Odisha

Odisha - ଓଡ଼ିଶା

status	State
Capital	Bhubaneswar
surface	155,707 km²
Residents	41,947,358 (2011)
Population density	269 ​​inhabitants per km²
languages	Oriya
governor	Ganeshi Lal
Chief Minister	Naveen Patnaik ( BJD )
Website	http://odisha.gov.in/
ISO code	IN OR

Odisha , until 2011 Orissa ( Oriya ଓଡ଼ିଶା Oṛiśā ), is an Indian state with an area of ​​155,707 km² and 42 million inhabitants (2011 census). The capital of Odisha is Bhubaneswar . The official language of the state and the mother tongue of over 83 percent of the population is Oriya .

geography

Odisha is bordered by the states of Andhra Pradesh in the south, Telangana in the southwest, Chhattisgarh in the west, Jharkhand in the north and West Bengal in the northeast. To the east lies the coast of the Bay of Bengal .

Biggest cities

(Status: 2011 census)

	city	Residents		city	Residents
1	Bhubaneswar	837.737	6th	Sambalpur	183.383
2	Cutack	606.007	7th	Baleswar ( Balasore )	118.202
3	Rourkela	540,000	8th	Baripada	110.058
4th	Berhampur ( Brahmapur )	355.823	9	Bhadrak	107,369
5	Puri	201.026	10	Balangir	98,238
Source: Census of India 2011. (PDF; 154 kB)

population

Demographics

Women in Deogarh

According to the 2011 Indian census, Odisha had 41,947,358 inhabitants. Between 2001 and 2011, the population grew by 14.0 percent and thus a little more slowly than the national average (17.6 percent). Compared to the rest of India, Odisha is relatively sparsely populated and not very urbanized: the population density of 269 inhabitants per square kilometer is below the Indian average of 382 inhabitants per square kilometer. Only 16.7 percent of the state's residents live in cities. The urbanization rate is thus lower than the overall Indian average of 31.2 percent.

73.5 percent of Odisha's residents can read and write (men 82.4 percent, women 64.4 percent). The literacy rate thus corresponds to the national average of 74.0 percent (as of the 2011 census). In the period from 2010 to 2014, the average life expectancy was 65.8 years (the Indian average was 67.9 years). The fertility rate was 2.07 children per woman (as of 2016) while the Indian average was 2.23 children in the same year.

The Adivasi (members of the indigenous tribal population) make up a significant minority among the inhabitants of Odisha . The 2001 census classified 22.1 percent of the population as scheduled tribes . The Adivasi live almost exclusively in rural areas. In districts like Malkangiri , Mayurbhanj , Rayagada or Nabarangpur , they make up the majority of the population. The largest Adivasi groups are the Khond , Gond , Bhumij , Bhuiya , Oraon , Paroja , Kisan , Bhumia , Binjhal and Koya .

With a value of 0.580, Odisha reached 25th place among the 29 states of India in the human development index in 2015 and is thus below average.

Population development

Odisha census population (within today's boundaries) since the first Indian census in 1951.

Census year	population
1951	14,646,100
1961	17,549,500
1971	21,944,625
1981	26,370,270
1991	31,659,740
2001	36,707,900
2011	41,947,358

languages

Languages ​​in Odisha
language			percent
Oriya			83.2%
Hindi			2.8%
Kui			2.5%
Telugu			1.9%
Santali			1.9%
Urdu			1.7%
Bengali			1.3%
Other			4.7%
Distribution of languages ​​(2001 census)

