Reszel
| Reszel | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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| Basic data | |||
| State : | Poland | ||
| Voivodeship : | Warmia-Masuria | ||
| Powiat : | Kętrzyński | ||
| Gmina : | Reszel | ||
| Area : | 3.81 km² | ||
| Geographic location : | 54 ° 3 ' N , 21 ° 9' E | ||
| Height : | 115 m npm | ||
| Residents : | 4532 (June 30, 2019) | ||
| Postal code : | 11-440 | ||
| Telephone code : | (+48) 89 | ||
| License plate : | NKE | ||
| Economy and Transport | |||
| Street : | Ext. 590 : Barciany - Korsze ↔ Biskupiec | ||
| Ext. 593 : Miłakowo - Dobre Miasto → Reszel | |||
| Ext. 594 : Bisztynek ↔ Kętrzyn | |||
| Rail route : | no rail connection | ||
| Next international airport : | Danzig | ||
| Szymany | |||
Reszel ( , German Rößel ) is a small town in the powiat Kętrzyński of the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship in Poland . It is the seat of the town-and-country municipality of the same name with 7,485 inhabitants (as of June 30, 2019).
Geographical location
The city is located in the historical Warmia , on the northern slope of the Baltic ridge, not far from the Great Masurian Lakes , about 55 kilometers northeast of Olsztyn (Allenstein) .
The urban area is located above the steep slopes of the bank of the Sajna (Zaine) , a small river that flows past the city in a north-westerly direction.
history
City history
In 1241 a wooden defense system of the Knights of the Teutonic Order was built on the site of today's town, whose name is Prussian origin , which was supposed to protect the important trade route from the Fresh Lagoon via Heilsberg to Poland. During the Pruzzen uprisings, the complex was destroyed in 1242 and 1262. After the uprisings were put down, a permanent castle was built in 1273, which then served as a base for the Ermland prince-bishop. At the beginning of the 14th century, under the direction of the locator Elerus von Braunsberg, the settlement of the foreland began, mainly by Braunsberg residents. In 1337 the settlement was so consolidated that it could be granted city rights under the name Rößel. The castle was captured by the Lithuanian grand dukes in 1347 and destroyed again. Under the bishops Johann von Meißen and Johann Stryprock, a new castle complex was built between 1350 and 1371.
In 1347 the Augustinian monks settled down and built a small monastery and the St. John's Church near the castle . In 1353 the town became the property of the Bishops of Warmia. From 1373 to 1401 a city wall with defense towers was built. On the southern edge of the city, a three-aisled hall church was built between 1360 and 1381, today's parish church of St. Peter and Paul. In 1440 the city was pledged to the Teutonic Order . 66 years later, Rößel was again under Warmian rule and thus came to Poland, to the so-called "Royal Prussia". In 1520, Sigismund I handed the castle over to Czech mercenaries, who plundered the area from there. During the " Equestrian War ", the last military conflict between the Teutonic Order and Poland, Rößel was a Polish military base from 1520 to 1521, from which attacks were launched.
During the 16th century the craft developed in Rößel. Mainly armor and weapons were made. Later cabinetmakers and goldsmiths were added, whose skills were valued beyond the city. In 1632 Jesuits took over the Augustinian monastery, which had been abandoned for over a hundred years, and set up a college there that taught 15 students free of charge in the first few years. A state high school later developed from it. In 1656 and 1704 Rößel was occupied by the Swedes and in 1772, with around 3030 inhabitants, it was the third largest city in Warmia after Braunsberg and Heilsberg ( Lidzbark in Polish ), even larger than Allenstein (1770 inhabitants). In the same year, as a result of the first partition of Poland , Rößel came to the Prussian state together with the entire Duchy of Warmia . The castle, abandoned by the diocese, was converted into a penitentiary in 1780.
