Quads

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The Quads were a small Suebian tribe of the Germanic tribes . They gained historical attention as allies of the Dacians , Marcomanni and Vandals in the military conflicts with Rome and in the time of the great migration during the conquest of the Iberian Peninsula .

Tribal history

Dodging before Drusus ( Drusus campaigns 12 to 8 BC) Marbod led the Marcomanni and part of the Quads in the years 8–6 BC. From the Main region to Bohemia, into northern Lower Austria and south-west Slovakia, where he subjugated the neighboring tribes ( Boier , Langobard , Lugier , Semnonen ) and created the first Germanic empire, which included Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia and was under strong Roman influence was standing. Catualda overthrew and drove Marbod out in 18 AD, but could not hold his own.

Vannius (19–50 AD), the first known by name Quadenkönig, was then appointed by Drusus the Younger as the Roman client king of the Quadas and Marcomanni . At the beginning of his reign he was loved and respected by his people, but he later developed into a tyrant.

Vannius' nephews (sister sons ) Sido and Vangio allied against him in AD 50 with Vibillius , the king of the Hermundurs . Vannius turned several times to Emperor Claudius , who refused to give him military support, but instructed Publius Atellius Hister, the governor of Pannonia , to take in and protect Vannius. The troops of Vannius (Quads as infantry and Jazygen as cavalry) were too weak against the numerous enemies (Lugier, Hermunduren, etc.), so that he holed up in a fortified place. Wounded in battle, he and his supporters had to flee to the Danube, where ships were waiting. In Pannonia they were assigned land in the Leithagebirge area. His nephews and successors Sido and Vangio shared the kingdom and were loyal to the Romans. At first they were popular with the people, but they too developed into hated despots.

In the middle of the 2nd century, Emperor Antoninus Pius appointed a Rome-friendly king (coinage "rex Quadis datus" ) to exert influence in the Quadi.

The Goths repressed the Burgundy to the west, the vandals and settled in the Czech space Marcomani and Quades that were temporarily tributary, south and thereby solved the Marcomannic wars ( 166 - 180 ) is made. The Roman Empire got into great distress through these wars, in which the Quadi took part alongside numerous other tribes. Emperor Commodus ended the war with a peace treaty that restored the status quo ante .

In 254, the Quadi invaded the Roman province of Pannonia for the first time . From 357–359 AD they had to fight against Emperor Constantius II (337–361) with the allied Sarmatians again in Pannonia and also in Moesia , where he achieved several successes. It was part of the emperor's policy to build new border fortifications along the Danube.

During the second half of the reign of Emperor Valentinian I (364–375) in particular , the Pannonian Danube Limes was very quickly secured with a dense network of burgi and forts . Newly created landing stages in the Barbaricum guaranteed a secure passage of the Roman troops in an emergency. In addition, the Limes Sarmatiae, opposite the province of Valeria on the eastern bank of the Danube, was moved forward . For this purpose, the Romans annexed quadratic land that was in breach of treaty, expelled the inhabitants and began building a mighty fortress ( Fort Göd-Bócsaújtelep ) behind the new forward border line in 373 , also on the tribal territory of the Quadi. The quadratic protests triggered by these presumptions resulted in the level-headed and experienced high commander of Valeria, Frigeridus , bringing about a construction freeze agreed with his superior. This in turn led to a game of intrigue in Rome, at the end of which Frigeridus 373/374 was deposed and the inexperienced, arrogant Marcellianus took his place. The new commander immediately resumed construction. At the same time, the quadratic king Gabinius was invited to talks in Valeria under false pretenses and, in disregard of the hospitality right, was insidiously stabbed at the end of a banquet. Depending on the source ( Zosimos and Ammianus Marcellinus ), a Celestius or Marcellianus himself was responsible for this act . This led to a campaign of revenge by the angry Quadi, together with the Sarmatian tribe of the Jazygens , who had been considered Roman allies until then. In June 374, Valentinian I fought against their incursions in the Pannonian region and in Moesien. The emperor set up his headquarters in the Brigetio legionary camp ( Komárom -Szőny). After successfully building a bridge over the Danube, the Romans succeeded in defeating all opponents on Sarmatian territory with an extremely cruel punitive expedition. During the peace negotiations in Brigetio, the emperor died on November 17, 375 after a stroke that was apparently raged. The result of the quadratic-Sarmatian attack was that the recently restarted work on the Göd-Bócsaújtelep fort was stopped suddenly and this time for good, and the Roman will to expand was dampened. With the Second Gothic War of the Eastern Emperor Valens (364-378) raging in the Balkans and the resulting devastating defeat for Rome at the Battle of Adrianople (378) , all Roman control stations and measures, such as the Limes Sarmatiae east and north of the Pannonian Danube, to be finally abandoned.

