Proud
Pride [from mnd. : stolt = splendid, stately ] is the feeling of great satisfaction with oneself or with others, of a high regard for oneself - be it for one's own person , be it in connection with a highly respected or revered “whole”.
Pride is the joy that arises from the certainty that you have achieved something special, something worthy of recognition or something promising for the future. The standard from which this certainty is derived can be developed both within its own differentiated value horizon and also be socially traditional . In the first case, you feel confirmed and your worldview strengthened (" I am proud of myself "), in the other case you bask in social recognition (" I am proud to have done something for my city ").
As with anger , fear , sadness , surprise , disgust and joy is the pride of a basic emotion that innate and not instilled is. The emotion is unique in all human cultures similar gestures and gestures (straight posture, distance covered head, arms stretched from the body), and is therefore universally recognized.
Evolutionary function
Pride serves to signal a high social status . Individuals who successfully communicate high status can improve their access to scarce resources and high quality reproductive partners. A stratification according to status within a group can also facilitate power relations, cooperation and social interactions.
Proud in the rating of the Roman Catholic Church
For the Roman Catholic Church, pride (according to the world catechism , KKK 1866) resp. Arrogance , arrogance or arrogance , Latin superbia , the first of the seven main sins or, in the case of Thomas Aquinas , a root sin above the main sins (Thomas instead lists the related vanity of the latter ). According to Thomas, pride is "a disorderly striving to stand out". According to St. Gregor , pride comes in four forms, namely: 1. ascribing the good that one has to oneself, 2. attributing it to God, but taking account of one's own merits, 3. attaching advantages to oneself not possessing 4. To display virtues one possesses with complacency and contempt for others. On the other hand, self-respect, as well as respect for others, is a positive duty, consisting “of the correct appraisal of what we find in ourselves and others, and in the sincere recognition of the value or unworthiness of it, combined with the desire and striving for the valuable and To preserve and protect the worthy, but to remove the unworthy. "
“Validity, prestige and power become a threat when the striving for validity and power degenerates. One becomes a nerd out of a desire for recognition. He only thinks about his career and ruthlessly pushes aside everything that stands in his way. He is even ready to give up belief and religion if that can help him achieve his goal. Another puts himself above all others with arrogant pride; he takes advantage of his position and becomes a tyrant. Finally, a third person loses trust in everything, including God , in false trust in himself . He thinks you can't rely on anyone. "
Rating
Sometimes pride is divided into two forms: a healthy and a diseased, that is, neurotic form (for example propagated by Karen Horney in her book Neurosis and Human Growth ). It can be neurotic pride when one is proud of something that one did not create oneself; it can also be neurotic to be proud of destructive accomplishments against people (for example, pride in cheating on as many people as possible).
Pride in a performance that one has achieved for oneself and / or others (e.g. completing a dissertation , high school diploma ) is considered legitimate.
Here one can differentiate whether this pride just mentioned aims at social recognition or whether one is proud of oneself - in the sense of a personal characteristic or the satisfaction of the urge / need for satisfaction or recognition (which can increase into arrogance ).
Game theory
Pride can also be “healthy” where it leads to a seemingly irrational renunciation of the maximization of a useful function in games (for example in negotiations). In game theory , even “false pride” and “ defiance ” prove to be the driving force behind rational moves, if they do not maximize the useful function for which the game is played, but - in the meta game - influence the rules of the game themselves in favor of the apparently irrational player. (It can also mean a change in the rules of the game in favor of this player's clan.) Game theory can also show that the meeting of pride and weakness is not a contradiction in terms. Pride is often seen in contrast to the lack of options for a player (a negotiator) to act, but the threat of seemingly irrational moves helps in a weak position. That is why pride is also a rationally applicable function in negotiations between representatives of states.
Individual evidence
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↑ Jessica L. Tracy & Richard W. Robins: Emerging Insights Into the Nature and Function of Pride . In: Current Directions in Psychological Science. Vol. 16, pp. 147-150, June 2007. doi: 10.1111 / j.1467-8721.2007.00493.x .
Proud instinct. Pride, like anger or joy, is a basic feeling that is expressed through clearly recognizable gestures. On: Wissenschaft.de from June 19, 2007. - ↑ a b Shariff, A. & Tracy, J. (2009): Knowing Who's Boss: Implicit Perceptions of Status From the Nonverbal Expression of Pride. In: emotion . Volume 9, No. 5, pp. 631-639.
- ↑ S. th. II / II 132 and 162.
- ↑ S. th. II / II 162 II.
- ↑ Moralia XXIII 7.
- ↑ Ferdinand Elger, Textbook of Catholic Moral Theology § 245, Leitmeritz 1851, from which the translation from Gregors Moralia is taken.
- ^ Adam M. Brandenburger, Barry J. Nalebuff: Co-Opetition. A Revolutionary Mindset That Combines Competition and Co-operation. The Game Theory Strategy That's Changing the Game of Business . New York 1996, p. 77.