The main language of Odisha is Oriya , which belongs to the Indo-Aryan language family . According to the 2001 census, it is spoken by 83.2 percent of the population as their mother tongue and is the only official language. The rest of the population speaks a variety of other languages. Various Dravidian and Austro-Asian languages ​​are spoken among the tribal population, including Kui (2.5 percent), Santali (1.9 percent), Ho (0.7 percent), Munda (0.7 percent), Kurukh (0.6 Percent), Savara (0.5 percent), Gondi (0.5 percent), Malto (0.4 percent), Mundari (0.3 percent) and Kuwi (0.3 percent). There are also smaller numbers of speakers of the languages ​​of Odisha's neighboring states: Hindi speakers make up 2.8 percent of Odisha's residents. This also includes the regional languages Sadri , Chhattisgarhi , Laria and Kurmali spoken by parts of the Adivasi population , which are counted as Hindi dialects in the census. In addition, 1.9 percent speak Telugu and 1.3 percent of the population speak Bengali as their mother tongue. Urdu (1.7 percent) is common among the small Muslim minority Odishas . As in all of India, English is ubiquitous as a communication and educational language.

Religions

Religions in Odisha
religion			percent
Hinduism			93.6%
Christianity			2.8%
Islam			2.2%
Other			1.4%
Distribution of religions (2011 census)

Jagannatha Shrine in a village in Odisha

Yogini from the Chausath Yogini Temple in Hirapur (near Bhubaneswar )

Odisha is strongly Hindu . Hindus make up the vast majority of the population; according to the 2011 census, their proportion is 94 percent, well above the Indian national average. The god Jagannatha , to whom the Jagannath temple in Puri is dedicated, enjoys special veneration among the Hindus in Odisha ; small copies of the cult images from the Jagannath Temple can be found in village shrines, but also on house altars. Another specialty is the - still practiced in some rural regions of Odishas - worship of the Matrikas and the Yoginis , both of which are in a certain proximity to long-extinct Tantristic cults and differ from Orthodox Brahmanism .

In Odisha there are also smaller minorities of Christians (3 percent), Muslims (2 percent) and "other religions" (1 percent), which also include the traditional animistic beliefs of the Adivasi .

The Christian minority is mainly composed of converts from the tribal population and the "casteless" ( Dalits ). Due to the conversions of Hindus to Christianity is to violence by Hindu nationalist arrived groups against Christians. In the second half of 2008, after the killing of Swami Lakshmanananda, which was wrongly first accused of being Christians, and shortly before elections in and around Odisha, religiously motivated pogroms against Christians and churches, in which at least 59 Christians were killed, around 4,000 buildings were set on fire and more than 50,000 people fled for fear of persecution.

history

In classical Indian history there was the state of Kalinga , which had been so bloody conquered by Emperor Ashoka that he allegedly converted to Buddhism out of repentance. After the end of the Maurya empire, Kalinga rose again under King Kharavela (from 183 BC), a conqueror who conquered Pataliputra in his twelfth year and at the same time adhered to Jainism .

But this state development of Kalinga was forced by external pressure, the influence of Magadha and did not last . At the time of the Gupta, there were again several small principalities in the part of the country that did not show any state-building approaches. Little Hindu kingdoms only gradually began to develop from tribal principalities. B. that of the Mathara (2nd half of the 4th century) and that of the Sailodbhava (early 7th century).

In the 8th century Orissa began to consolidate a state with the Bhaumakara dynasty, which already had a fully developed administrative system with civil servants and copper-plate inscriptions, but still granted autonomy to the village communities. The Somavamshi dynasty continued this policy. Unite five ancestral lands in Orissa under their administration.

At the time of the Islamic invasion ( Delhi sultans ), Odisha asserted herself among the Gajapatis ( lords of the elephants ) of the eastern Ganga dynasty, especially Anangabhima III. (ruled 1216-1239) and his son Narasimha I (ruled 1238-1264). The latter built the Konark Sun Temple . Even in the 14th century, the Ganga kings represented a power factor until they were finally replaced in 1435 by the Suryavamshi dynasty founded by King Kapilendra (r. Approx. 1435–1468) , which lasted until 1534.

The time of the Hindu kings ended in 1568 with the capture by the Orissa (Afghanistan) Karani Rulers Bengal , which in turn from Grossmogul Akbar I was eliminated (reg. 1556-1605) so that the Orissa Mogul Reich was attached. After the Second Marath War 1803-1805, the area came under the rule of the British East India Company . Partly it came under direct administration, partly the princely states remained as protectorates .

