Biskupiec

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Biskupiec
Coat of arms of the municipality of Biskupiec
Biskupiec (Poland)
Biskupiec
Biskupiec
Basic data
State : Poland
Voivodeship : Warmia-Masuria
Powiat : Olsztyński
Gmina : Biskupiec
Area : 5.00  km²
Geographic location : 53 ° 52 '  N , 20 ° 57'  E Coordinates: 53 ° 51 '49 "  N , 20 ° 57' 17"  E
Height : 155 m npm
Residents : 10,585 (Dec. 31, 2016)
Postal code : 11-300
Telephone code : (+48) 89
License plate : NOL
Economy and Transport
Street : DK 16 : Dolna Grupa - Grudziądz - Ostróda ↔ Mrągowo - Ełk - Ogrodniki (- Lithuania )
DK 57 : Bartoszyce - Bisztynek ↔ Szczytno - Kleszewo
Ext. 590 : Barciany - Korsze - Reszel → Biskupiec Ext.
594 : Mnichowo - Kabiny → Biskupiec
Next international airport : Danzig



Biskupiec [ bʲisˈkupʲɛts ] ( German  Bishop's Castle ) is a town in the powiat Olsztyński (Allenstein) in the Polish Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship . The city is the seat of the urban-and-rural municipality Biskupiec .

In order to distinguish the town from the nearby town of Biskupiec of the same name, it is also called Biskupiec Reszelski , which is also the name of the station on the former Czerwonka – Ełk railway line .

Geographical location

The city is located in the historic Warmia , in the eastern part of the Pojezierze Olsztyńskie (Allenstein Lake District) , which belongs to the Masurian Lake District . The Dadaj (Daddaisee) is located in the municipal area , with 10 km² it is the largest lake in the lake district. This is where the small river Dymer (Dimmer) flows , on whose banks the city lies. The surrounding landscape belongs to the Baltic ridge , is hilly and is dominated by the Rudauer Heights with their elevations between 180 and 216 meters. The city itself is at a height of 155 meters.

history

City center with market square
City Church
school-building

To secure the important trade route between Königsberg and Warsaw, a guard and game house was probably built on an island in the Dimmer River at the end of the 13th and beginning of the 14th century. It is likely the Warmia have served bishops in whose territory it was, even as a base for the colonization of the southern part of Warmia, was begun in the second half of the 14th century. This is also proven by the founding deed for the nearby Gut Bansen from December 13, 1389, in which the fortification was first mentioned in a document. The founding deed for the settlement of Bischofsburg from October 17, 1395 already mentions a castle. With this certificate, the Warmian bishop Heinrich III. Sorbom the town with the Kulmer Handfeste the town charter and equipped the locator Johann Mockyn with 60 Hufen land for the further development of the town.

Until the middle of the 15th century, the castle was the seat of a burgrave and a Warmia chamber office . During the thirteen-year city war (1454–1466) between the rebellious Prussian Confederation and the Teutonic Order , both the castle and the city in 1466 were completely destroyed. At the beginning of the war the city joined the Prussian Confederation for a short time. Since the castle was not rebuilt, the city lost the seat of the Chamber Office and was subordinated to the Chamber Office Seeburg . With the Second Peace of Thorner , which ended the Thirteen Years' War in 1466, Bischofsburg and the Duchy of Warmia came from the protection of the Teutonic Order to the protection of the Polish crown. In a town fire in 1505, there was renewed destruction; among other things, the church burned down. The equestrian war between the Teutonic Order and Poland (1519–1521) also brought devastation . Then a phase of stable conditions set in, and Bischofsburg benefited from the privilege of holding a weekly market, which Bishop Hosius granted in 1571. His successor, Bishop Cromer, reported in 1583 that the city was mostly inhabited by Poles. In 1626 the Swedish-Polish wars broke out, which initially resulted in a heavy loss of population due to the inhabitants fleeing the chaos of war. For example, the number of artisans fell from 27 to 15 between 1627 and 1633. The second Swedish War ended worse for the city, because on May 13, 1659 it went up in flames in the course of fighting between Prussian and Swedish troops. The same fate was repeated in 1692, when the Bischofsburg fell victim to another city fire. Once again, hardship came over the city in 1709 and 1710, when the plague , which was rampant in the country, claimed so many deaths that mass graves had to be dug.