Around 400 AD the Quads came under Hunnic rule.

On December 31, 406, the Vandals under King Gunderich crossed the Rhine near Mainz and, together with Alans , Suebi , parts of the Quads and Gepids, plundered Gaul for three years. Around 408/409 the "barbarians" invaded Spain , where the Suebi and Quadi founded an empire in Galicia .

When Attila died in 453, he left a handful of teenage sons, the eldest of which, Ellac , was of manhood. The new, mutually divided Hun leaders distributed war-experienced kings like the servants of a house and thus provoked an uprising ( Skiren , Rugier , Quadi / Suebi, Lombards , Heruler , Ostrogoths , Gepids, Alans), at the head of which the Gepide Ardarich sat. Ardarich achieved the benevolent neutrality of Walamir and won the Battle of Nedao in 454. Ellac fell with 30,000 men, the Huns withdrew.

The Quads created an empire in what is now southwestern Slovakia between the Waag and Gran rivers , which lasted until the Lombards migrated to Italy (568 AD), which the Quads joined. It is believed that they were largely absorbed by the Lombards. A part of the Quads was known as Donausueben in the 5th century and was absorbed by the Alamanni . The Suebi in Portugal are also likely to have picked up remains of the quadrupeds.

Kings of the Quads

literature

  • Ursula-Barbara Dittrich: The relations of Rome to the Sarmatians and Quads in the fourth century AD after the representation of Ammianus Marcellinus . Habelt, Bonn 1984, ISBN 3-7749-2117-2 . ( Habelt's dissertation prints. Ancient History 21)
  • Ursula-Barbara Dittrich: The economic structure of the Quadi, Marcomanni and Sarmatians in the central Danube region and their trade relations with Rome . In: Munster contributions to ancient trade history 6,1 (1987), pp. 9-30.
  • Peter Goessler : Quadi . In: Paulys Realencyclopadie der classischen Antiquity Science (RE). Volume XXIV, Stuttgart 1963, Col. 623-647. (with older literature)
  • Andreas Hofeneder, Titus Kolnik, Günter Neumann :  Quaden. In: Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde (RGA). 2nd Edition. Volume 23, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2003, ISBN 3-11-017535-5 , pp. 624-640.
  • Rudolf Much : Quads . In: Johannes Hoops (ed.): Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde , 1st edition, Vol. 3, Karl J. Trübner, Strasbourg 1915–1916, pp. 431–432.
  • Alexander Sitzmann, Friedrich E. Grünzweig: Old Germanic ethnonyms. A handbook on its etymology using a bibliography by Robert Nedoma. Published by Hermann Reichert . Fassbaender, Vienna 2008, ISBN 978-3-902575-07-4 . (Philologica Germanica, 29)
  • Gerhard Waldherr : Quadi. In: The New Pauly (DNP). Volume 10, Metzler, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-476-01480-0 , column 677 f. ( Excerpt ).
  • Reinhard Wenskus : Tribal formation and constitution. The emergence of the early medieval gentes . 1961. 2nd unchanged edition, Böhlau Verlag, Cologne / Vienna 1977, ISBN 3-412-00177-5 .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Tacitus : Germania. (Insel Verlag, ISBN 3-458-32171-3 ) Explanation of chap. 42.
  2. ^ Tacitus , Annales 12, 29-30.
  3. ^ Zosimos , New History 3.
  4. ↑ Zsolt Mráv : Archaeological research 2000–2001 in the area of ​​the late Roman fortress of Göd-Bócsaújtelep (preliminary report) 2002. In: Communicationes archeologicae Hungariae 2003. Népművelési Propaganda Iroda. Budapest 2003. pp. 83-114; here: p. 99.
  5. ^ Konrad Bund: overthrow and deposition of rulers in the early Middle Ages. Bonn Historical Research 44. Bonn 1979. ISBN 3792804174 . P. 127.
  6. ↑ Zsolt Mráv: Archaeological research 2000–2001 in the area of ​​the late Roman fortress of Göd-Bócsaújtelep (preliminary report) 2002. In: Communicationes archeologicae Hungariae 2003. Népművelési Propaganda Iroda. Budapest 2003, p. 99.
  7. ^ Zosimos , New History 4.