Solanum fallax
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| Solanum fallax | ||||||||||||
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Solanum fallax is a species of the genus nightshade ( Solanum ) inthe nightshade family (Solanaceae). It is native to Colombia and Ecuador . Their systematic allocation within the nightshade is controversial, it is assigned either to the section Pachyphylla or the section Cyphomandropsis .
description
Vegetative characteristics
Solanum fallax is a 3 to 5 m high shrub or small tree . The trunk is moderately to densely hairy, the hair consists of unbranched, glandular and non-glandular trichomes . The sympodial units consist of three leaves . The leaves are simple, their leaf blades are 6 to 37 cm long and 4 to 25 cm wide and thus once or twice as long as they are wide. They are egg-shaped and leathery. Their upper side is sparsely to moderately hairy, the underside is hairy more densely. At the base they are cut deeply heart-shaped, pointed towards the front. The leaf margin is entire. The leaf stalks are 2 to 15 cm long and moderately to densely hairy.
Flowers and inflorescences
The inflorescences are 5 to 20 cm long, mostly forked or further branched. They contain 20 to 50 or more flowers . The inflorescence axes are moderately hairy, the inflorescence stalk is 2 to 8 cm long , the rhachis is 2 to 12 mm long. The flowers are on 10 to 20 mm long flower stalks , which extend on the fruits to 15 to 30 mm and are about 2 to 9 mm apart. Directly above the base they are articulated so that when they fall off they leave about 1 to 6 mm long scars on the inflorescence axes.
The calyx has a radius of 2 to 3 mm and is inflated towards the tip. It is covered with 0.5 to 1 mm wide and 2 mm long, cut calyx lobes, which have pointed tips and are moderately hairy. The crown measures 2 to 2.5 cm in diameter, is purple in color, star-shaped and leathery to almost leathery. The corolla tube is 1 to 2 mm long. The corolla lobes are 8 to 13 mm long and 1.5 to 3 mm wide at the base. Their shape is narrowly triangular and pointed towards the front; on the outside they are sparsely hairy, the inside is almost hairless. The anthers are 4 to 5 mm long, narrowly triangular and not fused together. They are yellow or a little purple in color and open via sideways pores. The ovary is hairy and carries a 7 mm long to 9, 0.5 to 1 mm wide, cylindrical and sparsely hairy stylus with a cut-off scar .
Fruits and seeds
The fruits measure 1 to 1.5 mm in diameter, are spherical and blunt to the front. They are densely hairy. The color of the ripe fruits is unknown, stone cells are not present. The seeds are angled, 4 to 5 mm long, 3 to 4 mm wide, whitish hairy and structured like a net at the edges.
Distribution and locations
Solanum fallax is common in Colombia and western Ecuador . The species can be found in forest areas of dry savannas or shrub plains and in the Jauneche rainforest . It grows at altitudes between 20 and 1300 m. The species is listed on the IUCN's Red List of Threatened Species on the warning list ("near threatened"), but a reassessment of the status is recommended.
Systematics
The position of the species within the genus of nightshade ( Solanum ) has not been finally clarified. In 1994 it was provisionally classified by Lynn Bohs in the genus Cyphomandra (now listed as section Pachyphylla ), but in 2001 it was assigned to the section Cyphomandropsis . The morphologically most similar species within the section is Solanum amotapense . Molecular biological studies, however, bring the species closer to other species in the Pachyphylla section , with Solanum cajanumense being listed as a sister species .
The problematic classification is due to the fact that the species has characteristics of both sections. The lack of an enlarged anthers connective, as well as the general structure of flowers and fruits, but also the tolerance to drought speak in favor of an assignment to the Cyphomandropsis section . The large, heart-shaped leaves cut at the base, the flower stalks articulated above the base , which leave clear scars on the inflorescence axes and the hairiness of the fruits, on the other hand, speak for belonging to the Pachyphylla section .
Botanical history and etymology
The species was first described in 1921 by Georg Bitter as Cyphomandra hypomalaca . The type specimen was collected in Gualea , Ecuador in May 1886 ; the plant bore fruits at that time, but no flowers, so that these are not shown in the first description. The type specimen was kept in the herbarium of the Botanical Garden Berlin-Dahlem , but was destroyed in the Second World War. One isotype can be found in the herbarium of the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle in Paris.
When the genus Cyphomandra was transferred to the nightshade genus ( Solanum ) in 1995 , the actual corresponding name Solanum hypomalacum could not be given, as it was given by Conrad Vernon Morton in 1944 for another species. Lynn Bohs chose the name Solanum fallax . She chose the epithet fallax ( Latin for false) because she believed the original classification in the genus Cyphomandra to be false.
proof
literature
- Lynn Bohs: Revision of Solanum Section Cyphomandropsis (Solanaceae) . Systematic Botany Monographs, Vol. 61, The American Society of Plant Taxonomists, August 2001. ISBN 0-912861-61-4
- Lynn Bohs: Solanum fallax . In: Solanaceae Source , May 2004 ( online , accessed on January 29, 2011, largely identical to the above-mentioned source)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d Lynn Bohs: Revision of Solanum Section Cyphomandropsis (Solanaceae) . Systematic Botany Monographs, Volume 61, The American Society of Plant Taxonomists, August 2001. ISBN 0-912861-61-4
- ↑ Solanum fallax in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2010. Posted by: World Conservation Monitoring Center, 1998. Accessed January 29, 2011th
- ↑ Lynn Bohs: Cyphomandra (Solanaceae) . In: Flora Neotropica , Volume 63, New York Botanical Garden, New York, USA, July 5, 1994. ISBN 0-89327-385-6 .
- ↑ Lynn Bohs: Phylogeny of the Cyphomandra clade of the genus Solanum (Solanaceae) based on ITS sequence data . In: Taxon , Volume 56, Number 4, November 2007. pp. 1012-1026
- ↑ Georg Bitter: Additamenta ad genus Cyphomandram . In: Repertorium specierum novarum regni vegetabilis , Volume 17, 1921. pp. 346-355.
- ↑ Lycianthes hypomalaca . In: Solanaceae Source , ( Online , accessed January 29, 2011)
- ↑ Lynn Bohs: Transfer of Cyphomandra (Solanaceae) and Its Species to Solanum . In: Taxon , Volume 44, Number 4, November 1995. pp. 583-587.