Tašritu

Tašritu (also Tišrit ) was the Akkadian name of the seventh month in the Babylonian calendar . Since the month of Nisannu, according to the Babylonian sources, was either the first new light or the first full moon of spring , the month of Tašritu usually began with the Akitifest of sowing on September 7th at the earliest and October 15 at the latest .

The month of Tašritu was from the first millennium BC. The additional term "beginning of a new year" ( SAG MU.AN.NA ), also used in connection with the month of Nisannu .

Scheduled switching cycle from 424 BC Chr.

In 424 BC Chr. Became of Artaxerxes I introduced a scheduled switching cycle. In years 3, 6, 8, 11, 14 and 19, the month Addaru II was inserted ; in the 17th year, on the other hand, as the 13th month of Ululu II . The successors of Artaxerxes I also followed the circuit diagram. Similar to earlier circuits, the first new light or the first full moon fell in the Tašritu from the beginning of autumn (23 September).

Due to the scheduled switching, there was only a fluctuation range of 28 days for the first day of the month from Tašritu ( September 14th  to October 12th  ); the average was 14 days (September 28). After 19 years the next switching cycle began, which again showed the same dates.

Switching cycle in the Babylonian calendar
Cycle year	Dating	Leap month	Beginning of the leap month	Beginning of the next tašritu	Cycle year
19th	425 to 424 BC Chr.	Addaru II	March 19, 424 BC Chr.	October 10, 424 BC Chr.	1
1	424 to 423 BC Chr.	without leap month	---	September 29, 423 BC Chr.	2
2	423 to 422 BC Chr.	without leap month	---	September 18, 422 BC Chr.	3
3	422 to 421 BC Chr.	Addaru II	March 14, 421 BC Chr.	October 8, 421 BC Chr.	4th
4th	421 to 420 BC Chr.	without leap month	---	September 26, 420 BC Chr.	5
5	420 to 419 BC Chr.	without leap month	---	September 15, 419 BC Chr.	6th
6th	419 to 418 BC Chr.	Addaru II	March 12, 418 BC Chr.	October 6, 418 BC Chr.	7th
7th	418 to 417 BC Chr.	without leap month	---	September 22, 417 BC Chr.	8th
8th	417 to 416 BC Chr.	Addaru II	March 18, 416 BC Chr.	October 12, 416 BC Chr.	9
9	416 to 415 BC Chr.	without leap month	---	October 1, 415 BC Chr.	10
10	415 to 414 BC Chr.	without leap month	---	September 21, 414 BC Chr.	11
11	414 to 413 BC Chr.	Addaru II	March 15, 413 BC Chr.	October 9, 413 BC Chr.	12
12	413 to 412 BC Chr.	without leap month	---	September 28, 412 BC Chr.	13
13	412 to 411 BC Chr.	without leap month	---	September 17, 411 BC Chr.	14th
14th	411 to 410 BC Chr.	Addaru II	March 13, 410 BC Chr.	October 5, 410 BC Chr.	15th
15th	410 to 409 BC Chr.	without leap month	---	September 24, 409 BC Chr.	16
16	409 to 408 BC Chr.	---	without leap month	October 12, 408 BC Chr.	17th
17th	408 to 407 BC Chr.	Ululu II	September 13, 408 BC Chr.	October 1, 407 BC Chr.	18th
18th	407 to 406 BC Chr.	without leap month	---	September 20, 406 BC Chr.	19th
19th	406 to 405 BC Chr.	Addaru II	March 19, 405 BC Chr.	October 10, 405 BC Chr.	1
14th	354 to 353 BC Chr.	Addaru II	March 13, 353 BC Chr.	October 5, 353 BC Chr.	15th
19th	311 to 310 BC Chr.	Addaru II	March 19, 310 BC Chr.	October 10, 310 BC Chr.	1
13	241 to 240 BC Chr.	without leap month	---	September 16, 240 BC Chr.	14th

See also

• Tishri

literature

• Lis Brack-Bernsen: On the emergence of the Babylonian moon theory - observation and theoretical calculation of moon phases. Steiner, Stuttgart 1997, ISBN 3-515-07089-3 .
• Hermann Hunger : Calendar . In: Dietz-Otto Edzard u. a .: Real Lexicon of Assyriology and Near Eastern Archeology . Volume 5. de Gruyter, Berlin 1980, ISBN 3-11-007192-4 , pp. 297-303.
• Jean Meeus : Astronomical Algorithms - Applications for Ephemeris Tool 4,5. 2nd Edition. Barth, Leipzig 2000, ISBN 3-335-00400-0 .
• Otto Neugebauer : A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy. Springer, Berlin 1975 (reprint 2006, ISBN 3-540-06995-X ).
• Otto Neugebauer: The exact sciences in antiquity . 2nd edition. Brown University Press, Providence RI 1957, (Also: Unabridged, slightly corrected reprint. Dover Publications, New York NY 2004, ISBN 0-486-22332-9 , ( Dover classics of science and mathematics )).
• Richard Anthony Parker , Waldo H. Dubberstein: Babylonian Chronology 626 BC - AD 75.Brown University Press, Rhode Island 1956.

Remarks

1. ↑ ^{a b c} Dating in the Gregorian calendar taking into account the cross-day system of the Babylonian calendar.
2. ↑ Hermann Hunger: Calendar . P. 298.
3. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag} Date information in the Gregorian calendar : in the Julian calendar system , 5 days must be added to the Gregorian date . The date is based on NASA information ( Memento from November 8, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) taking into account the T-Delta. For Babylonia, the time zone surcharge of 3 hours must be taken into account for Universal Time (UT); according to Jean Meeus : Astronomical Algorithms - Applications for Ephemeris Tool 4,5 -. Barth, Leipzig 2000 for: Ephemeris Tool 4.5 according to Jean Meeus, conversion program, 2001 .