Keyboard shortcut

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As a combination of keys (including keyboard combination , keyboard command , keyboard shortcuts , shortcut keys , key sequence , hotkey and shortcut ) is the simultaneous or sequential pressing several keys on computer keyboards referred to in a certain time or a certain order. In general, one also counts the special keys (function keys and the like) pressed alone to the keyboard commands and counts them in lists of key combinations. The DIN 5008 used in sectionDescription of keyboard inputs the term "key combination" only for keys pressed simultaneously and otherwise speaks of "key sequences".

With a key combination, certain control commands can be sent to a program , for example “start program”, “open file” and “close window”. It can also be used to enter extended characters, such as capital letters and special characters . You can also use numeric character codes to enter characters that can not be found on the keyboard layout .

In almost all modern programs, the key combinations can be set more or less flexibly. Many programs from the same manufacturer or those written for a specific operating system support the same keyboard shortcuts. This makes them much easier to use.

Standards

There is no general standard for key combinations that is independent of the operating system, but Apple provides a list of key combinations reserved for the operating system as well as binding specifications for the functionality of certain key combinations in application programs in the “Apple Human Interface Guidelines ” . Many of these key combinations have been adopted in other operating systems. The best known are + , +, and + for the cut, copy, and paste commands. In Windows and other operating systems, in the absence of the command key, these were adopted as + , +, and + . Apple's + for Open, + for Print and + for Save, like many other keyboard shortcuts that are typical for Macs, have also been adopted in many other operating systems, with the Command key mostly being replaced by the Control key. CommandXCommandCCommandVCtrlXCtrlCCtrlVCommandOCommandPCommandS

In the PC world, IBM’s Common User Access guideline was of comparable importance .

Notation

The simultaneous pressing of several keys is usually expressed by an intervening plus or minus sign. If there is no such symbol, it often means the successive pressing of the keys. Pointed or square brackets and quotation marks often clarify the difference between a key name and a character string to be entered . The spelling with capital letters corresponds to the imprint on the key: <T>, [T]. The entry of capital letters is specified explicitly: <Shift> + <T>, [Shift] + [T]. Examples:

  • Alt+ F4: Press and hold the Alt key, press the F4 key, release the F4 key, release the Alt key
  • Esc 5: Press and release the Escape key . Then press and release number key 5
  • Esc :wq!: Press and release the Escape key. Then :wq!press the buttons one after the other.

Emacs notation

The Emacs notation has its origin in the early days of computer technology. In the 1970s this notation was introduced in connection with special keyboards for Lisp programming and the Emacs text editor, which was already available at that time . This notation is mainly used in the Unix / Linux world.

  • Ctrl combinations are introduced with C-(Ctrl key)
  • Meta-combinations are introduced with M-(Alt key)

M-C-hSo the key combination meant: Ctrl+ Alt+ H. The order in which the "Ctrl" and "Alt" keys are pressed is not important, but is M-C-hindicated as, since holding down the Alt key can also be simulated by pressing and releasing "Esc". In Emacs notation, the shift key is not specified separately, but expressed by capitalizing the last letter: M-C-Hthus means: Ctrl+ Alt+ Shift+ H.

Caret notation

When Caret notation (. English caret means u a.. Circumflex ) the letter the circumflex "is ^" preceded by: ^C" " means Ctrl+ C.

System-wide key combinations for various operating systems

One of the most well-known key combinations for PC operating systems is Ctrl+ Alt+ Delor Strg+ Alt+ Entf, the so-called clamp grip , as it usually has to be performed with both hands. This combination was originally intended by IBM for the reset , the warm start, of the computer. In modern PC operating systems, this key combination performs an operating system function. Under Windows, depending on the version, only the task manager is called up or a selection window with security-relevant functions is displayed; under KDE , this key combination opens the dialog box for logging the user and for switching off or restarting the computer by default. It can be configured as required under Linux. This key combination has no special meaning under Mac OS X , since a reset is triggered by Cmd+ Ctrl+ Einschalttasteor by a special reset button. The one Einschalttaste without additional keys, on the other hand, calls up a dialog window to switch off, restart or trigger hibernation. Something that is roughly comparable to calling the Task Manager under Windows is offered by the Cmd+ ⌥+ key combination under Mac OS X, which opens Escthe window "Close programs immediately", in which the Finder can be restarted and programs (especially unresponsive) can be closed.

Keyboard shortcuts in Office programs

The list has been checked for German-language MS Office versions under Microsoft Windows and German-language OpenOffice.org / LibreOffice versions for Windows and Linux . Some of the key combinations listed below (such as Strg+ Pos1) can be regarded as general, others are specific to these program packages . Most of the other word processing programs and editors also follow the English-language nomenclature when it comes to German localization , especially with the common fonts :

  • Strg+ B= bold (to English bold )
  • Strg+ I= italic (to English italic )
  • Strg+ U= underlined (to English underline )

In addition, there are other inconsistencies between the individual operating systems , for example, on a Mac, the German-language MS Office edition is also shown in bold with Cmd+ B. In addition, the user can change key combinations at OpenOffice.org / LibreOffice at will.

