Tudrus

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Tudrus (also Tuder ) was in the early Roman Empire a ruler of the Quadi , who settled as a Suebian branch in the Main area, and a contemporary of the Marcomann king Marbod . Around the year 8 AD, Tudrus probably led the Quads from the Main region to the middle Danube and founded their own Quads kingdom there as their king ( rex ).

Ancient sources

Tudrus is only mentioned by Tacitus in the 42nd chapter of Germania . Tacitus writes of the ruling families of the Marcomanni and Quadi that they go back to Marbod and Tudrus. Only now, when his Germania was being written, did they also have client kings appointed by Rome. In addition to the Marcomanni ruler Marbod, Tudrus was therefore the king of the Quads. That must have been well before 19 AD, that is, before Marbod's time in exile in Ravenna.

Exodus of the Quads from the Main to the Central Danube area

According to the historical and archaeological sources, the quadruple tribe from the Main Sueben communities was a “twin tribe” of the Marcomanni during the Roman Empire. The Quaden (Suebi) settled at the time of Caesar north of the lower and middle Main as a large sub-tribe of the Suebi. The Roman campaigns under Drusus took place in 9 BC. A dissolution of the Suebenherrschaft in Hessen and in the Main area brought about. The Suebian Marcomanni and Quadi migrated from their settlements on the Main to the middle Danube around 8 AD. Both tribes moved east to the middle Danube, the Marcomanni under Marbod, the Quaden probably under Tudrus, and each founded their own empire in the new area. The move of the Quads under Trudus is generally accepted in research despite the barely identifiable sources.

The Marcomanni came to Bohemia, while the Quadi colonized a region east of the Marcomanni, that is, north of the central Danube, first in southern Moravia and the eastern part of Lower Austria, and soon afterwards also in southwestern Slovakia. In the middle of the first century AD, the Quadene Empire extended further east to the Danube Bend , in the late Roman Empire to the area of ​​today's Vác .

From the regnum Vannianum of the client king Vannius appointed by Rome, it is generally assumed in research that during the time of the Marcomannic Wars it became part of the entire Roman Empire of the Quadi. Because after the subscriptio to the first book of Marcus Aurelius Self-Contemplation , the emperor wrote this on the Gran ἐν τοῖς Κουάδοις - with the Quads. It is certain that the two realms have collapsed, only the point in time is controversial in research.

Ludwig Schmidt assumes a unification of the quadruple empires already under Vannius : Even Tacitus does not mention a Vannius empire in his Germania , and Schmidt draws the conclusion from his message retro Marsigni, Cotini, Osi, Buri terga Marcomannorum Quadorumque claudunt in Germania that the name the quads at the latest then also included the Vannian quads. From Vannius Schmidt assumes that he was closely related to Tudrus and followed this in the rule over the Quads, but this assumption is not supported by any source. According to Andreas Hofeneder, Rudolf Much rightly considers it undecidable what relationship Vannius and his nephews Vangio and Sido had to the genus Tudri . Nevertheless, Tacitus is mostly interpreted in the sense of a direct descent of Vannius from this royal family. A clear decision on this question does not seem possible for the time being.

Despite all the assumptions , Tudrus, only mentioned by Tacitus in the 42nd chapter of Germania , is little more than a name for research due to the uncertain source situation.

Nomenclature

Tacitus names the name in the genitive, Tudri , so that it cannot be said whether the noun Tuder or Tudrus should be used. Tudrus is more likely to be accepted as Tuder, but the name form is not certain, as the genitive Tudri allows both possibilities, as is generally assumed in name research. Karl Müllenhoff's assumption that the Monumentum Ancyranum supported Tudrus was not upheld. Because the Greek text contains a gap of about 13 letters after Μαρκομανων and then the ending ρος in the naming of the kings who submitted to Augustus, but the words Mar (c) omanorum Sueboru with a following are different in the Latin text long gap included. In older literature it was discussed whether * Souebōn and then * Segime or * Toud would fit into the gap in the Greek text . The reference to Tudrus was also questioned because the formulation in Tacitus suggests that Tudrus should be viewed as quadrants, whereas the Monumentum Ancyranum mentions a marcomann. Newer literature only makes additions instead of adding further arguments to the discussion. Müllenhoff and Much are considering a reference to Anglo-Saxon tūdor , descendants ', Much also associated it with Anglo-Saxon tıdre , gently'. A grave stele Tudro Ariomani liberto from Lichtenwörth near Wiener Neustadt could refer to a later Marcomanni or Quad with this name, but there is no evidence of this.

