City fortifications Naumburg (Saale)
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The Naumburg city fortifications surrounded separately the citizen city (council city) and the cathedral city (also called cathedral freedom , gentleman's freedom , gentleman's city or immunity ) of Naumburg (Saale) as a curtain wall with towers, gates and ditches. Some parts of the complex have survived to this day, most of which date from the 15th and 16th centuries.
story
City elevation and fortification
The emergence of the city fortifications of Naumburg is closely linked to the development of the cathedral and the township. Naumburg was formed into a town in the 11th century and in 1287 the fortification rights were confirmed. The city council and cathedral chapter were thus given the right to surround the city with fortifications, with the freedom of the cathedral being cut off from the rest of the city by an additional separation. Until the second half of the 14th century, the city limits consisted largely of a wooden fortification. In 1348 it is mentioned that walls are under construction.
Apparently in the time before and after the Saxon fratricidal war , which ended with the Naumburg Peace of 1451, the city gates were fortified more strongly. These facilities were rebuilt in the 15th century in massive construction and the city fortifications of the town with a rampart, an inner wall with 18 towers, a moat and an outer wall ( Zwinger ) with 16 towers expanded. The council town and cathedral town each had five gates, with the Herrentor connecting both parts. The remains of the wall that are still preserved today are 2 to 5 m high and approx. 1.3 m thick. The former heights and widths of the walls have not been handed down and can no longer be determined.
Dissolution of the fortification
The city wall was largely demolished in 1833 with the introduction of the Stein city order, which was applied throughout Prussia . Starting with the walls from the President's House (Kramerplatz 1) to the Wenzelstor, the trenches were filled in and a new path was laid. A ring road was laid out along the former weir, which still surrounds the city center today. From the former city fortifications, around 1.5 km of city walls in the south and east of the city center, the Marientor, the so-called Landeskrone on Jakobsring / corner of Wenzelsring and the water art on Wenzelsring have been preserved. Most of the preserved gates, towers and remains of the wall were placed under protection as architectural monuments by the State Office for the Preservation of Monuments (see also the list of cultural monuments in Naumburg (Saale) ).
Gates of the citizen town
Marientor (2008)
Salt Gate (1835)
Jacob's Gate (1835)
Wenceslas Gate (1835)
Herrentor (1835; view from the cathedral city)
Marientor
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The Marientor (Frauentor, Porta Beatae Virginis Mariae ) takes its name from the nearby Maria Magdalenen Church and is the only preserved city gate in Naumburg. In 1446 it received a double-gate, kennel-like facility, a so-called barbican . The outer and inner gates enclose the courtyard, which is surrounded by a parapet walkway decorated in the late Gothic style . Between 1456 and 1458 it was extensively remodeled by Valentin Weise and the tower was built in 1463. The gate was renewed in 1511 and a stone moat bridge was added in 1531. Another restoration took place in 1704. The defensive wall on the west side has loopholes . Since the battlement also offers shooting opportunities inwards, the inner area is a fishing yard. The square tower in the southwest of the gate has a conical roof and battlements. The multifaceted appearance is explained by different windows and gates (partly Gothic pointed arches, partly flat arched), brick elements (keel arches, cross-arched panels), the city-side gable with diamond panels, bat and towed dormers , different sized building parts as well as the city coat of arms, an inscription plaque and one Figurine niche with a figure of Mary by Peter Hummelshain (Naumburg) from 1456, to which a wooden boy was added later. The Marientor, the premises of which served alternately as prison cells and as poor houses over the centuries, was extensively renovated from 1997 to 2000 and has been part of the Naumburg City Museum since 2001 . In the interior there is now an extensive exhibition on the historic fortifications of Naumburg.
Salt Gate
The Salt Gate ( Porta Salis ) at the end of the Salt Road was mentioned for the first time in 1357 as the strongest defensive work of the city fortifications (at that time still partly made of wood) and was rebuilt in 1508 from stone. It had a rectangular gate fence and was reinforced by a square and a round tower. A stone bridge, built in 1545 from stones from the demolished Georgen monastery , led to the gate . The old salt gate was demolished in 1834. In the vicinity, the master mason Johann Heinrich Elschner the Elder built until 1835. Ä. and Heinrich Crato two gatehouses in the classical style, which were then called Salztor .
Jakobstor
The tower of Jacob's Gate ( Porta Jacobaea ) was first mentioned in 1380. The structure of the gate was similar to that of the Marientor, except that the tower was offset slightly to the west. This gate was also demolished between 1820 and 1830.
Wenceslas Gate
This also Porta pecorum or cattle grid called gate was built in stone in 1510 and provided with an adjacent bridge five years later. It had a structure similar to that of the Marientor; It was demolished in 1838.
Herrentor
The Herrentor ( Porta Dominica ) connected the citizen town and the manor town. The Herrentor was first mentioned in 1363 and a gate tower was added in 1397.
Gates of the cathedral city
The history of the city gates of the cathedral city is sparsely documented. In addition to the Othmarstor (Porta Otmari, named after the Othmarskirche located outside the cathedral city ), there were Georgentor (named after the Georgenkloster), Spitalstor (Spitteltor) and Neutor (first mentioned in 1371) entrances to the cathedral city.
Wall towers
Originally, the complex is said to have consisted of 52 wall towers, possibly including the essays on the walls.
The water art is the only remaining tower of the former inner city fortifications. The tower standing directly on the Wenceslas Wall was built around 1463 from quarry stone masonry on a square floor plan. After the city fortifications were abandoned for defensive purposes, it was used for water art in 1698 and a water catchment basin was installed at the same time. It was extensively repaired and functionally improved by the masters Hans Schmidt and Georg Ludwig as well as Peter Sonnenkalb and the bricklayer Paul Sachs. She also got a half-timbered floor. Since then, the tower has had three brick floors and a fourth, which is made as a plastered framework . The windows were widened to enable residential use. The tower is crowned by a hipped roof . On the east side of the tower there is a passage through the Wenceslas Wall. At the end of the 19th century, the work of the old water art was stopped.
The Landeskrone is the best-preserved stretcher weir in the former 15th century kennel on the south-east corner of the city. It was built in 1462/63 and increased in size around 1500.
Other preserved remains
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Remnants of the city wall with stumps of towers can still be found today almost continuously with the so-called Wenceslas Wall between Kramerplatz and Wenzelsstraße and the Jakobsmauer between Wenzelsstraße and Jakobsstraße. Parts of the Marienmauer between Jakobsstrasse and Thainburg have also been preserved. Around the former cathedral city, parts of the Georgentor (in the shape of the 19th century), the Georgen wall and the new wall can still be seen.
literature
- Thomas Biller (Ed.): The Marientor and the Naumburg city fortifications. Naumburg 2000, p. 8ff.
- Thomas Biller, Hans Heinrich Häffner: The city fortifications of Naumburg - history and preservation. Imhof, Naumburg 2001.
- Klaus Jestaedt: "The German miracle" or how medieval is Naumburg an der Saale really? in: Mark Escherisch, Christian Misch and Rainer Müller (eds.): Development and change in medieval cities in Thuringia. (Erfurt Studies on Art and Building History Volume 3) Lukas, Berlin 2007, p. 214ff, ISBN 978-3936872-74-3 .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Cf. Gerlinde Schlenker : Die Unstrut. Portrait of a cultural landscape. Mitteldeutscher Verlag , Halle 2002, ISBN 3-89812-137-2 , p. 206. Here in relation to Freyburg (Unstrut) 1447.
Coordinates: 51 ° 9 ′ 18 ″ N , 11 ° 48 ′ 45 ″ E