At the time of the First Partition of Poland in 1772, the sovereignty of the Duchy of Warmia ended and the Kingdom of Prussia took over. In that year Bischofsburg had 1064 inhabitants. Since the diocese had previously been strictly Catholic, the Lutheran creed could hardly gain a foothold there. Conditions changed in tolerant Prussia, Protestant communities were also founded in Warmia, the first of which was established in 1792 in Bischofsburg. At the end of the 18th century, the city had developed into a regional focus of trade and transport, supported in particular by the cultivation and processing of flax . Another setback came with the Napoleonic Wars that began in 1806 . In both January 1807 and May 1812, Bishop's Castle was occupied by French troops who imposed high contributions on the city. At the end of the war, the costs amounted to 41,727 Reichstaler, which had to be paid for by borrowing. The debt repayment lasted until 1870.

With the Prussian administrative reform of 1815, the old Ermland chamber offices were dissolved in favor of new, larger administrative districts. Bischofsburg was assigned to the district of Rößel . The renewed booth fire in 1824 was used as an opportunity to redesign the town's market square. In the years from 1832 to 1873, cholera epidemics raged in the city several times, killing a total of 489. Nevertheless, the number of inhabitants increased significantly from 2077 in 1831 to 3730 in 1875. One cause was obviously the relocation of the district office in 1862 from Rößel to Bischofsburg, which took place at the instigation of the district administrator Freiherr von Schroetter, who managed his Kobulten estate near Bischofsburg. While the Thorn - Insterburg railway line, which went into operation in 1872, was still eight kilometers past Bischofsburg due to its unfavorable topographical location, the city received its own train station on September 1, 1898 with the Zinten - Rudczanny branch line opened in 1898. In 1899 a garrison was relocated to the city, and as a result there was a further increase in the number of inhabitants (1890: a total of 4,249, of which 957 were Protestant and 116 Jewish and 1,300 were Polish).

The First World War , when Bischofsburg already had more than 5,000 inhabitants, was mild for the city compared to other East Prussian cities. The city was occupied by Russian troops from August 24th to 27th, 1914, seven dead and nine houses destroyed. However, the city had 186 fallen soldiers to mourn, and the garrison site was disbanded after the end of the war. The sponsor city of Munich donated 50,000 marks for the reconstruction of the destroyed houses. The surrounding area was plagued by Poles several times, so that in 1919 a border guard battalion was sent to Bischofsburg. The Versailles Treaty of 1919 had determined a referendum for the district of Rößel on belonging to East Prussia or Poland. In the referendums in East and West Prussia on July 11, 1920, 3461 against 52 voters in Bischofsburg voted in favor of remaining in East Prussia. As a result of the economic hardship caused by inflation , there was looting on October 25, 1923. Despite the difficult situation, 483 new apartments were built between 1925 and 1934, which were mainly needed by the newcomers from West Prussia , which was lost in the war . The number of inhabitants rose sharply again and was 6571 in 1933, and even 8468 in 1939.

Towards the end of the Second World War , bombing raids by the Soviet Air Force began in Bischofsburg on January 20, 1945 . 34 residents were killed. A day later, the German authorities gave the order to evacuate the city. A little later the Red Army occupied the region and the city. Soon afterwards, Bischofsburg was placed under Polish administration together with the southern half of East Prussia . The influx of Polish civilians began. Bischofsburg was renamed Biskupiec . Where German citizens had not fled, they were in the period that followed largely driven .