On May 27 and 28, 1806, the city was destroyed by a great fire, as a result of which it had to be almost completely rebuilt. The town hall was not restored until 1816 and the parish church in 1817. The castle, which was also destroyed, was left to the Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm III. the evangelical community, which built a church and apartments for pastors and cantors there based on plans by Karl Friedrich Schinkel . Overall, the reconstruction of the city lasted until 1840. The fire was unjustifiably blamed on the maid Barbara Zdunk , who is said to have started it by magic. From 1818 to 1862 the district office of the Rößel district was located in the city, after which it was relocated to Bischofsburg , as the new district administrator had his estate in the vicinity. As part of the expansion of the road network in the region, which began around 1850, Rößel was connected to the later Reichsstrasse 141, which connected it with Rastenburg and Bischofsburg.
Economic life was shaped by the manufacture of woven combs, agricultural machinery, an iron foundry and two mills. It was not until 1908 that Rössel was connected to the rail network as the penultimate town in East Prussia by the Heilsberg-Rastenburg railway line. During the First World War , Hindenburg and Ludendorff had set up their General Staff headquarters in the Rössel asylum for the deaf and dumb from September 7th to 11th, 1914, and from there directed the battle of the Masurian Lakes.
After the First World War , due to the provisions of the Versailles Treaty , a referendum took place in the city on July 11, 1920 on the future state membership of Rößel. There was a choice of remaining in Germany or joining Poland. In Rößel, which belonged to the Allenstein voting area , 3,260 people voted for East Prussia, Poland did not vote. In the district, 97.90% of the population voted to stay with Germany.
Towards the end of the Second World War , the Red Army occupied Rößel on January 29, 1945 without major combat operations. Since the residents had not been evacuated, many of them were victims of violent attacks by Soviet soldiers. In contrast to most other cities in East Prussia, the city was spared extensive destruction. Soon after it was taken over by the Red Army, the city was placed under Polish administration. Then the influx of Polish civilians began. Where German citizens had not fled, they were mostly with the exception of hospital staff already on 10 February 1945 the city sold . About 250 residents belong to the Association of the German Minority.
Population development
| year | Residents | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| 1782 | 3,065 | including the suburbs, excluding the garrison (one battalion of infantry) |
| 1802 | 2,399 | |
| 1810 | 1,557 | |
| 1816 | 2.115 | including 429 Evangelicals, 1,658 Catholics and 28 Jews |
| 1821 | 2,095 | |
| 1831 | 2,708 | German |
| 1875 | 3,557 | |
| 1880 | 3,590 | |
| 1890 | 3,474 | 987 Protestants, 2,397 Catholics and 90 Jews |
| 1933 | 4,766 | |
| 1939 | 5,045 | |
| 2016 | 4,676 |
church
A church was founded in Rößel as early as the time of the order - around 1331. In 1337 the church was in the city Tangible six hooves considered as endowment. The names of individual clergymen who officiated at the church are also known from the pre-Reformation period:
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Roman Catholic Church
Church building
The church building on the southern edge of the old town, which was still built during the time of the order, was built between 1360 and 1381 as a three-aisled hall church . After a fire in 1474, the staggered east gable was built in 1475, and inside Niclis Scheunemann created the star vaults in 1475/76 . A redesign of the church with renovation and elevation of the tower took place from 1484 to 1503. On April 3, 1580, the Prince-Bishop of Warmia, Martin Cromer , consecrated the church in honor of the Mother of God and the Apostles Peter and Paul. The organ builder Adam Gottlob Casparini (1715–1788) built the organ in 1760/1765 . In a fire in 1806, the church burned down to a large extent, the reconstruction took place until 1817, the consecration was carried out by Auxiliary Bishop Andreas Stanislaus von Hatten . In 1837 the tower was given a lantern .
After the great fire, the church received a renovation in the style of the time. The high altar by Wilhelm Biereichel (1820–1822) with pictures and figures from 1821 a. a. by Anton Johann Blank , Isaak Riga and Christoph Peucker , and next to a baptismal font by Biereichel, two baroque confessionals and classicist chairs.
