Sneaky
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Slow worm ( Anguis fragilis ) |
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| Anguimorpha | ||||||||||||
| Advocate , 1900 |
The sneaky (Anguimorpha) are a taxon of the squamata (Squamata), to which almost 200 different types of lizard and forms as different as the native slowworm ( Anguis fragilis ) and the large Indonesian Komodo dragon ( Varanus komodoensis ) belong. All creepers occurring in Europe belong to the family of the creeps (Anguidae). In addition to the (western) slowworm, there are the eastern slowworm ( Anguis colchica ) in Eastern Europe, the Greek slowworm ( Anguis graeca ), the Peloponnese slowworm ( Anguis cephallonica ), the Italian slowworm ( Anguis veronensis ) and the Scheltopusik ( Pseudopus apodus ) the Balkans.
features
Most of the creeping species have a typical lizard shape. But there are also elongated forms, the legs of which are stunted to small stumps, and snake-like legless species. All crawlers have firm teeth that are not hollow at the base. New teeth grow alternately, i.e. between - and not below - the old teeth. The tongue of the crawlers is divided into a front and rear section by a fold. As with snakes , the front part is deeply split in many species and can be pulled back into the rear part.
Systematics
The taxon of the sneaky crawfish was established in 1900 by the German anatomist Max Fürbringer and today includes eight recent families of lizard-like scale crawfish. Within the scale reptiles, the crawlers belong together with the iguanas (Iguania) and the snakes (Serpentes) to the Toxicofera , which have the ability to form toxins . The sneaky and iguana-like sister groups , the unnamed clade formed by both taxa , is the sister group of the snakes. However, toxins have so far only been detected in the creepy lizards and some monitor lizards.
Within the creeping species, two clades can be distinguished, one with creeping, ringed creeping, double-tongue creeping and the hump lizard, which is called Anguioidea or Diploglossa in many systematics, and the second with monitor lizards, deaf monitor and the extinct mosasaur, which was named Platynota or Varanoidea . Investigations on a molecular genetic basis show that the Chinese crocodile tail lizard, which used to belong to the humpback lizard, also belongs to this group. The position of the lizards remains controversial.
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Tribal history
The fossil record of the creepers goes back 130 million years to the Lower Cretaceous and includes all recent families as well as numerous extinct groups, including the giant marine mosasaurs from the Upper Cretaceous.
literature
- Wolfgang Böhme : Squamata, scale reptiles. In: Wilfried Westheide , Reinhard Rieger : Special Zoology. Part 2: vertebrates or skulls. Spectrum - Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg et al. 2004, ISBN 3-8274-0307-3 , p. 358 ff.
- Hans-Eckard Gruner, Horst Füller, Kurt Günther: Urania Tierreich. Fish, amphibians, reptiles. Urania-Verlag, Leipzig 1991, ISBN 3-332-00491-3 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Jack L. Conrad, Jennifer C. Ast, Shaena Montanari, Mark A. Norell: A combined evidence phylogenetic analysis of Anguimorpha (Reptilia: Squamata). In: Cladistics. Vol. 27, No. 3, 2011, pp. 230-277, doi : 10.1111 / j.1096-0031.2010.00330.x .
- ↑ Dieter Glandt : List of the amphibians and reptiles of Europe and the adjacent Atlantic Islands ( Memento of the original from August 7, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . February 2014 (PDF; 134.39 kB).
- ↑ a b Robert Alexander Pyron, Frank T. Burbrink, John J. Wiens: A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes. In: BMC Evolutionary Biology. Vol. 13, 2013, 93, doi : 10.1186 / 1471-2148-13-93 .
- ^ S. Blair Hedges, Nicolas Vidal: Lizards, snakes and amphisbaenias (Squamata). In: S. Blair Hedges, Sudhir Kumar (Eds.): The Timetree of Live. Oxford University Press, Oxford et al. 2009, ISBN 978-0-19-953503-3 , pp. 383-389, digitized version (PDF; 474.18 kB) .
