Solanum sect. Pachyphylla
| Solanum sect. Pachyphylla | ||||||||||||
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Tamarillo ( Solanum betaceum ) |
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| Solanum sect. Pachyphylla | ||||||||||||
| ( Dunal ) Dunal |
The section Solanum sect. Pachyphylla is part of the plant genus of nightshade ( Solanum ). For a long time, the species were listed in an independent genus, Cyphomandra , but molecular biological studies confirm an integration into the genus of nightshade. The section includes about 35 species that are distributed between Mexico and South America , the Tamarillo ( Solanum betaceum ) is cultivated worldwide for its fruits.
description
Vegetative characteristics
The species of the section Pachyphylla are mostly unreinforced trees or bushes , only rarely herbaceous plants . Their smooth bark is brightly colored. The timber is constructed cylindrical and surrounds a large area spongy or chamber-like cord , the vascular bundles are laid out two-sided. The hairs of the plants consist of single-row, multicellular, glandular or non-glandular, simple or rarely tree-shaped trichomes , but star-shaped trichomes are not present.
The leaves along the trunk alternate in a 2/5 phyllotaxis , are petiolate, singly or unpinnate pinnate, lobed or lobed, their base is often heart-shaped. The leaves in the treetops can differ from those on the trunk; there are three to four of them in a sympodial unit , the two leaves following the inflorescences are usually paired. The leaf veins usually start from the base of the leaf, rise to the tip and curve down there along the edge of the leaf.
Flowers and inflorescences
The inflorescences are coils , which are usually terminal, but often also appear axillary or outside the axils. They can be divided or undivided, usually they are not accompanied by bracts and hang. There is a hinge-like kink at or near the base of the usually hanging flower stalks that are bent to one side .
The flowers are hermaphroditic, five-fold and radial symmetry. The calyx consists of five identical, fused sepals, is calyx-shaped and persistent on the fruits, but hardly enlarged. The crown is white, pink, purple, green or brownish in color, star-shaped, bell-shaped or occasionally urn-shaped.
The five stamens are the same. Their stamens are hairless, short and set near the base of the crown. The anthers are basifix (fused with the stamens at the base), the counters are finely papilose and often slightly tapered towards the tip. They open through pores at the tips, the pollen grains are tricolated. The ovary is on top, two-fold with axile placentation . The stylus is widened slightly at the base and usually hairless or sometimes fine hairs. The scar is more or less bilobed, sometimes clearly broadened at the tip and often provided with two glands at the tips.
Fruits and seeds
The fruits are mostly hanging berries , which are usually yellowish when ripe and often have darker longitudinal stripes. The mesocarp often has stone cell inclusions . The fruits contain a large number of seeds that are flat, kidney-shaped, often appear hairy and contain a strongly curved embryo .
Systematics
Around 35 species are distinguished within the section:
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In the revision of the genus Cyphomandra (1994), Lynn Bohs also included Solanum fallax (as Cyphomandra hypomalaca ) in this group, but moved it to the Cyphomandropsis section in 2001 due to the flower morphology . Molecular biological studies suggest, however, that the species is possibly closer to the section Pachyphylla than the section Cyphomandropsis .
supporting documents
Individual evidence
- ↑ Lynn Bohs and A. Nelson: Solanum maternum, a new Bolivian relative of the tree tomato . In: Novon , Volume 7, 1997. pp. 341-345.
- ↑ Lynn Bohs: Revision of Solanum Section Cyphomandropsis (Solanaceae) . Systematic Botany Monographs, Volume 61, The American Society of Plant Taxonomists, August 2001. ISBN 0-912861-61-4
- ↑ Lynn Bohs: Phylogeny of the Cyphomandra clade of the genus Solanum (Solanaceae) based on ITS sequence data. In: Taxon. Volume 56, Number 4, November 2007. pp. 1012-1026.
literature
- Lynn Bohs: Cyphomandra (Solanaceae) . In: Flora Neotropica. Volume 63, New York Botanical Garden, New York, USA, July 5, 1994. ISBN 0-89327-385-6 .
- Lynn Bohs: Transfer of Cyphomandra (Solanaceae) and Its Species to Solanum. In: Taxon. Volume 44, Number 4, November 1995. pp. 583-587.