In 1912 the province of Bihar and Orissa was formed from the western area of ​​the Bengal presidency . On April 1, 1936, this province was divided and Orissa gained the status of an independent province. When India became independent, the province of Orissa was established on August 15, 1947, to which most of the princely states united in the Eastern States Union were incorporated on January 1 . With the entry into force of the Indian Constitution on January 26, 1950, Orissa became a federal state of the Indian Union (see History of India ). Since November 4th 2011 he has been called 'Odisha'. This spelling corresponds better to the pronunciation of the country name in the national language Odia .

politics

Political system

The Legislative of Odishas consists of a unicameral parliament , which is composed of 147 members, who are elected in single constituencies according to the relative majority suffrage. Elections take place every 5 years. If a member of parliament leaves prematurely, a by-election will take place in the constituency concerned. As in the other states, the affairs of state are carried out by a chief minister who heads the government. However, representatives of the highest state authority is the Indian President appointed governor ( Governor ), whose role, however, usually limited to purely ceremonial acts. However, the governor has the important task of appointing the Chief Minister and thus entrusting the formation of the government.

Odisha's supreme court is the Orissa High Court , located in Cuttack .

Parties

Distribution of seats after the 2014 parliamentary elections
BJD	117
INC	16
BJP	10
CPI (M)	1
SKD	1
Independent	2
total	147

Historically, the Congress Party (INC) was the dominant political force in the state for a long time in independent India . However, there was a certain tradition of independent regional parties right from the start. In the 1950s and early 1960s, Ganatantra Parishad existed here , a conservative party in which former ruling princes played a certain role. At the beginning of the 1970s, Biju Patnaik , the father of the later Chief Minister, tried to found a new regional party called the Utkal Congress , which was only successful for a short time. In 1998 Naveen Patnaik founded the Biju Janata Dal (BJD) party as a local split from the India-wide Janata Dal party . The BJD has been the dominant political party ever since, and its chairman, Naveen Patnaik, has been the state's uninterrupted chief minister since 2000. The popular Naveen Patnaik enjoys the reputation of a politician who takes effective action against corruption in public life and has promoted the development of the state.

Historically, the communists in Odisha were of a certain importance, and they were more strongly represented here than in most other states. However, in parallel with the general decline of the communists since roughly the 2009 national election , their importance has declined sharply. The largest party in India, the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), only plays a comparatively minor role in Odisha.

See also : List of Governors of Odisha

See also : List of Chief Ministers of Odisha

Administrative division

Odisha is divided into the 3 divisions North , Central and South with 10 districts each and the administrative offices in Sambalpur, Cuttack and Berhampur.

Divisions

Odisha is divided into three divisions -  North , South and Central - each comprising 10 districts. Each of the three divisions is headed by a Divisional Commissioner whose task is to control the districts subordinate to him with regard to financial income and administration.

Surname	administrative seat	Districts
North Division	Sambalpur	Angul , Balangir , Bargarh , Deogarh , Dhenkanal , Jharsuguda , Kendujhar , Sambalpur , Subarnapur , Sundargarh
Central Division	Berhampur	Baleswar , Bhadrak , Cuttack , Jagatsinghpur , Jajpur , Kendrapada , Khordha , Mayurbhanj , Nayagarh , Puri
South Division	Cutack	Boudh , Gajapati , Ganjam , Kalahandi , Kandhamal , Koraput , Malkangiri , Nabarangpur , Nuapada , Rayagada

Districts

The 30 districts (population and density as of the 2011 census) are:

