Prickly oyster

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Prickly oyster
Prickly oyster (Spondylus gaederopus)

Prickly oyster ( Spondylus gaederopus )

Systematics
Order : Pectinida
Subordination : Pectinina
Superfamily : Pectinoidea
Family : Spondylidae
Genre : Barbed oysters ( spondyle )
Type : Prickly oyster
Scientific name
Spondylus gaederopus
Linnaeus , 1758

The prickly oyster ( Spondylus gaederopus ), also called Lazarus rattle or donkey's hoof , is an edible type of mussel belonging to the barbed oysters that occurs in the Black Sea , the Mediterranean Sea and the immediately adjacent Atlantic.

features

The unevenly hinged housing is round in outline and is 60 to 125 mm long or high. It is cemented to a solid base with the right flap. The lower right flap is more bulbous than the flat upper left flap. The ears are small, obtuse angled. The lock has two roughly equal-sized teeth on both flaps that fit into pits in the other flap (isodontic lock). The ligament sits in a pit between the teeth. There is only a single, large sphincter muscle. The inner edge is serrated.

The purple-reddish skin is strong and thick. The outside has radial ribs that are covered with irregularly arranged, short, flat spines. They intersect with weak elements parallel to the edge, growth strips or somewhat stronger bulges. The inside of both flaps is white, the top left flap also has a red border.

Geographical distribution, habitat and way of life

The range of the species is limited to the Black Sea, the Mediterranean Sea and southern Portugal and northern Morocco. The distribution area of ​​the closely related species Spondylus senegalensis connects to the south . The occurrences on Madeira , the Canary Islands and the Azores can also be assigned to the latter type.

The prickly oyster lives in shallow water down to a depth of about 50 m on rocky soil; the right flap is cemented to the hard ground. The colonies of the formerly very common species collapsed in the early 1980s for reasons unknown.

Spiny oyster ( Spondylus gaederopus ) with slightly pronounced spines from the western Mediterranean

Use and importance in archeology

A shell of Spondylus gaederopus was found in the Cueva de los Aviones , a limestone cave on the outskirts of Cartagena in Spain . On the inside of their 50,000 year old shell was hematite , which - together with other pigment finds in this cave - was interpreted as the first evidence of colored jewelry in Neanderthals discovered in Europe . In the Neolithic , the shells of the oyster were made into pieces of jewelry and traded over great distances. In some cases, the thesis was put forward that primarily fossil spondylums were processed. The analysis of strontium - isotope however, suggests use of recent shells. In order to determine their origin, oxygen isotopes were examined very early on, which point to the Black Sea, which also corresponds to the frequency distribution of the archaeological finds. Alexander Binsteiner also regards the finds as evidence of the flooding of the Black Sea.

Spondylus jewelry can be found in:

In band ceramics, bracelets, belt buckles, pearls and pendants were made from spondylus . You can find them mainly in the burial fields of the oldest and older LBK, here Vedřovice in Moravia and Aiterhofen / Ödmühle in Bavaria are to be mentioned.

Greece

Spondylus jewelery has been known in Greece since the Middle Neolithic, and increasingly from the Late Neolithic. Workshops in which spondylus shells were processed are known from Dimini in Greece.

Locations:

Taxonomy

The taxon was introduced in 1758 by Carl von Linné in the current combination Spondylus gaederopus . It is the type species of the genus Spondylus Linnaeus, 1758.

supporting documents

Literature (zoology)

  • Leo George Hertlein, Leslie Reginald Cox: Family Spondylidae. In: Raymond C. Moore (Ed.): Treatise on invertebrate paleontology Pt. N: Mollusca 6. Bivalvia (1 of 3). N378-N380, Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America & University of Kansas Press 1969.
  • S. Peter Dance, Rudo von Cosel (arrangement of the German edition): The great book of sea shells. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1977, ISBN 3-8001-7000-0 , p. 238.
  • Rudolf Kilias: Lexicon marine mussels and snails. 2nd Edition. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1997, ISBN 3-8001-7332-8 , p. 22.
  • Fritz Nordsieck : The European seashells: From the Arctic Ocean to Cape Verde, the Mediterranean Sea and the like. Black Sea. G. Fischer, Stuttgart 1969, pp. 61/62.

