Tupí languages

Distribution areas of the Tupí-Guaraní languages (pink) and the other Tupí languages (purple) as well as probable earlier distribution areas of languages of this family (gray-pink)

The Tupí languages are one of the most widespread indigenous language families in the lowlands of eastern South America . Large parts of Brazil , Paraguay , eastern Bolivia , French Guiana , parts of northern Argentina and peripheral areas in northeastern Peru and southeastern Colombia belong to their range . The Tupí languages are currently spoken by several million people, but the distribution of the individual branches and languages is very uneven. By far the most widespread branch of the Tupí languages are the Tupí-Guaraní languages . While the Paraguayan Guaraní, which belongs to this branch, alone has about 4 million speakers, the total number of speakers for all other languages is less than 200,000, and many of these languages are threatened with extinction.

classification

The Tupí languages are divided into ten branches, of which the Tupí-Guaraní languages are by far the most widely used, while some of the others include only one or a few languages. The following overview lists all extinct languages still spoken or adequately documented today with their current or former range and the number of speakers.

Tupí language family
- Arikém branch
  - Karitiána (approx. 200 in Rondônia )
  - Arikém (extinct, formerly in Rondônia)
- Awetí branch
  - Awetí ( Aueti , Auetö ) (approx. 90 in Mato Grosso )
- Juruna branch
  - Juruna ( Yuruna , Yudya ) (approx. 200 in Mato Grosso; formerly in Pará )
  - Xipáya (2 in Pará)
  - Manitsawá (extinct, formerly in Mato Grosso)
- Mawé branch
  - Mawé ( Maué , Sateré-Mawé ) (6,000 in Amazon )
- Mondé branch
  - Mondé (few speakers in Rondônia)
  - Aruá (few speakers in Rondônia)
  - Gavião ( Ikõro , Digüt ) (approx. 350 in Rondônia)
  - Suruí ( Paitér ) (approx. 450 in Rondônia and Mato Grosso)
  - Cinta-larga (approx. 600 in Mato Grosso and Rondônia)
  - Zoró (approx. 300 in Mato Grosso)
- Mundurukú branch
  - Mundurukú (approx. 7,000 in Pará and Amazonas )
  - Kuruáya (5 in Pará)
- Puruborá branch
  - Puruborá ( Boruborá ) (few in Rondônia)
- Ramaráma branch
  - Káro ( Arara, Urukú, Itogapúk, Ntogapíd, Ramaráma ) (approx. 200 in Rondônia)
  - Urumí (extinct, formerly in Rondônia)
- Tupari branch
  - Tuparí (approx. 300 in Rondônia)
  - Wayoró ( Ajurú ) (approx. 80 in Rondônia)
  - Mekéns (approx. 150 in Rondônia)
  - Makurap (probably around 700 in Rondônia)
  - Sakirabiát (probably around 70 in Rondônia)
  - Kepkiriwát (extinct, formerly in Rondônia)
- Tupí-Guarani branch
  - Subgroup 1 (Guaraní subgroup)
    - Chiriguano dialect cluster (in Bolivia mostly [Bolivian] Guaraní ) (approx. 50,000 in Bolivia , approx. 15,000 in Argentina , approx. 2,000 in Paraguay )
      - Avá (in Paraguay Guarayu ) (in Bolivia, Argentina, Paraguay)
        
        Chané dialect
        
        Tapieté dialect
      - Izoceño (in Bolivia)
    - Guayakí ( Aché ) (approx. 850 in Paraguay)
    - [ the following forms of language form a group of closely related varieties for which there is no separate generic term ]
      - Old Guaraní (in the 16th to 18th centuries in eastern Paraguay and today's northeastern Argentina and southern Brazil; continued today by the Paraguayan Guaraní)
        Paraguayan Guaraní (approx.4,000,000 in Paraguay and neighboring parts of Argentina and Brazil )
      - Kaiwá ( Pãi-Tavyterã ) (approx. 10,000 in Paraguay, approx. 9,000 in Mato Grosso do Sul , approx. 500 in Argentina)
      - Mbyá (approx. 8,000 in Paraguay, approx. 2,300 in the Brazilian states of Espírito Santo , Rio de Janeiro , São Paulo , Paraná , Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul , approx. 1,000–2,000 in Argentina)
      - Nhandéva ( Chiripá ) (approx. 4,900 in the Brazilian states of Paraná, São Paulo and Mato Grosso do Sul)
    - Xetá (almost extinct, in Paraná )
  - Subgroup 2
    - Guarayu (about 5,000 in Bolivia)
    - [ the following forms of language form a group of closely related varieties for which there is no separate generic term ]
      - Sirionó (approx. 500 in Bolivia)
        Yuqui dialect (approx. 150 in Bolivia)
      - Jorá ( Hora ) (extinct, formerly in Bolivia)
  - Subgroup 3
    - Tupí (extinct, formerly in the coastal area of São Paulo )
      - Tupí Austral ( Língua Geral Paulista ) (formerly in the interior of São Paulo and the rest of southern Brazil)
    - Tupinambá (extinct, formerly in the Brazilian coastal area from Rio de Janeiro to Pará )
      - Nheengatú ( Língua Geral Amazônica ) (approx. 3,000 in the Amazon ; formerly along the traffic routes in the entire Amazon region)
      - Kokáma / Omáwa
        
