Stone Age settlement chamber in the Satrupholmer Moor
The Stone Age settlement chamber in the Satrupholmer Moor is an archaeologically investigated area near Satrupholm in fishing , which is best known for its finds from the Mesolithic . In the moor east of Satrup in the Schleswig-Flensburg district , some important sites for wet soil archeology from the Stone Age were found, which, due to their spatial coherence, can be summarized under the term of a settlement chamber.
location
The moor borders Satrup to the east, Rehberg and Rüde in the south and is roughly indicated in the northeast by the course of the Bondenau brook . It is framed by the fragmented terminal moraine landscape of the Schleswig-Holstein hill country, which rises up to 50 m above sea level above the moor located at about 27 m above sea level. The basin of the Satrupholmer Moor was created by glaciogenic processes. Boreholes have shown that these are three separate large dead ice holes , which extend to −11.5 m below the current moor surface. During the regression of the glaciers, several chunks of ice remained, which initially prevented the depressions from being filled with sand carried along by the glacier. The result was a lake with a stream flowing through it, an attractive settlement area for people that gradually silted up.
Research history
Today there are around 60 places in Schleswig-Holstein with finds from the 7th and 6th millennium BC. Known (as of 2017). These belong to the Congemose culture (6800-5500 BC). Reports of the first archaeological finds are known from the end of the 19th century. With the use of peat as fuel, work in the bog was intensified in the first half of the 20th century, which also led to an increase in finds. Numerous finds were made by the master roofer Johannes Echberg. In the 1930s the moor should be drained and cultivated. Since a lowering of the water level would have had a negative effect on the preservation of organic finds, the first professional archaeological investigations were planned. These were carried out in several campaigns between 1947 and 1963 as an NDW / DFG project under the leadership of Hermann Schwabedissen . As of 2005, research in the Satrupholmer Moor was resumed by Sönke Hartz. Due to changing excavation and documentation methods and a publication backlog, many finds, findings and areas of discovery from the old excavations could no longer be optimally correlated in a final examination.
An emergency excavation was carried out in the area of Satrup LA 2 when a pond was to be created as part of a compensation measure under nature conservation law and a kink was to be laid, and the archeology was illegally not included.
Find places
Male LA 2
The site male LA 2 (LA = land survey) is located on the south-eastern edge of the moor on a flat headland sloping to the northwest, which offered ideal settlement opportunities. Between 1947 and 1959, an area of over 440 m² was developed here in five campaigns. Stratigraphically , typologically and palynologically , this site was classified in the period from the Late Mesolithic to the Early Neolithic . Radiocarbon dates narrow the date to the period between 5000 and 4500 c. A. In addition to flint artifacts and remains of faunas, fragments of two different ceramic styles came to light, which typologically resemble the pointed-bottomed vessels of the Ertebölle culture but also those of the early Neolithic funnel cup culture . The moor environment had also received a large area fortified with bark and billets, as well as several paddles, eel sticks, net parts , arrows and bows, lances and other organic finds.
Satrup LA 2 Bondebrück
The Bondebrück site, initially named after the paddock from which the first finds came, is located on the northern edge of the Satrupholmer Moor and was first explored in three campaigns between 1947 and 1957. He was already known from records in the 1920s. Even before the Second World War, the amateur archaeologist Johannes Bondzen had picked up mesolithic flint artifacts on a moraine knoll south of the Bondebrück farm. The local collector Johannes Echberg discovered organic remains, such as bones and antlers, during peat cutting work in an area which he stated to be 120 m east-west and 40 m north-south. It was a surprising expansion for late Mesolithic hunting grounds.