Literature (archeology)

  • Werner Butler, Contributions to the Question of Neolithic Commerce. In: Marburg Studies. 1, 1938, pp. 26-33.
  • Nandor Kalicz, J. Szénászky: Spondylus jewelry in the Neolithic of Békés County, southeast Hungary. In: Prehistoric Journal. 76, 2001, pp. 24-54.
  • Johannes Müller, Alexander Herrera, N. Knossalla: Spondylus and Adze - two contradicting references to prestige in Central European linear ceramics? In: Johannes Müller, Reinhard Bernbeck (Hrsg.): Prestige - prestige goods - social structures. (= Archaeological Reports. 6). Bonn 1996, p. 81ff.
  • Norbert Niszery: Linear ceramic grave fields in Bavaria (Aiterhofen-Ödmühle, Senkhofen, Mangolding and Dillingen-Steinheim). Espelkamp 1995.
  • Vladimír Podborský (ed.): Dvĕpohřebištĕ Neolitického lidu s Lineární Keramikou ve Vedrovicích na Moravĕ. Masarykovy University Philosophy Faculty Dept. of Archeology and Museology, Brno 2002.
  • J. Rodden: The Spondylus-shell trade and the beginnings of the Vinča culture. In: Actes du VII e Congrès International des Sciences Préhistoriques et Protohistoriques. Akademia Nauk, Praha: 1970, pp. 411-413.
  • ML Séfèriadès: Spondylus gaederopus: some observations on the earliest European long distance exchange system. In: S. Hiller, V. Nikolov (Ed.): Karanovo III: Contributions to the Neolithic in Southeast Europe. Phoibos Verlag, Vienna 2000, pp. 423–437.
  • Sifft-Gottlieb: Linear ceramic graves with spondylus jewelry from Eggenburg , Niederdonau. In: Communications from the Anthropological Society in Vienna. 69, 1939, pp. 149-165.
  • Henrietta Todorova: The Spondylus Problem Today. In: S. Hiller, V. Nikolov (Ed.): Karanovo III: Contributions to the Neolithic in Southeast Europe. Phoibos Verlag, Vienna 2000, pp. 415-422.
  • Slavomir Vencl: Spondylový šperky v pondunajkem Neolitu. In: Archeologické rozhledy. 9, 1959.
  • Christoph Willms: Neolithic spondylus jewelry: a hundred years of research. In: Germania. 63, 1985, pp. 331-343.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Theodor CH Cole: Dictionary of Invertebrates / Dictionary of Invertebrates: Latin-German-English. Springer Spectrum, Berlin 2017, ISBN 978-3-662-52869-3 , p. 55.
  2. ↑ Guido Poppe, Yoshihiro Goto: European Seashells. Volume 2: Scaphopoda, Bivalvia, Cephalopoda. Verlag Christa Hemmen, Wiesbaden 1993, ISBN 3-925919-10-4 , pp. 72/73. (2000 unc. Reprint)
  3. ↑ João Zilhão et al .: Symbolic use of marine shells and mineral pigments by Iberian Neandertals. In: PNAS . Volume 107, No. 3, 2010, pp. 1023-1028, doi: 10.1073 / pnas.0914088107
  4. ↑ Nicholas Shackleton, H. Elderfield: Strontium isotope dating of the source of Neolithic European Spondylus shell artefacts. In: Antiquity. 64, 1993, pp. 312-315; Nicholas Shackleton, Colin Renfrew: Neolithic trade routes realigned by oxygen isotope analyzes. In: Nature. 228, 1970, pp. 1062-1065.
  5. ^ Matthias Schulz, Bernhard Zand: Traces of history: Criminal court on the Bosporus. In: Spiegel online. May 9, 2006.
  6. ^ Paul Halstead: Spondylus shell ornaments from late Neolithic Dimini, Greece: specialized manufacture or unequal accumulation? In: Antiquity. 67, No. 256, pp. 603-609.
  7. ↑ David S. Reese: The Em IIA Shells from Knossos, with Comments on Neolithic to Em III Shell Utilization. In: Annual of the British School at Athens. 82, 1987, p. 208. JSTOR 30103090
  8. ^ Carl von Linné: Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Salvius, Holmia / Stockholm 1758, pp. 1–824. online at Biodiversitylibrary.org (p. 690).
  9. ↑ MolluscaBase: Spondylus gaederopus Linnaeus, 1758

Web links

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