Parish
The parish in Reszel is now part of the Deanery Rößel in the Archdiocese of Warmia in the Polish Roman Catholic Church . The church registers from the time before 1945 are kept and continued here:
- Baptisms: 1579 to 1640, 1654 to 1667, 1681 to 1785, 1929 to 1944
- Weddings: 1603 to 1653, 1698 to 1796, 1911 to 1944
- Burials: 1699 to 1849, 1932 ff.
The number of more than fifty parish places before 1945 has been reduced considerably thanks to the establishment of new parishes, but the number of parish members has increased significantly.
Dean's office
As it was before 1945, Reszel is the seat of a deanery , which is now assigned to the Archdiocese of Warmia . Ten parishes belong to the deanery district:
| Place name | German name | Place name | German name | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bisztynek | Bischofstein | Leginy | Legien | |
| Drogosze |
Dönhofstädt with Groß Wolfsdorf |
Paluzy | Chatting | |
| Grzęda | Sturmhübel | Reszel | Rössel | |
|
Korsze with Parys |
Korschen with Paaris |
Sątopy | Santoppen | |
|
Łankiejmy with Kraskowo |
Langheim with Schönfließ |
Unikowo | Bell stone |
Before 1945, Dönhofstädt and Langheim did not belong to the deanery district, but the parishes in Groß Köllen (now Kolno in Polish ), Heiligelinde ( Święta Lipka ), Schellen ( Ryn Reszelski ) and Wilkendorf ( Wilkowo ).
Greek Catholic Church
In Reszel there is a parish of the Greek Catholic Church with Byzantine tradition. The church is the former Holy Cross Church of the Jesuit monastery. It bears the name "Transfiguration of the Lord" ( Polish: Cerkiew greckokatolicka pw. Przemienienia Pańskiego ) since 1963 and is assigned to the Przemyśl-Warsaw Archeparchy .
Protestant church
Church building
In the years 1822 to 1823, the south wing of the former castle of the Warmian bishops was redesigned into a Protestant church according to plans by Karl Friedrich Schinkel . The inauguration took place on October 18, 1823. The tower was located on the west side of the portal leading to the castle courtyard. The bells were from 1869. Today the church houses a gallery for modern art.
Parish
A Protestant parish in Rößel was founded in 1821 under King Friedrich Wilhelm III. founded. Before that, the church members in Rößel were aligned to Bäslack ( Polish: Bezławki ), Langheim ( Łankiejmy ) and Gudnick ( Gudniki ) or were looked after by field preachers . In Rößel a parish office was set up in 1821, the owners of which lived in the parish rooms laid out in the east wing of the castle.
Until 1945 the parish Rößel, which in 1925 had a total of 1660 parish members, belonged to the superintendent district of Allenstein ( Olsztyn in Polish ) within the parish of Warmia in the church province of East Prussia of the Church of the Old Prussian Union . A chapel in Bischdorf ( Sątopy-Samulewo ) was assigned to the parish since 1903 .
Escape and expulsion of the local population contributed to the extinction of the Protestant church in Rößel. The church members living here now belong to the Johanneskirche congregation in Kętrzyn (Rastenburg) in the Masurian diocese of the Evangelical-Augsburg Church in Poland .
