Sudan crisis
The Sudan crisis , also Sudanese revolution called ( English white flag rebellion or 1924 Sudan Crisis ) was a series of political and military confrontations between the Kingdom of Egypt , the United Kingdom and the Egyptian Sudan to its existing 1899 status as British-Egyptian condominium .
The crisis represented the first major upheaval since the Mahdi uprising and then triggered a state crisis in Egypt. It was the first serious crisis in the Kingdom of Egypt since it was founded in 1922.
prehistory
After Egypt's independence was declared on February 28, 1922, a strong nationalist, pro-Egyptian independence movement began to form in Anglo-Egyptian Sudan . This appealed to the Egyptian ruler Fu'ad I , who strove for a common independent state with Sudan and on March 15, 1922 assumed the title of King of Egypt and Sudan , and the unionist Wafd party . In the period that followed, Egypt experienced a rapid economic boom under their governments , which was able to stabilize independence and enable the establishment of a large and comparatively powerful army . By 1924, Egypt continuously expanded its political and economic influence on Sudan by increasing its military presence and ambitious development and educational projects .
In Sudan, the White Flag League was founded on May 24, 1923 with Egyptian support , which was led by Lieutenant Ali Abdullatif , Abdullah Khalil and Obeid Hag Amin . It acted de facto as the mouthpiece of the Egyptian government in Sudan, organized regular demonstrations against the British colonial government and, under the slogan of the unity of the Nile Valley , strived for a complete absorption of Sudan into Egypt under the rule of the Muhammad Ali dynasty . In Egypt, the first parliamentary elections in January 1924 brought the Wafd party to power with almost 90% voters. Their party leader, Saad Zaghlul Pasha , was appointed Prime Minister by the King on January 26, 1924.
Zaghlul and his government took a strongly anti-colonial course and were in open conflict with Great Britain. Zaghlul demanded that the British fully recognize Egyptian sovereignty in Sudan and wanted to remove the Egyptian army from any British influence.
The crisis
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King Fu'ad I.
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Prime Minister Saad Zaghlul
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Because of the increasingly tense relations with Egypt and their large number of visitors, Lee Stack , the British Governor General of Sudan , had any White Flag League demonstrations against the government banned by decree on June 22, 1924 and tried to weaken Egyptian influence. But he found no support from the government in London under Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald .
Ali Abdel Latif was arrested on July 4, 1924, and sentenced to three years in prison on July 11, 1924. From August 8 to 10, 50 cadets from the military school in Khartoum protested against his arrest. As a result, demonstrations and strikes against British rule broke out across the country . Numerous Sudanese officials, lawyers, religious dignitaries and cotton field workers stopped working and went on strike. There were numerous expressions of solidarity in Egypt and the Egyptian government demonstratively supported the insurgents. In Lee Stack was on 19 November 1924 in Cairo an assassination attempt perpetrated, he died of the consequences of which on 20 November. Britain then demanded that the Royal Egyptian Government withdraw its troops from Sudan, issue a public apology and pay a fine. Zaghlul and King Fu'ad I. initially refused to accept the demands. Several units of the Egyptian-Sudanese military then revolted in Khartoum on November 27, 1924 and brought parts of the city under their control. On November 29, 1924, British troops put down the uprising. About 30 people were killed in the mutiny, including 15 British soldiers. Three of their leaders were later executed .
There were also minor uprisings and strikes in other cities. Most of the battalions of the Egyptian army behaved neutrally and did not support the rebels with their artillery , which could have prolonged the conflict. After the suppression of all uprisings, the British used force and political pressure to force Egypt to withdraw the majority of its troops from Sudan by December 1, 1924. On November 24, Saad Zaghlul resigned from his office. His resignation sparked a state crisis. King Fu'ad I appointed Ahmed Ziwar Pasha as his successor, but he could not rely on a parliamentary majority. Parliament was dissolved on December 24, 1924. Although there were new elections in March 1925, Fu'ad I ruled largely authoritarian bypassing parliament with the minority governments he installed . In 1928 there was a constitutional crisis .
consequences
As a result of the crisis, Egypt virtually lost all influence on the development of Sudan for the next decade. Lee Stack's successor, Geoffrey Francis Archer , was appointed Governor General of Sudan in 1925 and began forming his own Sudan Defense Force , which was completely separated from the Egyptian army. The new army was formed on January 1, 1925 and included only pro-British Sudanese officers who had previously served in the Egyptian army. Only with the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936 was Egypt granted rights in Sudan again by Great Britain, but had to accept the continued presence of British troops there and on the Suez Canal . The status of Sudan remained controversial.
On January 25, 1947, the British government informed Egypt that it intended to establish self-government in Sudan. Egypt opposed such a step and regarded the whole of Sudan as an integral part of its territory.
The elections for the first Sudanese legislative assembly took place in the shadow of the Palestine War , which claimed Egypt's full military and political attention, in November 1948, and the legislative assembly met for the first time on December 15, 1948. As a result, there were violent pro-Egyptian demonstrations in Khartoum on December 15, 1948, killing ten people. Since the end of World War II, Egypt has been demanding a renegotiation of the 1936 treaty. On October 8, 1951, the government of Mustafa-Nahhas Pasha announced the condominium .
On February 12, 1952, Egypt and Great Britain agreed to give the Sudanese in a referendum the opportunity to choose between belonging to Egypt or full independence. After the military coup in Egypt in 1952 , the revolutionaries Muhammad Nagib and Gamal Abdel Nasser decided to voluntarily give Sudan independence. With the removal of the minor Fu'ad II and the abolition of the monarchy, all ties between Egypt and Sudan ended. The country gained independence in 1956.
See also
- State crisis in Egypt 1928
- State crisis in Egypt 1942
- State crisis in Egypt in 1952
- State crisis in Egypt 2013/2014
- History of sudan
Web links
- Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1922-1956) at University of Central Arkansas
Individual evidence
- ^ Austen Chamberlain , Robert C. Self: The Austen Chamberlain Diary Letters: The Correspondence of Sir Austen Chamberlain with His Sisters Hilda and Ida, 1916–1937 . Cambridge University Press, 1995, ISBN 0-521-55157-9 , pp. 300 .
- ↑ Dolf Sternberger, Bernhard Vogel, Dieter Nohlen, Klaus Landfried (Eds.): The election of parliaments and other state organs / Volume II: Africa: Political organization and representation in Africa De Gruyter, 1978, ISBN 978-3-11-004518- 5 , p. 250.
- ^ Gabriel Warburg, Gabriel: Islam, sectarianism, and politics in Sudan since the Mahdiyya . University of Wisconsin Press 2003. ISBN 0-299-18294-0 , p. 90
- ^ Gabriel Warburg, Gabriel: Islam, sectarianism, and politics in Sudan since the Mahdiyya . University of Wisconsin Press 2003. ISBN 0-299-18294-0 , p. 37.