Udea
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Udea ferrugalis (Hübner, 1796), the type species of Udea |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Udea | ||||||||||||
| Guenée in Duponchel , 1845 |
Udea is a butterfly genus of the spilomelinae within the family of Crambidae . It comprises over 200 species worldwide and is represented on all continents with the exception of Antarctica .
features
The genus Udea includes medium-sized moths with a fore wing length of 9 to 14 mm. At rest, the wings are laid flat back over the body, with the front wings completely covering the rear wings. The drawing of the forewings varies, depending on the type, from monochrome with or without a drawing pattern to complex patterns that are sometimes reminiscent of the forewing drawing of the Scopariinae . The hind wings are usually one or two colored and usually have a dark edge in addition to a dark blemish.
The caterpillar stage of most Udea species is unknown, so information about food is also missing. Many species with known biology are polyphagous and feed on herbaceous plants mainly from the Apiaceae , Asteraceae , Lamiaceae , Plantaginaceae and Rosaceae families . A detailed description of the caterpillar can be found for Udea lutealis .
Genital morphologically, many species of the genus Udea have a diamond-shaped sign in the female corpus bursae, which is characteristic of the Pyraustinae - therefore Udea is also counted among the Pyraustinae by some authors. On the other hand, features such as sella and editum in the male genital as well as an appendix bursae in the female genital are missing, which is why the subfamily of Udea remains controversial. (For an overview of the genital morphology of butterflies see Kristensen, 2003 (in English))
Taxonomy and systematics
Species groups
Taxonomic studies on the genus Udea name the Udea itysalis species group, the U. lugubralis species group and the U. orbicentralis species group. A phylogenetic analysis of European Udea species revealed three further species groups: Udea ferrugalis , U. alpinalis and U. numeralis species group.
Udea kinship
The phylogenetic study by Mally & Nuss (2011) showed that the genera Deana and Udeoides as well as the genus Mnesictena , which was synonymous by Munroe (1983) , are among the closest relatives of Udea . However, Mnesictena seems to be more closely related to Deana than to Udea , so that the justification of the synonymy is questionable.
Munroe (1995) postulated a Udea genus group for the Neotropical fauna area , in which, in addition to the nominate genus Udea, he also included Atomopteryx , Lamprosema , Lineodes , Rhectosemia , Euleucinodes , Neoleucinodes and Proleucinodes . However, since he did not provide any diagnosis for this genus group, it remains unclear to what extent this taxon is justified by apomorphic characteristics as a natural kin.
swell
Individual evidence
- ↑ GlobIZ - Global Information System Zünslerfalter Archived copy ( memento of the original from March 3, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Hannemann, H.-J. 1964: Small butterflies or Microlepidoptera II. The curlers (sl) (Cochylidae and Carposinidae). The moth-like (Pyraloidea). Pp. I-viii, 1-401, pls. 1-22. In: Dahl, F., Die Tierwelt Deutschlands, 50th part 50. Gustav Fischer, Jena.
- ↑ Munroe, EG 1966: Revision of the North American species of Udea Guenée (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, Ottawa 49: 1-57.
- ↑ Yamanaka, H. 1988: Revision of the Udea lugubralis-complex (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) from Japan, with description of a new species. Tinea, Tokyo 12 (12): 105-112.
- ↑ Inoue, H., H. Yamanaka & A. Sasaki 2008: Revision of Udea orbicentralis-complex from Japan, with descriptions of four new species (Pyralidae, Pyraustinae). Tinea, Tokyo 20 (2): 85-94.
- ↑ a b Mally, R. & M. Nuss 2011: Molecular and morphological phylogeny of European Udea moths (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea). Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny, Dresden 69 (1): 55-71. PDF
- ↑ Munroe, EG 1983: "Pyralidae (except Crambinae)." Pp. 67-76, 78-85. In: Hodges, RW et al., Check List of the Lepidoptera of America north of Mexico including Greenland. EW Classey Ltd. and the Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, London.
- ↑ Munroe, EG 1995: "Crambidae (Crambinae, Schoenobiinae, Cybalomiinae, Linostinae, Glaphyriinae, Dichogaminae, Scopariinae, Musotiminae, Midilinae, Nymphulinae, Odontiinae, Evergestinae, Pyraustinae)." Pp. 34-79. In: Heppner, JB, Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Checklist: Part 2. Hyblaeoidea - Pyraloidea - Tortricoidea 3. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera & Scientific Publishers, Gainesville.
literature
- Duponchel, P.-A.-J. 1844–1846 [imprint "1844"]: Catalog méthodique des Lépidoptères d'Europe distribués en familles, tribus et genres avec l'exposé des caractères sur lesquels ces décisions sont fondées, et l'indication des lieux et des époques où l'on trouve chaque espèce, for servir de complément et de rectification à l'Histoire naturelle des Lépidoptères de France. - Méquignon-Marvis Fils, Paris. xxx + [1] + 523 pp., pls 75-90.
- Munroe, EG & MA Solis 1998: The Pyraloidea. Pp. 233-256. - In: Kristensen, NP, Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies. Volume 1: Evolution, systematics, and biogeography. - In: M. Fischer (ed.), Handbook of Zoology. Volume IV Arthropoda: Insecta, Part 35. - Walter de Gruyter, Berlin.
- Kristensen, NP 2003: Skeleton and muscles: adults. Pp. 39-131. - In: Kristensen, NP, Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies. Vol. 2: Morphology, Physiology, and Development. - In: M. Fischer, Handbook of Zoology IV (36). - Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and New York.
