Surpava
Surpava , also surpawa, surpāvā ( Hindi ), is a rare transverse flute and an unusual form of the double flute played in the popular North Indian music in the Indian state of Maharashtra . The surpava is blown in a vertical position in the middle and at the same time produces a drone tone to the melody .
Design
The unusual flute consists of a 60 to 70 centimeter long bamboo tube with a diameter of 1.5 to 2.5 centimeters. The blowing edge is in the middle of the tube on a short attached mouthpiece. Six finger holes are arranged approximately symmetrically on the upper and lower tube halves. Both rows of holes produce different pitches and only the finger holes on the side protruding downwards are covered with the fingers and used to form melodies.
A large continuous hole near the ends of the two rows of holes serves as an air outlet opening. This is closed with a sliding cover on the upper side that is not played. The instrument got its name from the drone sound on the upper side (Hindi sur , related to svara , "tone level") and from pava , colloquially for "flute".
Origin and Distribution
The surpava is played by the Dhangar , an Adivasi group mainly living in Maharashtra . Dhangar are traditionally shepherds, and their name is derived from Sanskrit dhenugar , "cowherd". Dhangar musicians perform at weddings and other family celebrations, as well as on public stages at annual festivals such as Holi . They accompany their religious chants, which deal with the mythical stories of the youthful god Krishna with his lover Radha , next to flutes with the double barrel drum dhol and cymbals .
Indian bamboo transverse flutes, which have been known since the Vedic period, are geographically divided into the group of the north Indian bansuri and the south Indian venu . The bansuri , about 50 centimeters long and seven finger holes played in North Indian classical music , developed in the 20th century from shorter folk musical instruments ( bansi ) with six holes. In the case of the 30 centimeter long south Indian venu , a slightly longer version with eight holes has been common in classical music since the middle of the 20th century.
According to its musical use, the surpava belongs less to these transverse flutes than to the lengthways played Indian double flutes, which also emit a drone tone to the melody. These include the small or medium-sized alghoza (also algoza, algoja ) used by shepherds in Rajasthan , Punjab and Pakistani Sindh , in which in some places both tubes are connected at the top, and the somewhat longer, unconnected shepherd's flute satara from the same regions. The in Rajasthan also pawa jodi ( "flutes pair", analogous iodine samel -called a "pair of drums" in Goa) instrument has a range of one octave. The word alghoza comes from Arabic , so the flute type is likely to have been introduced by Muslim immigrants from the northwest.
A blown in as long and in the middle bamboo flute is the veno in the region of Saurashtra in Gujarat . It has four finger holes on each side. Its name is derived from venu , a Sanskrit word for "bamboo tube" (flute), which as an alternative to pullankuzhal denotes the short South Indian bamboo flute. The surpava type of flute is known as piho or pisbo in other areas of Gujarat .
In Odisha , the dobandi bansi is just such a double notch flute , which consists of a bamboo tube about 72 centimeters long with an injection hole above the central branch. On both sides of the knot, cutting edges are cut into the pipe wall, to which the blown air is directed through wax plugs in the pipe that serve as blocks. There are five finger holes near the ends of the tubes, which are not exactly the same length. The dobandi bansi is held horizontally while playing and produces tone sequences at variable intervals. It is played by cattle herders and folk musicians. With the ekbandi bansi there, which is only about 50 centimeters long, one half of the tube produces a drone.
literature
- Keyword: Surpāvā . In: Late Pandit Nikhil Ghosh (Ed.): The Oxford Encyclopaedia of the Music of India. Saṅgīt Mahābhāratī. Vol. 3 (P – Z) Oxford University Press, New Delhi 2011, p. 1037
Individual evidence
- ^ Oxford Encyclopaedia , p. 1037
- ↑ Dhangar, Indian Aboriginal Tribe. Indian Net Zone
- ^ Syed Siraj Ul Hassan: The Castes and Tribes of HEH the Nizam's Dominions . Volume 1. The Times Press, Bombay 1920, p. 166 ( online at Internet Archive )
- ^ Dhangar Dance. Government of Goa, Department of Tourism (the long flute pawa is shown )
- ^ Curt Sachs : The musical instruments of India and Indonesia. Georg Reimer Verlag, Berlin 1915, p. 152
- ↑ Keyword: Veno . In: Late Pandit Nikhil Ghosh (Ed.): The Oxford Encyclopaedia of the Music of India. Saṅgīt Mahābhāratī. Vol. 3 (P – Z) Oxford University Press, New Delhi 2011, p. 1123
- ↑ Alastair Dick: Dobandī bā̃sī . In: Grove Music Online , January 20, 2016