During the excavation, which was completed in 1957, a total of approx. 106 m² on raised ground and in the area around the moor was examined. Subsequent excavations to check the find situation and the preservation conditions were carried out from 2009 by archaeologists from the Archaeological State Museum Schleswig as part of a dissertation project at the University of Kiel. The Gottorf Castle Archeology Museum (former State Archaeological Museum) and the Center for Baltic and Scandinavian Archeology of the Schleswig-Holstein State Museums Foundation Gottorf Castle examined two small areas of 25 and 20 m². Numerous burin blades and bones from large hunting animals such as prehistoric animals, wild boar, deer and elk indicate that this could have been a slaughtering site where hunted animals were cut up. In the course of the subsequent excavations, an elk and an original bone were found using the radiocarbon method on approx. 5900 BC. BC and thus dated to the late Mesolithic ( Congemose stage ). Ceramic remains, however, prove further visits to later times that radiate from the Ertebölle period (5500-4100 BC) to the early Neolithic . The rose axes, spout antler axes and ceramic shards confirmed the two phases of the settlement remains with an intensive Congemose settlement around 6000 BC. And a younger, brief one in the late Ertebølle culture between 4300 and 4400 BC. BC The remains of bones show a very precise hierarchy of the importance of hunting game. Wild boars make up 32%, aurochs 25%, elk 14%, red deer 13% and deer 11% of the bones. The hunt for beavers (3%) is insignificant, even less so for wolf, fox, otter, badger, hedgehog and wild horse, which each made up less than 1% of the bones. The hunt served almost exclusively to obtain meat, not fur. Only the meat-rich parts were carried to the camp and cut up there, possibly also consumed. A few, small fragments represent the oldest human bones in the state. Antlers were made into tools, as was wood. Pit-like structures as well as chips, microliths and blade devices are evidence of tool production on site.
The pollen samples show a high proportion of pine and birch in the lowest layer. There are also mixed oak forest species such as oak, linden and elm, but also alder. This points to the outgoing boreal , i.e. to the time after approx. 8000 BC. Chr.
Satrup LA 60 Pheasant Island
The Fasaneninsel site is located in the north-western corner of the moor, which was finally dug in 1954 and 1955 after numerous finds during peat cutting work. Several search trenches were dug on a sand lens, but these were not adequately documented, which resulted in numerous finds of flint with white patina. The investigated finds indicate a purely mesolithic, high-quality blade industry, which can be linked to the surface discovery site Satrup LA 1 in the north.
Satrup LA 70 Pöttmoor
This site (dug in 1947, 1957 and 1958) is on the southern edge of the moor and stands out due to its two-phase occupancy. Radiocarbon dating and typological features of the ceramics point to the middle to late Ertebölle culture (Rosenhof / Neustadt phase) and the funnel beaker culture (Fuchsberg stage). The place of discovery is partially disturbed by peat extraction and the dumping of modern building rubble, but here it is assumed that it was found on a sand lens in the shallow water area of the former lake, which could have served as a sacrificial site. The recovered flint material, as well as bones and antlers, could not be clearly assigned to a specific phase, as it may have been relocated here due to natural and anthropogenic influences. An associated settlement may have been found on land about 70 m further south with the surface discovery site Rehberg LA 2.
Satrup LA 71 Förstermoor
Förstermoor, located on the southwestern edge of the Satrupholmer Moor, was explored in 1956, 1959 and 1960 on over 269 square meters. Here, too, a two-phase use is visible in the find material, which consisted of a few finds with a Mesolithic impact (Congemosis culture) and a closed culture layer of the middle Ertebölle culture. More than 1500 flint artefacts were scientifically evaluated and show two spatially separate concentrations on the excavation plan. There was a higher altitudes blow place found, but also a black charcoal layer that can be interpreted as evidence of slash and burn. More than 570 blades were found. Some of them were modified as saws, drills or arrowheads. What is striking, however, is the almost complete absence of stylus modifications in the inventory. Noteworthy is a small imported ax from amphibolite . The ceramic remains scatter over the entire excavation area and metrically line up with the findings of male LA 2 and Satrup LA 2; the long oval lamps, which were distinctive for the Ertebölle period, were not found. The spectrum of fauna includes red deer, primal, wild boar and roe deer, but fish and bird bones have also been discovered. Numerous organic artifacts, including paddles, a net, spears. Overall, however, there is no primary settlement area in Förstermoor, but a waste zone in front of the residential area. The actual settlement is likely to be found on the adjacent hill to the south or to the east in the moor border area - however, both areas are severely disturbed by erosion and peat extraction.
