Apple of soda
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Sodom's apple ( Solanum linnaeanum ) |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Solanum linnaeanum | ||||||||||||
| Hepper & P.-ML Jaeger |
The Solanum Linnaeanum ( Solanum linnaeanum ) is a southern Africa -based plants art from the genus Solanum ( Solanum ). The Sodomian apple is naturalized as a neophyte in Australia , New Zealand , Macaronesia and Hawaii .
description
Vegetative characteristics
The Solanum Linnaeanum is an upright, rhizomatous perennial and andromonözische plant strauchig is between 0.5 and 1.5 m high. The branches are gray, brown, or green with age. They are covered with ten to 25 straight, broad-based spines per 10 cm length, which are 3 to 7 mm long and two to four times longer than wide. The hair on the stem axis consists of star-shaped trichomes , which also persist on the aging branches, especially in the lower half of the plant. The trichomes consist of seven to eight protruding side rays that form a star with a diameter of 0.25 to 0.5 mm and stand on 0 to 0.2 mm long stems. The middle ray is 0.1 to 1.5 times as long as the side rays, it is not glandular.
The alternate, spiky lobed to pinnate leaves are elliptical to ovoid or broad ovoid, deep with two to four lobes per side. The leaf blade is 5 to 12.5 cm long, 2.8 to 8 cm wide and thus 1.4 to 1.9 times longer than wide. The tips of the lobes are rounded to blunt, the base is wedge-shaped, tapering to a point or blunt and sometimes descending on the 0.6 to 2.7 cm long petioles. On the upper side of the leaf there are nine to 25 spines on the central and side veins, they are 3 to 13 mm long and have a broad base. The entire surface is sparsely covered with sessile, star-shaped trichomes, these have a diameter of 0.25 to 0.4 mm and consist of six to nine side rays. The middle ray is 0.7 to twice as long as the side rays and is not glandular. On the underside of the leaf there are eight to 20 straight spines with a broad base on the central and side veins. The hair with star-shaped trichomes is sparse to moderate. The six to eight side rays form a star with a diameter of 0.4 to 1 mm, they can be perched or on stalks up to 0.1 mm long. The middle ray is 0.8 to 2 times as long as the side rays, it is not glandular.
Inflorescences and flowers
The seated, reduced inflorescences are between the nodes ( concave formation ) and consist of three to six or more flowers , but individual flowers are also possible. The five-fold and heterostyled (i.e. there are long and short-handled, unfertile ) flowers stand on pedicels up to 12 mm long, up to 0.9 mm in diameter and studded with spines. The inflorescences are slightly or strongly andromonözisch , whereby the inner, hermaphrodite flowers are larger, the outer flowers are female sterile and smaller.
The calyx of the hermaphrodite flowers is up to 5 mm long and has 60 to 100 spines. The outer, male flowers have a calyx with a length of 0.5 to 3 mm, which is covered with 12 to 25 spines. The calyx lobes are triangular or elliptical, 2 to 5.5 mm long, the calyx tube is 3 to 5 mm long. The entire calyx is sparsely to moderately covered with sessile, white or translucent, star-shaped trichomes, they have a diameter of 0.2 to 0.5 mm and have four to seven side rays and one 0.5 to 1.5 times as long, not glandular central ray. The purple to whitish crown is 8 to 15 mm long, weakly or heavily lobed, the inside is sparsely covered with star-shaped trichomes. The oblong, yellow, porous at the tip opening and along stationary dust bag , with short, basal röhrig fused filaments, are 5 to 6 mm long. The upper ovary is usually hairless or covered with a few star-shaped trichomes, in the male flowers it is stunted. The style of the female, fertile flowers erect, 7.5 to 9 mm long with green, capitate and zweilappiger scar upright and filled with star-shaped trichomes. These have a diameter of approx. 0.25 mm, consist of six to eight side beams and a central beam 1.5 to 2 times longer.
Fruits and seeds
One or two spherical berries develop per inflorescence , which are yellow when ripe and 23 to 30 mm in diameter. The prickly calyx enlarges to about half the size of the fruit. The spiky fruit stalks are 17 to 21 mm long and 1.5 to 3 mm thick. The berries form two chambers, the axillary ovules have anvil-shaped stalk, the mesocarp is moist but not juicy, the exocarp is 1 to 2.5 mm thick. The many (up to 200), about 2–3 mm large, dull light brownish, small and rounded, egg-shaped, flattened seeds are brown to black in color and 2.9 to 3.5 mm long.
The number of chromosomes is n = 12.
distribution
The species is native to Mozambique , Zimbabwe and the Cape Province of South Africa, as a neophyte it occurs in Australia , New Zealand , Macaronesia , the Mediterranean region and Hawaii .
Botanical history
The Sodomian apple was known for a long time under the botanical name Solanum sodomeum ; However, this had to be classified as invalid according to the regulations of the ICBN . Research published in 1978 on the herbarium specimens used by Carl von Linné showed that the type specimen used by him actually belonged to a different species, which was previously known as Solanum indicum . This name in turn proved to be synonymous with Solanum ferox . Simultaneously with the application for the status non auctt. (nomen ambiguum rejiciendum) for Solanum sodomeum the name Solanum hermanni was suggested, which was used by Michel Félix Dunal in 1813 . However, closer examination of Dunal's records showed that this name did not come from a valid species description, but was only chosen by Dunal as a replacement for Solanum sodomeum . Such a renaming is not permitted according to the regulations of the ICBN, so that in 1986 Solanum linnaeanum was described as the first valid species name. The type epithet was chosen in honor of Linnaeus.
literature
- Solanum linnaeanum on solanaceaesource.org, accessed May 31, 2018.
- Solanum linnaeanum on keyserver.lucidcentral.org, accessed May 31, 2018.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c A. R. Bean: Solanum species of Eastern Australia . Delta Intkey, 2005-. Version dated October 8, 2006, accessed February 5, 2008.
- ↑ Solanum linnaeanum Hepper & P.-ML Jaeger at GRIN.
- ↑ FN Hepper: (456, 457) Proposals to List Solanum indicum L. and Solanum sodomeum L. as Rejected Names under Article 69 of the ICBN. In: Taxon. Volume 27, number 5/6, 1978, p. 555. doi : 10.2307 / 1219929
- ^ FN Hepper and P.-ML Jaeger: Name Changes for Two Old World Solanum Species. In: Kew Bulletin. Volume 41, number 2, 1986, pp. 433-435, doi : 10.2307 / 4102956 .