Parish locations (until 1945)
Until 1945, the Protestant parish of Rößel also included the parish, villages, localities and residential areas:
| German name | Polish name | German name | Polish name | German name | Polish name | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Annahof | Mojkowo | Labendzowo 1932–1945 Schwanau |
Łabędziewo | Rosenorth | Koprzywnik | ||
| Atkamp | Kępa Tolnicka | Legien | Leginy | Samlack | Samlawki | ||
| * Bischdorf | Sątopy-Samulewo | Lindenberg | Lipowa Góra | Santoppen | Sątopy | ||
| Castle mill | Grodzki Młyn | Lindenthal mug | Karczmarka | Schwarzenberg | Carnowiec | ||
| Damerauwald | Dębnik | Molditten | Mołdyty | Schwedhöfen | Świdówka | ||
| Groß Köllen | Kolno | Niederhof | Nisko | Siegmundsberg | Zygmuntowo | ||
| Groß Mönsdorf | Mnichowo | Plönhöfen | Plenowo | Soweiden | Zawidy | ||
| Hohenthal | Wysoczka | Plopping | Pleśno | Madness | Tolniki Małe | ||
| Kabienen | Kabiny | Ploessenhof | Pleśnik | Tarniny | Tornien | ||
| Kattmedien | Kocibórz | Quadrilles | Yarostovo | * Truchsen | Troksy | ||
| Klawsdorf | Klewno | Ramten | Ramty | Waldau | Wałdowo | ||
| Klein Mönsdorf | Mnichówko | Rheindorfshof | Wólka Ryńska | Weissensee | Biel | ||
| Comedians | Kominki | Robawen 1938–1945 Robaben |
Robawy | * Worplack | Worpławki |
Pastor
The clergy held office at the castle church in Rößel until 1945:
- Christian G. Presting, 1821-1842
- Johann Friedrich Rübsamen, 1842–1854
- Anton Ludwig Lehmann, 1854–1868
- Friedrich Wilhelm Emil Pauly, 1868–1888
- August Borrmann, 1888–1903
- Hans Boretius, 1903
- Oskar Heinrich Raffel, 1903–1907
- Johann Otto Guseck, 1907–1917
- Bernhard Teicke, 1918–1928
- Max Mehlfeld, 1928-1932
- Gerhard Ebel, 1932–1945
- Edgard Tietz, until 1945
Town twinning
- Jaschuny , Lithuania
- Jemnice , Czech Republic
- Legden , Germany
- Raabs an der Thaya , Austria
Attractions
- Old town, which is one of the best preserved in the region
- Catholic Church of St. Peter and Paul (origin 14th century)
- Jesuit College (17th century, later expanded)
- Rößel Castle , former bishop's castle , built between 1350 and 1401 in the brick Gothic style, partly open to the public, partly hotel
- Town hall (19th century)
- Monastery (18th century)
- Church of John the Baptist (18th century)
education
Rößel had a high school; In 1865 the previous Progymnasium was converted into a grammar school by a ministerial order. The first high school graduation exam took place in 1867. As a high school town, Rößel - like Reszel today - was of particular importance. Graduates of the Rößeler Gymnasium were u. a .:
| Name, dates of life | Profession, position, activity | High school time in Rößel |
|---|---|---|
| Otto Friedrich von der Groeben (1657–1728) | Soldier, explorer | 1666 to 1673 |
| Heinrich Wilhelm von der Groeben (1657–1729) | military | 1660s / 1670s |
| Georg Heinrich Sappuhn (1659–1721) | Protestant theologian | 1660s / 1670s |
| Karl Gottfried von Knobloch (1697–1764) | Major General, Knight of the Pour le Mérite | until 1713 |
| Anton Eichhorn (1809–1869) | Roman Catholic theologian, church historian and canon lawyer | 1821 to 1825 |
| Johann Hirschberg (1847–1910) | Roman Catholic pastor | 1858 to 1867 |
| Valentin Barczewski (1856–1928) | Roman Catholic pastor, member of the Provincial Parliament | 1870s |
| Kunibert Krix (1867-1931) | Roman Catholic pastor, member of the Reichstag | until 1887 |
| Wilhelm Ebel (1908–1980) | Legal historian | until 1927 |
| Gerhard Fittkau (1912-2004) | Roman Catholic theologian, author, publicist | 1910s / 1920s |
local community
The town-and-country community Reszel includes the town itself and 20 villages with school authorities to which other places are assigned. It has an area of 179.2 km², 71% of which is used for agriculture and 14% for forestry.
- church
In urban and rural community Reszel there is no evangelical church , but rather a Greek Catholic parish (Reszel) and three Roman Catholic parishes (Reszel, Leginy and Święta Lipka). Reszel is also the Roman Catholic deanery seat within the Archdiocese of Warmia .
traffic
Four provincial roads run through the Gmina Reszel area :
- the DW 590 in north-south direction ( Barciany - Korsze - Reszel - Biskupiec , section of the former Reichsstraße 141 ),
- The DW 593 in the western municipality ( Miłakowo - Dobre Miasto - Jeziorany → Reszel)
- The DW 594 in west-east direction ( Bisztynek -Reszel- Święta Lipka - Ketrzyn )
- the DW 596 in the southwestern municipality ( Biskupiec - Bęsia - Kabiny → Mnichowo ).