  • Strg+ C= copy
  • Strg+V = insert
  • Strg+ A= mark everything
  • Strg+ P= print
  • Strg+ X= cut out
  • Strg+ Z= undo
  • Strg+ Y= restore
  • Strg+ ⇧+ F= bold
  • Strg+ ⇧+ U= underline
  • Strg+ ⇧+ K= italic
  • Strg+ 8= Reduce font size by one point (MS Office only)
  • Strg+ 9= Increase font size by one point (MS Office only)
  • Strg+ Pos1= go to the beginning of the document
  • Strg+ Ende= move to the end of the document
  • Strg+ F= Search in the document
  • Strg+ S= save
  • Strg+ ⇧+ S= F12= save as
  • Alt+ ⇧+ 0= new formula
  • Strg+ += superscript
  • Strg+ #= subscript

Keyboard shortcuts for Windows

  • Strg+ Alt+ Entf= Call up the task manager (up to XP, not in domain operation), call up the login screen (generally since Vista, before that in domain operation)
  • Alt+ Tab= Switch Windows application
  • Alt+ ⇧+ Tab= Switch Windows application (backwards)
  • Alt+ F4= Close window
  • Strg+ Tab= Change window within the application (application-specific)
  • Strg+ ⇧+ Tab= Change window within the application (backwards, application-specific)
  • Strg+ F4= Close window within the application (application-specific)
  • Strg+ Alt+ Pfeil= Rotate the screen
  • Strg+ Esc= Call up the start menu (but cannot be combined with other commands like the Windows key)
  • Strg+ ⇧+ Esc= Call up the task manager
  • Windowstaste+ ⇧+ S= Create a screenshot of a part of the screen (similar to the " Snipping Tool "; from Windows 10)
  • Windowstaste+ Tab= Change Windows application with 3D effect (multitasking) (3D only up to Windows 7)
  • Windowstaste+ M= minimize all windows on the taskbar
  • Windowstaste+ D= Windows desktop, minimize all windows or undo this process
  • Windowstaste+ R= execute
  • Windowstaste+ L= Lock computer
  • Windowstaste+ E= Open Windows Explorer
  • Windowstaste+ F= Open Windows search (opens the feedback hub from Windows 10)
  • Windowstaste+ P= Presentation mode
  • Windowstaste+ Pause= Open system properties (properties of My Computer (up to XP) or Computer (from Vista))
  • Druck = Copy a screenshot of the whole screen to the clipboard
  • Alt+ Druck= Take a screenshot of the active window and copy it to the clipboard

Keyboard shortcuts for macOS

  • ⌘+ Leertaste= Spotlight
  • ⌘+ ,= Program settings
  • ⌘+ C= copy
  • ⌘+V = insert
  • ⌘+ S= save

Help keys for key combinations

Pressing auxiliary keys has no effect of its own, but changes the interpretation of other keys. (However, pressing it on its own is usually enough to "wake up" a computer from standby mode or hibernation .) Usually, an auxiliary key or combination of auxiliary keys is pressed in combination with a regular key in order to have the effect of pressing the regular key for the duration of the combination input modify.

English
labeling
on Windows also in Switzerland 		English name German
lettering 		German name Remarks
Shift Shift key ⇧ Shift key
  • Switches between the two keyboard levels that were already available on mechanical typewriters : Switch to capital letters and special characters from the standardized set for typewriter keyboards.
  • If Shift or Caps Lock is set, the Shift key has the opposite effect:

Switching to lower case letters (or possibly number etc.)

Shift Lock
Caps Lock 		Shift Lock Key
Caps Lock Key 		⇩ (Windows)

Atrix (Mac)

Caps
Lock Shift Lock
  • The Caps Lock key is not actually an auxiliary key because it is not used for combination entries.
  • The effect of the Caps Lock key depends on the keyboard settings of the operating system: As Caps Lock , all letters are switched to upper case, all other keys including the number keys remain in their normal position. As a shift lock , the entire keyboard is switched to shift level like a typewriter, including digits and special characters (as well as auxiliary key entries). At the same time, the effect of the shift key is inverted.
  • Depending on the default setting, the lock is released by the system administrator or user either by pressing the Caps Lock key again or by pressing the Shift key alone.
Ctrl (Mac: ctrl) Control key Ctrl
(Switzerland in general and on Mac: Ctrl) 		Control button
  • for commands, e.g. B. Copy, paste, save
  • on the Mac: opens the context menu (right mouse button), enlarges / reduces the screen display (together with the mouse wheel), serves as a Ctrl key in Windows applications (in virtualization software )
Command ⌘ Command key cmd ⌘ Command key ("apple key")
  • Apple Macintosh only
  • for entering commands (corresponds to the Ctrl / Strg key on a PC keyboard)
Old Alt Key Old Alternative key
  • PC keyboard only (corresponds to the meta key on historical keyboards)
  • for calling up the pull-down menus and displaying the keyboard shortcuts in menus when pressed alone
  • with tab to switch between windows
  • is often combined with the function keys
Alt GR Alternate graphic Alt GR Special character key
  • PC keyboard only
  • for entering special characters
  • Corresponds to Ctrl + Alt
⌥ Option key ⌥ Option key
  • Apple Macintosh only
  • Mainly for entering special characters
  • acts as an Alt key in Windows applications
Win Windows Key Windows logo 2012-Black.svg Windows button
  • Unlike other modification keys, it also has a function when pressed individually (opening the start menu )

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ DIN 5008: 2020-04 Writing and design rules for text and information processing , Appendix G (informative) Description of EDP inputs , Section G.2 Keyboard inputs