Tarim (Yemen)
|
Arabic تريم, DMG Tarīm Tarim |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
|
|||
| Coordinates | 16 ° 3 ' N , 49 ° 0' E | ||
| Basic data | |||
| Country | Yemen | ||
| Hadramaut | |||
| ISO 3166-2 | YE-HD | ||
| height | 615 m | ||
| Residents | 48,079 (2004 census) | ||
 Minaret of the Al-Mihdar Mosque in Tarim, with the imposing height of 53 meters
|
|||
Tarim , also Terim , ( Arabic تريم, DMG Tarīm ) is a city in Hadramaut in southeastern Yemen . The importance of Tarim once lay in the fact that it was a city of the Seyids , who ruled the Sultanate of Kathiri . Today the city is the scientific, legal and religious center of the region. Most of the world's descendants of the Prophet Muhammad live here , which is why the city is of further historical importance. Various Islamic scholars come from the city, such as Imam al-Haddad or Umar bin Hafiz .
On average, the Hadramaut is at an altitude of 1370 meters. Tarim is almost half as high at over 600 meters. The coast to the Arabian Sea is 176 km south . Seiyun is 35 km northwest. Rock plateaus characterize the area around Tarim. These have heights of up to 900 meters and are intersected by numerous valleys.
As one of the largest cities in Yemen, Tarim is the crossroads of several ancient trade routes. As a result, there are many mosques and palaces. These are often shaped by Far Eastern elements. In the heyday of this city there were over 300 mosques and Koran schools .
architecture
Tarim has a diverse cultural past. In addition to foreign influences, the buildings also show decorative elements with a love of detail. The architectural history of Tarim mediates between the cultures inside and outside the modern nation-state. Tarim is a completely open city, without city walls or other fortifications.
Mosques and libraries
365 mosques are said to have stood in the city during Tarim's heyday. One mosque, the Sirjis Mosque , dates from the 7th century. Likewise, there should be a second mosque, the Bā ʿAlawī . Stylistic features indicate that today's buildings must have come from the 15th or 16th century; in any case, the building elements cannot be assigned to the early Islamic years. Between the 17th and 19th centuries, mosques were a significant influence on Islamic scholarship in the region. The famous Al-Mihdar Mosque is dominated by a 53 m high minaret, the highest in Yemen. It was designed by the local builders Abu Bakr bin Shihab and Alawi Al Mash'hūr . All of the city's large buildings have a square floor plan and are arranged in even rows. In detail, one encounters the city's traditional trade relations, which are revealed through built-in gates from Singapore, for example, and various door tips from India .
Tarim also has a huge library, the Awqaf Library . In this more than 5000 manuscripts from the region are administered. Themes of the times are perpetuated, such as the teachings of the prophet, Islamic law , Sufism , medicine , astronomy and agriculture. History biographies, textbooks on mathematics , philosophy , logic and the eight volumes of Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdani 's Al-Iklil , an important Muslim scholar, are set here. Between 300 and 400 of the (unique) manuscripts are assigned to the scholar Abd al-Qader Sabban alone .
Palaces
Tarim is also known for its countless palaces. Thirty palaces were built between the 1870s and 1930s alone. During this time a number of hadramitic merchant families gained considerable wealth through trade and investment. The Awqaf family was considered to be the most influential of these. Many family members were recognized and respected by the religious scholars. Many public construction projects were subject to the spirit of modernization in the country. The palaces survived the colonial period as evidence of family prosperity and modernization. The architectural style contained influences from Mughal architecture , Victorian architecture , Art Nouveau , Art Déco , Rococo , Neoclassicism and other modern Yemeni styles, implemented by the traditional Yemeni construction method with mud bricks and lime plaster ("malas").
The Qasr al-'Ishshah complex
A prominent example of the architecture of the lime plaster is the Qasr al-'Ishshah complex. It represents one of the most original Aw-qaf -architectures in Tarim. Shaikh aw-qaf built the ensemble within forty years from proceeds from South Asian trade, for example from investments made in the Grand Hotel de l'Europe in Singapore in the 1930s. The aforementioned foreign influences are clearly manifest in this architecture. The decorations often include paving stones in the construction, as well as wood carvings to decorate niches, ceilings and lamp holders.
In the period from 1970 to 1991, the Qasr al-'Ishshah complex was expropriated by the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen and parceled out as a multi-family building. Descendants received the building complex back later. In 1997, the Historical Society for the Preservation of Tarim rented one to use the facility for museum purposes.
traffic
Tarim Airport is 30 km away in Seiyun. International flights go to Jeddah in Saudi Arabia , Dubai and Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates . Internal flights go to Sanaa .
See also
literature
- Salma Samar Damluij: The Valley of Mudbrick Architecture: Shibam, Tarim & Wadi Hadramaut . Reading, 1992.
- Werner Daum: Yemen . Umschau-Verlag, Frankfurt / Main, ISBN 3-7016-2251-5 .
- Wendell Phillips: Kataba and Saba. Discovery of the lost kingdoms on the biblical spice routes of Arabia . S. Fischer Verlag, Berlin et al. 1955.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Census December 16, 2004
- ↑ Wendell Phillips: Kataba and Saba. Discovery of the lost kingdoms on the biblical spice routes of Arabia . S. Fischer Verlag, Berlin et al. 1955, p. 32.
- ↑ Sam Alexandroni: No room at the inn.Retrieved July 17, 2011.
- ↑ Atlantica: the new large satellite world atlas
- ↑ Ronald Lewcock: Yemeni architecture in the Middle Ages , in: Werner Daum: Yemen . Umschau-Verlag, Frankfurt / Main, ISBN 3-7016-2251-5 , p. 202.
- ^ Jean-François Breton: Manhattan in the Hadramaut, accessed May 17, 2019.
- ↑ Conservation Project (PDF; 46 kB)