        Kokáma (probably at least 2,000 in Peru , approx. 50 in the Amazon , approx. 20 in Colombia )
        
        Omáwa (extinct)
        
        Kokamíya (few speakers in Peru)
  - Subgroup 4
    - Avá ( Canoeiro ) (approx. 100 in Tocantins )
    - Akwáwa dialect cluster
      - Asuriní do Tocantins ( Asuriní do Trocará ) (approx. 200 in Pará )
      - Suruí do Tocantins ( Suruí do Pará ) (approx. 150 in Pará)
      - Parakanã (approx. 350 in Pará)
    - Tapirapé (approx. 200–350 in Mato Grosso )
    - Tenetehára dialect cluster
      - Guajajára (around 10,000 in Maranhão )
      - Tembé (approx. 100–200 in Maranhão and Pará)
  - Subgroup 5
    - Araweté [ final classification not yet certain ] (approx. 200 in Pará)
    - Asuriní do Xingu (approx. 70 in Pará)
    - Kayabí (approx. 800 in Mato Grosso and Pará)
  - Subgroup 6
    - Apiaká (number of speakers unknown, in Mato Grosso)
    - Kawahíb dialect cluster
      - Amondawa (approx. 50 in Acre and Rondônia )
      - Karipuna (12-15 in Acre and Rondônia)
      - Juma (9 in Amazon )
      - Parintintín (approx. 130 in the Amazon)
      - Tenharím (approx. 260 in the Amazon)
      - Uru-eu-wau-wau (approx. 100 in Rondônia)
  - Subgroup 7
    - Kamayurá ( Kamaiurá ) (approx. 270 in Mato Grosso)
  - Subgroup 8
    - north of the Amazon
      - Emerillon (approx. 200 in French Guiana )
      - Wayampi (approx. 650 in French Guiana, approx. 500 in Amapá , approx. 10 in Pará )
      - Zo'é (formerly Poturu ) (approx. 180 in Pará)
    - south of the Amazon
      - Anambé (almost extinct, in Pará)
      - Guajá (approx. 350 in Maranhão )
      - Urubú-Kaapor (approx. 500 in Maranhão)
      - Takunyapé (extinct, formerly in Pará)
      - Turiwára (probably extinct, formerly in Pará)
      - Amanayé (probably extinct, formerly in Pará)

literature

Tupí

Greg Urban: On the geographical origins and dispersions of tupian languages . In: Revista de Antropologia . tape 39 , no. 2 , 1996, ISSN 1678-9857 , pp. 61-104 , doi : 10.11606 / 2179-0892.ra.1996.111644 ( usp.br ).
Aryon D. Rodrigues: Tupí. In: Robert MW Dixon , Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald (Eds.): The Amazonian Languages. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge et al. 1999, ISBN 0-521-57021-2 , pp. 107-124.

Tupí-Guarani

Cheryl Jensen: Tupí-Guaraní. In: Robert MW Dixon , Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald (Eds.): The Amazonian Languages. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge et al. 1999, ISBN 0-521-57021-2 , pp. 125-163.

Web links

Result for '"Tupian languages'. In: worldcat.org. Retrieved August 26, 2020

Individual evidence

↑ Sources for the classification and the number of speakers: Aryon D. Rodrigues: Tupí. In: Robert MW Dixon , Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald (Eds.): The Amazonian Languages. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge et al. 1999, ISBN 0-521-57021-2 , pp. 107-110; and especially for the Tupí-Guaraní languages: Cheryl Jensen: Tupí-Guaraní , ibid., pp. 125–133.

[1] Sources for the classification and the number of speakers: Aryon D. Rodrigues: Tupí. In: Robert MW Dixon , Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald (Eds.): The Amazonian Languages. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge et al. 1999, ISBN 0-521-57021-2 , pp. 107-110; and especially for the Tupí-Guaraní languages: Cheryl Jensen: Tupí-Guaraní , ibid., pp. 125–133.