Population development until 1945

year Residents Remarks
1783 1,400
1816 2,018
1831 2,077 mostly German
1858 2,794 of which 536 Protestants, 2,160 Catholics and 98 Jews
1864 3,581 on December 3rd
1871 3,787 of which 550 Protestants and 100 Jews (1,230 Poles )
1875 3,730
1880 4,071
1890 4,249 of which 957 Protestants and 116 Jews (1,300 Poles )
1933 6,571
1939 8,468

Cityscape

Despite the destruction in 1945, the town plan of Bischofsburg / Biskupiec was preserved. The market square has been expanded by two blocks to the southeast and a large roundabout has been created.

The town's landmark is the parish church of St. John the Baptist. It was built in 1505 at the instigation of the Warmian bishop Lukas Watzenrode to replace a church that was already in existence when it was founded, which was destroyed in the famine war in 1414. Stones from the Heilig-Geist-Hospital, demolished in Heilsberg, were used in the construction. On April 26, 1580, it was consecrated by Bishop Cromer in the name of Saint John the Baptist . The tower burned down twice in the 17th century, after which it received its final shape in 1721. In a major fire in 1726, almost the entire city was destroyed. The nave was enlarged from 1728 to 1735, but this too was destroyed by flames on April 21, 1766. Then the original hall church was rebuilt with three aisles in the baroque style. Extensive neo-Romanesque renovations were carried out in 1881/1882 . After the destruction in World War II, the church was restored in 1948 and 1949.

Gmina Biskupiec

The city is the seat of an urban-and-rural parish with an area of ​​290 square kilometers.

Partner communities

Bramsche in Lower Saxony has been Biskupiec's twin town since 2006.

traffic

The place is the intersection of two highways, the DK 16 , which leads from Grudziądz (Graudenz) to Lithuania and the DK 57 , which creates the connection to the Kaliningrad region . At the Biskupiec Reszelski station, the line to Szczytno (Ortelsburg) branched off from the Czerwonka – Ełk (Rothfließ – Lyck) line .

Personalities

literature

Web links

Commons : Biskupiec  - collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikisource: Bischburg in the Topographia Electoratus Brandenburgici et Ducatus Pomeraniae (Matthäus Merian)  - sources and full texts

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Heinrich Gottfried Philipp Gengler : Regesta and documents on the constitutional and legal history of German cities in the Middle Ages. Erlangen 1863, p. 231.
  2. ↑ Herbert Marzian , Csaba Kenez : self-determination for East Germany. Documentation on the 50th anniversary of the East and West Prussian referendum on July 11, 1920. Editor: Göttinger Arbeitskreis , 1970, p. 109
  3. ^ Johann Friedrich Goldbeck : Complete topography of the Kingdom of Prussia . Part I: Topography of East Prussia . Königsberg / Leipzig 1785, p. 22, No. 5.
  4. ↑ Alexander August Mützell, Leopold Krug : New topographical-statistical-geographical dictionary of the Prussian state . Volume 1: A-F. Halle 1821, p. 120, item 2736.
  5. ^ August Eduard Preuss : Prussian country and folklore . Königsberg 1835, p. 508, no.99.
  6. ↑ Adolf Schlott: Topographical-statistical overview of the government district of Königsberg, based on official sources . Hartung, Königsberg 1861, p. 215, paragraph 9.
  7. ^ Prussian Ministry of Finance: The results of the property and building tax assessment in the administrative district of Königsberg. Berlin 1966, 19th district Roessel, pp. 2–3, point 6.
  8. ^ Gustav Neumann: Geography of the Prussian State . 2nd edition, Volume 2, Berlin 1874, p. 18, item 12.
  9. ↑ a b c d e Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. roessel.html. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
  10. ↑ Virtual Shtetl ( memento of the original from December 25, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , History and Jewish Community of Biskupiec. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.sztetl.org.pl
  11. ↑ Entry about the twin cities on the homepage of the city of Bramsche.Retrieved on May 1, 2019, 9:00 p.m.