Remarks

  1. ↑ a b c d Cf. Hermann Reichert :  Tudrus. In: Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde (RGA). 2nd Edition. Volume 31, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2006, ISBN 3-11-018386-2 , pp. 314-315. (accessed via GAO at De Gruyter Online).
  2. ↑ Tacitus , Germania 42.2
  3. ↑ On the political context of the message from Tacitus on the continuation of the royal lines: see Peter Kehne , Jaroslav Tejral:  Markomannen. In: Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde (RGA). 2nd Edition. Volume 19, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2001, ISBN 3-11-017163-5 , p. 295. (accessed via GAO from De Gruyter Online).
  4. ↑ Caesar , Gallic War 4.1-3.
  5. ↑ Arthur Stein : Tudrus . In: Paulys Realencyclopadie der classischen Antiquity Science (RE). Volume VII A, 1, Stuttgart 1939, Col. 774.
  6. ↑ a b c d e f Cf. Andreas Hofeneder, Titus Kolnik, Günter Neumann :  Quaden. In: Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde (RGA). 2nd Edition. Volume 23, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2003, ISBN 3-11-017535-5 , pp. 624-640. (accessed via GAO at De Gruyter Online).
  7. ↑ Cf. Karl Peschel : Beginnings of Germanic settlement in the low mountain range. Suebi, Hermundures, Marcomanni . Berlin 1978 .; see. Ludwig Rübekeil : Suebica. People's names and ethnos . Institute for Linguistics of the University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 1992, ISBN 3-85124-623-3 (= Innsbruck Contributions to Linguistics 68)
  8. ↑ See Josef Dobiáš: Where were the Marcomanni residences? In: Historica 1. 1960, pp. 37-75.
  9. ↑ Arthur Stein: Sido . In: Paulys Realencyclopadie der classischen Antiquity Science (RE). Volume II A, 2, Stuttgart 1923, Sp. 2215 .; see. Gerhard Waldherr : Quadi. In: The New Pauly (DNP). Volume 10, Metzler, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-476-01480-0 , column 677 f. ( Excerpt ).
  10. ↑ Tacitus, Germania 43.1
  11. ↑ See Ludwig Schmidt : Das Regnum Vannianum . In: Hermes 48, 1913, p. 295; Ludwig Schmidt: West Germans . P. 158.
  12. ^ Tacitus Germania 42
  13. ^ A b Rudolf Much : Die Germania des Tacitus , explained by Rudolf Much. Winter, Heidelberg 1937, 3rd edition, edited by Wolfgang Lange and Herbert Jankuhn, 1967, p. 471.
  14. ^ Ekkehard Weber (ed.): Res Gestae Divi Augusti. After the Monumentum ancyranum, Apolloniense and Antiochenum. = My actions. Study edition. Artemis & Winkler, Düsseldorf et al. 2004, ISBN 3-7608-1378-X (Latin-Greek-German edition with commentary), p. 41: “... rus from the Marcomanni, who belong to the Suebian family”.
  15. ^ Karl Müllenhoff : German antiquity . Volume 4. Berlin 1870-1908, p. 480.
  16. ^ Rudolf Much: The southern march of the Germanic peoples . In: Contributions to the history of German language and literature (PBB) 17. 1893, pp. 1–136, here p. 126.
  17. ↑ Approving: Ernst Wilhelm Förstemann : personal names . In: Ernst W. Förstemann: Old German name book . Volume 1. Munich-Hildesheim 1968 (Nordhausen 1856), Sp. 1399.
  18. ↑ See Rudolf Egger : A new Germanenstein . In: Laureae Aquincenses memoriae (= Bálint Kuzsinszky datae ), 1938, pp. 147–150.

literature

personal data
SURNAME Tudrus
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Tuder
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Ruler of the Quads
DATE OF BIRTH 1st century BC Chr.
DATE OF DEATH 1st century