Incidentally, the towns and villages of Gmina Reszel are well connected by side roads and country lanes.
The nearest international airport is Gdansk . For locals, Kaliningrad in the former Koenigsberg can also be an option. The regional airport Olsztyn-Mazury near Olsztyn has existed since 2016 .
Until the beginning of the 20th century, there was no connection to the rail network in the area of today's Gmina Reszel . That changed only in 1908 when the railway line Bischdorf – Neumühl ( Polish : Sątopy-Samulewo – Nowy Młyn ) was built. It established the connection to the Thorn – Insterburg railway in Bischdorf (Polish Sątopy-Samulewo ) and to the Bialystok – Preussisch Eylau railway near Nowy Młyn . Railway stations were the places in today's municipality of Klewno (Klawsdorf) , Pieckowo (Pötschendorf) and the town of Reszel (Rößel) .
In 1945 the Rößel – Neumühl section was closed and dismantled due to the war, and the Sątopy-Samulewo – Reszel section was shut down for passenger traffic in 1989 and freight traffic in 1995. An attempt was made to reactivate it between 2003 and 2006, but the decision was made in July 2006 to close the line and dismantle the facilities. As a result, Gmina Reszel is now decoupled from the rail network .
Personalities
- Born Rößel / Reszel
- Jodokus Willich (1501–1552), physician
- Albrecht Siegmund von Seeguth-Stanisławski (1688–1768), Saxon-Prussian statesman
- Julius Dinder (1830–1890), the only Archbishop of Gnesen-Posen of German descent
- Bernhard Presting (1831–1908), religious educator
- Kurt Matern (1884–1968), architect and painter
- Martin A. Borrmann (1895–1974), writer
- Karol Zalewski (* 1993), Polish sprinter.
- Connected to the place
- Christoph Peucker (1662–1735), sculptor and cabinet maker, died in Rößel in 1735
- Johann Christian Schmidt (1701–1759), sculptor, worked in Rößel from the 1720s and died here on May 18, 1759
- Barbara Zdunk (1769–1811), alleged arsonist and witch, was sentenced to death in Rößel
- August Uedinck (1811–1868), judge, member of the Reichstag, was from 1861 district court director in Rößel
- Rudolph Borowski (1812–1890), Catholic pastor, politician, member of the Reichstag, was archpriest in Rößel from 1852 to 1867
- Hans Dammann (1867–1942), sculptor, created the war memorial in Rößel in 1914/18
- Teodor Majkowicz (1932–1998), Polish Ukrainian-Greek Catholic theologian, bishop of the Breslau-Danzig eparchy, was headmaster and hospital chaplain in Reszel from 1956 to 1959.
literature
- Johann Friedrich Goldbeck : Complete topography of the Kingdom of Prussia. Part I: Topography of East Prussia. Königsberg / Leipzig 1785, p. 22.
- August Eduard Preuss : Prussian country and folklore or description of Prussia. A manual for primary school teachers in the province of Prussia, as well as for all friends of the fatherland. Bornträger Brothers, Königsberg 1835, pp. 509-102, no. 102.
- Erwin Poschmann, Der Kreis Rößel, an East Prussian homeland book , published by the Heimatbund des Kreis Rößel, 3rd edition, Kaltenkirchen / Holstein 1991
Web links
- Official website of the city (Polish)
- Website about Reszel (Polish)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Herbert Marzian , Csaba Kenez : Self-determination for East Germany - A documentation on the 50th anniversary of the East and West Prussian referendum on July 11, 1920. Editor: Göttinger Arbeitskreis , 1970, p. 115
- ↑ Erwin Poschmann: The district of Rößel. An East Prussian homeland book. 3. Edition. Heimatbund of the Rößel district, Kaltenkirchen / Holstein 1991
- ^ Günter Böddeker: The refugees. The expulsion of the Germans in the east. 3. Edition. Berlin / Vienna 1997, p. 43.
