Green crested elf

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Green crested elf
Green hooded elf ♂

Green hooded elf ♂

Systematics
Class : Birds (aves)
Order : Sailor birds (Apodiformes)
Family : Hummingbirds (Trochilidae)
Genre : Stephanoxis
Type : Green crested elf
Scientific name of the  genus
Stephanoxis
Simon , 1897
Scientific name of the  species
Stephanoxis lalandi
( Vieillot , 1818)

The green hooded elf ( Stephanoxis lalandi ) is a species of bird from the hummingbird family (Trochilidae). The species occurs only in Brazil . The IUCN assesses the population as Least Concern .

features

Violet-hooded elf ♀ is similar to the green-hooded elf

With a body weight of only approx. 3.4 g, the green-hooded elf reaches a body length of approx. 8.7 cm, with the wings 4.8 cm, the tail 32 mm and the black beak 14 mm long. The male's shiny golden-green hood is criss-crossed with an elongated purple-black feather. The upper side, the wing coverts and the central tail feathers are bronze gold green. The sides of the head and neck, as well as the flanks and tail-coverts, are gray, the underside has a shimmering dark blue-violet. There is a small white spot behind the eye. The wings are blackish purple. On the side green tail feathers is a wide subterminal steel-blue band. The outer control springs have gray tips. The feet are black. The female's hood is only rudimentary. The top and the wings as well as the white spot behind the eye are the same as in the male. The underside is gray with a slight ocher tinge. The lateral tail feathers are traversed by a blue subterminal band and have white tips. The bill and feet are also black.

Reproduction

An egg weighs approximately 0.46 g and is 14.3 by 8.4 mm in size. The breeding season is from October to March. The incubation period is 14 days. The young birds are nestled for about 28 days before they leave the nest. Their nest consists of airborne seeds of bromeliads and tree cotton. It is covered with small pieces of leaf and moss, which are firmly attached with thread. A nest is approx. 35 mm high and 18 mm deep. The outer diameter of the nest is approx. 40 mm and the inner diameter is approx. 26 mm.

behavior

The flowers of bromeliads and eucalyptus fly to feed . In 1978, Peter Feinsinger and Robert Knight Colwell defined five different roles for hummingbirds to live together. They differentiated between trapliners on plants with a high degree of reward, defenders of territory , trapliners on plants with a low degree of reward, territorial parasites or intruders and generalists. The green hooded elf is one of the trapliners on plants with a low degree of reward and one of the territorial parasites, with the males also showing territorial behavior on strongly flowering plants such as the hammer shrub species Cestrum corymbosum or the leguminous species Collaea speciosa .

habitat

Preferred habitats of the species are forests, tree landscapes and tree-rich areas with bushes. In the north of the range they prefer the highlands.

Vocalizations

Her voice sounds very high, like an irregular checked tji-tji-tji .

Subspecies

Distribution area (green) of the green-hooded elves and violet-hooded elves

In the past, the green-hooded elf was divided into two subspecies. Recent research has led to the fact that both must be viewed as separate species from a biological and phylogenetic point of view.

The violet-hooded elf ( Stephanoxis loddigesii ) ( Vigors , 1831) was long considered another subspecies. It occurs in southern Brazil in the Serra de Paranapiacaba in the southwest of the state of São Paulo to the south of Paranás and Rio Grande do Sul , as well as the neighboring forests in eastern Paraguay and northeast Argentina . The male has a strong blue crest and a darker underside than the male the green crested elf. The top shimmers more golden green and the beak is a little longer. The female also has a slightly longer beak than the female of the green-hooded elf, which used to be the nominate form .

Etymology and history of research

Louis Pierre Vieillot described the hummingbird under the name Trochilus Lalandi . The type specimen for the description came from the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle and was sent to it by Pierre Antoine Delalande (1787–1823) from Brazil. It was Eugène Louis Simon who classified it in the new genus Stephanoxis in 1897 . This name is of Greek origin and is derived from "stephanos, στεφανος " for "crown" and "oxys, οξυς " for "pointed, pointed". The specific epithet »lalandi« is dedicated to its discoverer. »Loddigesii« honors George Loddiges (1786–1846).

literature

  • Rolf Grantsau : The hummingbirds of Brazil . A key for all hummingbird shapes in Brazil. Expressão e Cultura, Rio de Janeiro 1988, ISBN 978-85-208-0101-7 .
  • Ber van Perlo: A Field Guide to the Birds of Brazil . Oxford University Press, Oxford 2009, ISBN 978-0-19-530155-7 ( online [accessed November 3, 2014]).
  • James A. Jobling: Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names . Christopher Helm, London 2010, ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4 .
  • Louis Pierre Vieillot: Nouveau dictionnaire d'histoire naturelle, appliquée aux arts, à l'agriculture, à l'économie rurale et domestique, à la médecine, etc. Par une société de naturalistes et d'agriculteurs . tape 23 . Deterville, Paris 1818 ( online [accessed November 3, 2014]).
  • Eugène Louis Simon: Catalog des espèces actuellement connues de la famille des Trochilides . L. Mulo, Paris 1897.
  • Nicholas Aylward Vigors: Mr. Vigors exhibited several species of Humming-birds from the collection of John Gould, one of which, previously undescribed, had been dedicated to Mr. George Loddiges FLS In: Proceedings of the Committee of Science and Correspondence of the Zoological Society of London . tape 1 , no. 1 , 1831, p. 12 ( online [accessed November 3, 2014]).
  • Vagner Cavarzere, Luís Fábio Silveira, Marcelo Ferreira de Vasconcelos, Rolf Grantsau; Fernando Costa Straube: Taxonomy and biogeography of Stephanoxis Simon, 1897 (Aves: Trochilidae) . In: Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia (São Paulo) . tape 54 , no. 7 , 2014, p. 69–79 , doi : 10.1590 / 0031-1049.2014.54.07 ( online [accessed November 3, 2014]).
  • Peter Feinsinger, Robert Knight Colwell: Community organization among neotropical nectar-feeding birds . In: American Zoologist . tape 18 , no. 4 , 1978, ISSN  0003-1569 , pp. 779-795 , doi : 10.1093 / icb / 18.4.779 .
  • Ivan Sazima, Silvana Buzato, Marlies Sazima ,: An assemblage of hummingbird-pollinated flowers in a montane forest in southeastern Brazil . In: Botanica Acta . tape 109 , no. 2 , 1996, ISSN  0932-8629 , p. 327-334 , doi : 10.1111 / j.1438-8677.1996.tb00555.x .

Web links

Commons : Green Hooded Elf  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Rolf Grantsau, p. 70
  2. ↑ a b c Rolf Grantsau, p. 71
  3. ↑ a b Peter Feinsinger u. a., p. 783.
  4. ↑ a b Peter Feinsinger u. a., p. 784.
  5. ↑ Ivan Sazima et al. a., p. 157.
  6. ↑ a b Ber van Perlo, p. 68.2
  7. ^ IOC World Bird List Hummingbirds
  8. ↑ Vagner Cavarzere et al., Pp. 69-79.
  9. ↑ Louis Pierre Vieillot, p. 427.
  10. ↑ a b Nicholas Aylward Vigors, p. 12.
  11. ^ Vagner Cavarzere et al., P. 71
  12. ↑ a b Louis Pierre Vieillot, p. 427f.
  13. ↑ Eugène Louis Simon, p. 40.
  14. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 365.