Districts of Odishas. The numbering corresponds to the adjacent table

No.	District	administrative seat	surface	Population (2011)	Ew./km²	division
1	Angul	Angul	6,390 km²	1,271,703	199 inhabitants / km²	North
2	Balangir	Balangir	6,568 km²	1,648,574	251 inhabitants / km²	North
3	Baleswar	Baleswar	3,805 km²	2,317,419	609 inhabitants / km²	Central
4th	Bargarh	Bargarh	5,845 km²	1,478,833	253 inhabitants / km²	North
5	Bhadrak	Bhadrak	2,507 km²	1,506,522	601 inhabitants / km²	Central
6th	Boudh	Boudh	3,098 km²	439.917	142 inhabitants / km²	South
7th	Cutack	Cutack	3,932 km²	2,618,708	666 inhabitants / km²	Central
8th	Deogarh	Deogarh	2,945 km²	312.164	106 inhabitants / km²	North
9	Dhenkanal	Dhenkanal	4,451 km²	1,192,948	268 inhabitants / km²	North
10	Gajapati	Paralakhemundi	4,330 km²	575,880	133 people / km²	South
11	Ganjam	Chhatrapur	8,205 km²	3,520,151	429 inhabitants / km²	South
12	Jagatsinghpur	Jagatsinghpur	1,669 km²	1,136,604	681 inhabitants / km²	Central
13	Jajpur	Jajpur	2,899 km²	1,826,275	630 inhabitants / km²	Central
14th	Jharsuguda	Jharsuguda	2,115 km²	579,499	274 inhabitants / km²	North
15th	Kalahandi	Bhawanipatna	7,905 km²	1,573,054	199 inhabitants / km²	South
16	Kandhamal	Phulbani	8,043 km²	731,952	91 people / km²	South
17th	Kendrapara	Kendrapara	2,642 km²	1,439,891	545 inhabitants / km²	Central
18th	Kendujhar	Kendujhar	8,308 km²	1,802,777	217 inhabitants / km²	North
19th	Khordha	Khordha	2,811 km²	2,246,341	799 inhabitants / km²	Central
20th	Koraput	Koraput	8,827 km²	1,376,934	156 people / km²	South
21st	Malkangiri	Malkangiri	5,780 km²	612.727	106 inhabitants / km²	South
22nd	Mayurbhanj	Baripada	10,431 km²	2,513,895	241 inhabitants / km²	Central
23	Nabarangpur	Nabarangpur	5,299 km²	1,218,762	230 inhabitants / km²	South
24	Nayagarh	Nayagarh	3,896 km²	962.215	247 inhabitants / km²	Central
25th	Nuapada	Nuapada	3,863 km²	606.490	157 inhabitants / km²	South
26th	Puri	Puri	3,479 km²	1,697,983	488 inhabitants / km²	Central
27	Rayagada	Rayagada	7,073 km²	961,959	136 inhabitants / km²	South
28	Sambalpur	Sambalpur	6,610 km²	1,044,410	158 inhabitants / km²	North
29	Subarnapur	Subarnapur	2,337 km²	652.107	279 inhabitants / km²	North
30th	Sundargarh	Sundargarh	9,723 km²	2,080,664	214 inhabitants / km²	North

Local self-government

Odisha has 5 municipal corporations , 45 municipalities and around 65 Notified Area Councils .

Municipal Corporations:

• Berhampur
• Bhubaneswar
• Cutack
• Rourkela
• Sambalpur

Municipalities:

• Anandapur
• Angul
• Balangir
• Baleswar
• Barbil
• Bargarh
• Baripada
• Basudebpur
• Belpahar
• Bhadrak
• Bhawanipatna
• Biramitrapur
• Brajarajnagar
• Byasanagar
• Choudwar
• Deogarh
• Dhenkanal
• Jagatsinghpur
• Jajpur
• Jaleswar
• Jatni
• Jeypore
• Jharsuguda
• Joda
• Kendrapara
• Kendujhar
• Khordha
• Koraput
• Malkangiri
• Nabarangpur
• Paradeep
• Paralakhemundi
• Pattamundai
• Phulbani
• Puri
• Rajgangpur
• Rairangpur
• Rayagada
• Soro
• Subarnapur
• Sunabeda
• Sundargarh
• Talcher
• Titlagarh
• Umerkote

economy

The state public relations logo

Odisha is a resource-rich region and holds 20% of India's known coal deposits, 25% of India's iron ore deposits, a third of the bauxite reserves and most of the chrome ore reserves . Odisha owns large metallurgical plants and makes high ongoing investments in the construction and expansion of aluminum plants, steel plants, oil refineries and port capacities. Odisha was the first Indian state to promote the privatization of electricity networks. Eight Special Economic Zones (SEZ) have been established. The intensive industrialization has caused some resistance in the population, which is deeply rooted in agriculture. The companies Mittal, Tata, Vedanta Resources and Birlas in particular received negative attention because of allegations of human rights violations. According to the Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation, Orissa's gross domestic product rose by more than 500% from 1990 to 2005.