Südensee LA 1b Südensee Dam
This site in the northeast corner of the moor was examined in 1955 and 1956. Although the surrounding area was already peat, untouched layers of finds remained under a road dam. About 125 square meters could be excavated here. Twenty radiocarbon dates also attest to a clearly separated two-phase use in the period of the middle Ertebölle culture and at the end of the early Neolithic I at this site Interpret landfills along the prehistoric shore. Charcoal, burned flint artifacts and burned cattle bones reinforce the image of a sacrificial site.
The numerous references to different paddle shapes, stationary and mobile fishing gear and some fish bones testify to the importance of the former lake as a resource for obtaining food in the late and end Mesolithic. In addition, paddles and dugout canoes from an Iron Age context were discovered. Import relationships to southern, fully Neolithic cultures are documented by several rock axes, but the exact origin remains disputed. An amber necklace with over 60 preserved parts, which was found while cutting peat as early as 1896, can be seen in the exhibition of the Archaeological State Museum Schloss Gottorf in Schleswig.
Latest research in the Satrupholmer Moor
Current research on archaeological topics took place from 2005 to 2009. This resulted in a processing of the old material from the excavations in 1947–1963. At several sites in the bog, in particular on the Satrup LA 2 Bondebrück site, investigations were carried out in 2009 and 2010 to check the find situation and to clarify the conservation conditions in the bog edge area. Improved excavation techniques made it possible to provide further evidence of fishing and to clarify uncertain connections between the finds.
literature
- Ulrich Schmölcke, Mirjam Briel, Stefanie Klooss, Sönke Hartz, Ingo Feeser, Annika B. Müller: "Luck in misery". New results from a well-known Mesolithic site on the edge of the Satrupholmer Moor in Satrup, Schleswig-Flensburg district , in: Archäologische Nachrichten Schleswig-Holstein (2017) 19–29. ( academia.edu )
- Frederick Feulner, The late Mesolithic and early Neolithic sites in the Satrupholmer Moor, Kr. Schleswig-Flensburg. Reconstruction of a settlement chamber . Dissertation University of Kiel 2010.
- Frederick Feulner, Evidence for fishing in the Satrup bog, Kr. Schleswig-Flensburg, Germany . Quaternary 57 (2012) 165-147.
- Frederick Feulner, The Bark Floor from Rüde 2. Journal of Wetland Archeology 11 (2012) 109-119.
- Frederick Feulner, Insights on archaeological find interpretation in the Satrup bog . Writings of the Natural Science Association Schleswig-Holstein 73 (2011).
- Frederick Feulner, Late Mesolithic, Ertebölle and early Neolithic bog sites at Satrupholmer Moor, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany . Mesolithic Miscellany 20.1 (2009) 20-21.
- Niklas Hausmann, Satrup LA 2 - A first evaluation . Bachelor thesis University of Kiel 2011.
- Hermann Schwabedissen , excavation of Mesolithic / Neolithic living spaces in Satrupholmer Moor, Kr. Schleswig . Germania 35 (1957) 371-373.
- Hermann Schwabedissen, The excavations in the Satrupholmer Moor. On the question of the origin and earliest development of the Nordic Neolithic . Offa 16 (1957/58) 5-28.
Web links
Remarks
- ↑ Ulrich Schmölcke, Mirjam Briel, Stefanie Klooss, Sönke Hartz, Ingo Feeser, Annika B. Müller: "Glück im Unglück". New results from a well-known Mesolithic site on the edge of the Satrupholmer Moor in Satrup, Schleswig-Flensburg district , in: Archäologische Nachrichten Schleswig-Holstein (2017) 19–29, here: p. 19.
- ↑ Ulrich Schmölcke, Mirjam Briel, Stefanie Klooss, Sönke Hartz, Ingo Feeser, Annika B. Müller: "Glück im Unglück". New results from a well-known Mesolithic site on the edge of the Satrupholmer Moor in Satrup, Schleswig-Flensburg district , in: Archäologische Nachrichten Schleswig-Holstein (2017) 19–29, here: p. 24.
Coordinates: 54 ° 41 ′ 31.9 ″ N , 9 ° 37 ′ 42.6 ″ E