Sultanate of Gujarat
| Sultanate of Gujarat | |||||
| 1407-1573 | |||||
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| Capital | Ahmedabad | ||||
| Form of government | sultanate | ||||
| founding | 1407 | ||||
| resolution | 1573 | ||||
| State religion: Islam Dynasty: Muzaffarids (Gujarat) |
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The Sultanate of Gujarat was one of the Islamic states of India that emerged from the gradual disintegration of the Sultanate of Delhi . It existed in Gujarat in the 15th and 16th centuries until it was annexed by the Mughal Empire.
history
The sultanate was founded by Muzaffar Shah I (r. 1392-1411). He was the son of a Rajput who had converted to Islam ; his aunt (?) had married the Delhi Sultan Firoz Shah . In 1395 he destroyed the well-known Hindu temple of Somnath . Muzaffar Khan only accepted the sultan's title in 1407, when the Tughluq dynasty had long since played out. In the same year he attacked the Sultanate of Malwa after the murder of the local sultan Dilavar Khan Ghori (his friend) .
Muzaffar Khan's son and successor Ahmed Shah I (r. 1411-1442) continued to fight against Malwa and, in the south, against the Bahmani Sultanate , pushing the borders to Bombay. In 1422 he besieged the Malwa capital Mandu , but was forced to withdraw by the returning Sultan with 75 war elephants (from Orissa ). Ahmadabad , founded in 1411, became the capital of Gujarat .
Qutb-ud-Din Ahmad Shah II (ruled 1451-1458) was on the defensive against Mahmud Khilji (ruled 1435-1449) of Malwa and the Rana of Chittorgarh (i.e. of Mewar ).
Then Mahmud I. Baiqara (Begarha, Begada, ruled 1458–1511) came to power, the most powerful of the ranks of the sultans, who twice prevented Malwa's victory over the Bahmani Sultanate. He also came into conflict with the Portuguese , who at that time (approx. 1498–1515) were fighting sea battles with the Egyptian fleet off the Indian coast . Mahmud also subjugated the smaller border states of the Hindus and in the process destroyed Dwarka , a large Krishna shrine, in 1473 . He had a raja staked and quartered. The new capital became Champaner (until 1535).
Muzaffar II (reigned 1511-1526) intervened in Malwa in 1518 in favor of the local sultan (against a Rajput) and was thus drawn into a long war against the Rana Sangram of Chittorgarh : in 1518 and 1521 he invaded Mewar while Sangram attacked Gujarat in 1520. The incipient internal dissolution was serious, i. H. the greats of the empire formed their own parties and after Muzaffar's death there were battles for succession.
In the party battles that killed three aspirants to the throne, Bahadur Shah (r. 1526–1537) prevailed and killed almost all of his relatives. It was initially extremely successful: in 1529 he besieged the Sultan of Ahmednagar in Daulatabad , in 1531 he annexed Malwa and deposed the last sultan, in 1533 he smashed the Rajput Confederation and even stormed Chittorgarh in 1535 . But apparently his wars overstrained the forces of his state, because in 1535 he suffered a defeat by the Mughal Mughal Humayun (r. 1530–1556, intermittently) and his capital was sacked. At the same time, the Portuguese attacked repeatedly in the years from 1531 to 1533 the port cities of Gujarat and built Diu ; In 1537 they murdered the sultan while visiting.
The next sultan was Mahmud III, who was only twelve years old. (r. 1538–1554), who was a puppet in the games of interests of the great (Darya Khan, Alam Khan, Asaf Khan) throughout his life. At that time only the life guards of 12,000 men ensured the existence of the sultanate, while offices and governor posts became practically hereditary. He spent his days in debauchery and was poisoned by a companion named Burhan who made himself a sultan and massacred the greats of the state until he was himself killed.
With difficulty (Mahmud III had always urged his wives to have abortions despite countless orgies) a distant relative named Ahmed III was found. for the throne, which was murdered by his regent Itimad in 1561 before he came of age. The last Sultan Muzaffar III. (reigned 1561–1572, a child who had been foisted) had no chance in view of the internal civil war. The Great Mogul Akbar I , called for help by the regent Itimad , had him deposed and himself accepted the homage of the great. In 1583 Muzaffar III. suicide after another unsuccessful battle for the throne .
See also
Several sultans are buried in the mausoleum complex of Sarkhej Rauza not far from Ahmedabad.
Ruler list
- Muzaffar Shah I (1407-1411)
- Ahmad Shah I (1411-1442)
- Muhammad Shah II (1442-1451)
- Ahmad Shah II (1451-1458)
- Daud Shah (1458)
- Mahmud Begada (1458-1511)
- Muzaffar Shah II (1511-1526)
- Sikandar Shah (1526)
- Mahmud Shah II (1526)
- Bahadur Shah (1526-1535)
Mughal Empire under Humayun (1535–1536)
- Bahadur Shah (1536-1537)
- Miran Muhammad Shah I (1537)
- Mahmud Shah III. (1537–1554)
- Ahmad Shah III. (1554–1561)
- Muzaffar Shah III. (1561–1573)
Annexation by the Mughal Empire under Akbar (1573)
literature
- Hermann Goetz : History of India (= Kohlhammer-Urban-Taschenbücher. 59, ZDB -ID 995319-x ). Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1962.
- Michael N. Pearson: The Portuguese in India (= The New Cambridge History of India. 1: The Mughals and their Contemporaries. ) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge et al. 1987, ISBN 0-521-25713-1 .
