collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikisource: Bartenstein in the Topographia Electoratus Brandenburgici et Ducatus Pomeraniae (Matthäus Merian)  - sources and full texts
Wikivoyage: Bartoszyce  - travel guide

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b population. Size and Structure by Territorial Division. As of June 30, 2019. Główny Urząd Statystyczny (GUS) (PDF files; 0.99 MiB), accessed December 24, 2019 .
  2. ^ Website of the city, Burmistrz Miasta Bartoszyce , accessed on March 11, 2015
  3. ↑ A. and C. Reimann: Bartenstein as it used to be, from craftsmen, councilors and lackeys . Niederstetten 2009.
  4. ^ Heinrich Gottfried Philipp Gengler : Regesta and documents on the constitutional and legal history of German cities in the Middle Ages. Erlangen 1863, pp. 123-126.
  5. ^ L. Wiese: The higher school system in Prussia. Historical-statistical presentation , Volume II: 1864–1868 (1869). Berlin 1869, pp. 92-93.
  6. ^ Dietrich Gerhard: Bartenstein school regulations from 1621 . In: Neue Preußische Provinzial-Blätter , Volume 4, 1st issue. Königsberg 1871, pp. 535-540.
  7. ↑ a b Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon , 6th edition, Volume 2, Leipzig / Vienna 1906, p. 402.
  8. ↑ http://portalwiedzy.onet.pl/44789,,,,bartoszyce,haslo.html
  9. ↑ a b c Erich Weise (ed.): Handbook of historical sites . Volume: East and West Prussia (= Kröner's pocket edition . Volume 317). Unchanged reprint of the 1st edition 1966. Kröner, Stuttgart 1981, ISBN 3-520-31701-X , pp. 12-13.
  10. ^ Johann Friedrich Goldbeck : Complete Topography of the Kingdom of Prussia , Part I: Topography of East Prussia. Marienwerder 1785, p. 18, No. 1.
  11. ↑ a b c d Alexander August Mützell, Leopold Krug : New topographical-statistical-geographical dictionary of the Prussian state . Volume 5: T-Z. Halle 1823, pp. 250–251, point 34.
  12. ^ August Eduard Preuss : Prussian country and folklore . Königsberg 1835, pp. 512-513, no. 108.
  13. ↑ a b c d Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. Province of East Prussia, Friedland / Bartenstein district. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
  14. ↑ Der Große Brockhaus , 15th edition, Volume 2, Leipzig 1929, p. 333.
  15. ↑ For 1995, 2000, 2005: Główny Urząd Statystyczny ( Memento of the original of March 7, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed March 2, 2008 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.stat.gov.pl
  16. ↑ Erich Keyser : German city book - manual urban history , Volume I Northeast Germany. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1939, pp. 26/27.
  17. ^ Otto Hupp : German coat of arms , Kaffee-Handels-Aktiengesellschaft , Bremen 1925.
  18. ↑ Kirschstein-Gamber, Birgit .: 750 years of Schrozberg . Ed .: City of Schrozberg. 2nd Edition. tape 15 . Fränkische Nachrichten, Schrozberg 1999, ISBN 3-00-004713-1 ( wuerttembergischfranken.de [accessed on February 26, 2020]).
  19. ^ History of the town of Bartoszyce - Bartenstein
  20. ↑ Place directory / parishes of Bartenstein district ( memento of the original from November 27, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.hkg-barenstein.de
  21. ↑ Friedwald Moeller: Old Prussian Evangelical Pastors' Book from the Reformation to the Expulsion in 1945. Hamburg 1968, p. 20 f.
  22. ^ Nietzki (1864–1930) was a member of the Corps Masovia .
  23. ↑ Christa Stache: Directory of the church records in the Evangelical Central Archives in Berlin , Part I: The Eastern Church Provinces of the Evangelical Church of the Old Prussian Union. 3. Edition. Berlin 1992, pp. 24-26.