- ^ Johann Friedrich Goldbeck : Complete topography of the Kingdom of Prussia . Part I: Topography of East Prussia . Königsberg / Leipzig 1785, p. 22.
- ↑ a b c d Alexander August Mützell and Leopold Krug : New topographical-statistical-geographical dictionary of the Prussian state . Volume 5: T – Z , Halle 1823, pp. 362–363, item 596.
- ^ August Eduard Preuss : Prussian country and folklore or description of Prussia. A manual for primary school teachers in the province of Prussia, as well as for all friends of the fatherland. Bornträger Brothers, Königsberg 1835, pp. 509-102, no. 102.
- ↑ a b c d e Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. roessel.html. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
- ^ Reszel w liczbach
- ↑ a b Rößel, St. Peter and Paul, at GenWiki
- ↑ a b Parish Church of St. Peter and Paul at ostpreussen.net
- ^ Deanery Rößel at GenWiki
- ↑ Walther Hubatsch : History of the Protestant Church in East Prussia. Volume 2: Pictures of East Prussian churches. Göttingen 1968, p. 118, fig. 535
- ↑ a b The castle at ostpreussen.net
- ↑ a b c Walther Hubatsch: History of the Protestant Church in East Prussia. Volume 3: Documents. Göttingen 1968, p. 490
- ↑ a b Friedwald Moeller, Old Prussian Protestant Pastor Book from the Reformation to the Expulsion in 1968. Hamburg 1968, p. 122
- ↑ The * indicates a school location
- ↑ Lilienthal, The extension of the Kgl. High school to Rößel to a complete high school , in: Journal for the history and antiquity of Ermlands , Volume 5, Braunsberg 1870, pp. 405-409
- ^ L. Wiese, The higher school system in Prussia. Historical-statistical presentation , Volume II: 1864–1868 , Berlin, 1869, p. 94
- ↑ railway Sątopy Samulewo-Reszel-Nowy Młyn in Ogólnopolska Baza Kolejowa
- ↑ Deutsche Reichsbahn. Senior Management East Berlin, German course book. Complete edition of the Reichsbahn course books , edition from January 21, 1940, distance 117m
City: Reszel (Rößel)
Villages and school offices : Bezławki (Bäslack) | Czarnowiec (Schwarzenberg) | Dębnik (Damerauwald) | Klewno (Klawsdorf) | Kocibórz (Kattmedien) | Leginy (Legien) | Łężany (Loszainen / Loßainen) | Mnichowo (Groß Mönsdorf) | Pieckowo (Pötschendorf) | Pilec (Pülz) | Plenowo (Plönhöfen) | Ramty (Ramten) | Robawy (Robawen / Robaben) | Siemki ( Scharfs ) | Święta Lipka (Holy Linden Tree) | Tolniki Małe (Tollnigk) | Widryny (Widrinnen) | Wola (Dürwangen) | Worpławki (Worplack) | Zawidy (Soweiden)
Other localities: Bertyny (Bertienen) | Bezławecki Dwór (Bäslackshof) | Biel (Weissensee) | Grodzki Młyn (Castle Mill) | Grzybowo (Mirror Korschen) | Kępa Tolnicka (Atkamp) | Łabędziewo (Labendzowo / Schwanau) | Lipowa Góra (Lindenberg) | Mała Bertynówka | Mojkowo (Annahof) | Niewodnica (Fischbach) | Pasterzewo (Pastern) | Pudwągi (Posewangen) | Śpigiel (mirror) | Śpiglówka (Spieglowen / Spiegelswalde) | Staniewo (Ottoswalde) | Stąpławki (Nobleman Stumplack) | Wanguty (Wangotten) | Wólka Pilecka ( Stechernsruh ) | Wólka Ryńska (Rheindorfshof)