year	GDP in USD
1990	109.040
1995	271.180
2000	387.280
2005	670,900

In Odisha's only large seaport in Paradeep , 33 million tons of freight were handled in the 2005/2006 reporting year, and 38.5 million in the 2006/2007 reporting year. About a third of this was coal and almost 30% iron ore, i.e. H. the port handles most of the export of Odisha's most important raw materials. This makes the port the eighth largest port in India in terms of total throughput (as of 2007) and the fastest growing in the period from 2004 to 2007. The Padang Industrial Area is one of the six Petrochemical Investment Regions (PCPIRs) in India. Odisha's largest refinery complex is to be built here on 284 km². In addition, the smaller seaports in the two cities of Dhamra and Gopalpur are being expanded.

literature

• Andrew Sterling: Orissa. Its geography, statistics, history, religion, and antiquities . London 1846 ( digitized )

Web links

Commons : Odisha  - collection of images, videos and audio files

• Official of the Government of Odisha Website (English)
• Country portrait of Orissa by Uwe Skoda and Christoph S. Sprung at suedasien.info
• The temple architecture of Orissa (by Dr. Bernhard Peter)
• Temples in Odisha (Orissa )
• Orissa Research Project of the University of Tübingen

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b} Census of India 2011: Provisional Population Tables and Annexures. ( Memento of June 29, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 437 kB)
2. ^ Census of India 2011: Provisional Population Totals - India - Rural-Urban Distribution. (PDF; 8.1 MB)
3. ^ Indian States by Life Expectancy 2010-2014. (PDF) Retrieved March 19, 2018 . 
4. ^ Fertility Rates. (PDF) Retrieved March 19, 2018 . 
5. ↑ Census of India 2001: Orissa. Data highlights: The Scheduled Tribes. (PDF; 43 kB)
6. ^ Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab. Retrieved August 12, 2018 . 
7. ^ Population of Indian States | Indian states population 1901-2011 - StatisticsTimes.com. Retrieved March 19, 2018 . 
8. ↑ Indian census 2001
9. ↑ Census of India 2011: Population by religious community.
10. ↑ Nirmala Carvalho Orissa pogroms: police clear Christians from the death of Hindu religious leader In: Asia News of May 11, 2011.
11. ↑ msnbc.msn.com - of which at least 39 are officially recognized in Odisha, the rest outside.
12. ↑ BBC News: Arrests over India church attacks . September 15, 2008. , indianexpress.com
13. ↑ Orissa now Odisha, Oriya becomes Odia in The Times of India of October 24, 2009;
    Orissa celebrates Odisha. In: The Times of India. November 5, 2011;
    March 31 deadline for Odisha spell check. In: The Times of India. November 6, 2011.
14. ^ Election Results - Full Statistical Reports. Indian Election Commission, accessed on March 11, 2015 (English, election results of all Indian elections to the Lok Sabha and the parliaments of the states since independence). 
15. ^ Kunal Pradhan: The man who tranformed Odisha: Naveen Patnaik: The man who transformed Odisha. indiatoday.intoday.in, December 20, 2013, accessed on March 12, 2015 . 
16. ^ About Department. Revenue and Disaster Management Department, Government of Odisha, accessed April 2, 2017 . 
17. ^ Census of India 2011: Provisional Population Totals. Paper 1 of 2011: Orissa. (PDF; 2.5 MB)

Coordinates: 20 ° 0 ′  N , 85 ° 0 ′  E