Clams
| Clams | ||||||||||||
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Callista brevisiphonata from Japanese waters |
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| Veneridae | ||||||||||||
| Rafinesque , 1815 | ||||||||||||
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The clams (Veneridae; Italian: Vongole ) are a family of mussel species in the order Venerida . The family comprises twelve as yet unsecured subfamilies with numerous genera - which are also not yet taxonomically secured - and over 400 species , most of which are edible.
The clams occur worldwide in all coastal waters , mostly in and on sandy subsoil. The main focus of the distribution is in the warm seas. The oldest members of the family come from the Valanginian ( Lower Cretaceous ).
description
Typical shell features
- The vertebra is located in front of the middle of the shell and usually appears somewhat curled. As a result, the shell shape roughly corresponds to the profile of a Mainzel male hat .
- Concentric ribs or grooves are typical of the shell sculpture. (Exception in Europe: Timoclea ovata ). This distinguishes them from the radially ribbed related cockles .
- Heterodontic lock
Myths and Stories
In ancient times, the mussel was generally considered a sexless creature that arose from the meerschaum. Aristotle was also convinced of this view, which was subsequently passed on into the late Middle Ages. According to Greek mythology, Aphrodite or the Roman Venus a. a. born from the meerschaum and subsequently from a shell.
The name of the clams is also derived from their shape. The slightly curled basic shape of the clams supposedly resembles the navel of the beauty goddess Venus as a whole with a lot of imagination , the view of the vertebrae and ligament from the dorsal resembles the vulva of a woman with a lot of imagination .
When the porcelain came to Europe, it was supposedly named after "porcellano", an Italian nickname for the shiny clam ( Callista chione ). The bowls of this kind shine inside and out as if they were polished - like porcelain. “Porcellano” (translated “piggy”) is derived from the oval-bulbous and brownish-pink shiny shell of this clam.
Systematics
Phylogeny of the Veneridae
According to Kappner and Bieler, Chioninae and Venerinae are two separate groups, with the genera Chamelea, Clausinella, Tawera and Timoclea being newly assigned to the Venerinae. Morphologically, the two groups mentioned differ in that they have separate siphons and (mostly) an anterior secondary tooth in the Venerinae and fused siphons and no anterior secondary tooth in the Chioninae.
Further studies to clarify the phylogeny are necessary. Genera are given in brackets after the subfamilies.
| Veneridae |
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Subfamilies
- Chioninae
- Circinae
- Clementinae
- Cyclininae or Cyclinae
- Dosiniinae
- Gemminae
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Meretricinae
- Japanese clam ( Meretrix lusoria )
- Pitariinae
- Samarangiinae
- Sunettinae
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Tapetinae
- Latticed clam ( Ruditapes decussatus )
- Venerinae
List of genera
Here is a list of the genera of clams (possibly incomplete) without considering the grouping by subfamily:
- Agriopoma Dall, 1902
- Amiantis Carpenter, 1884
- Anomalocardia Schumacher, 1817
- Callista Poli, 1791
- Chamelea Morch, 1853
- Chione Megerle von Mühlfeld, 1811
- Chionista Keen, 1958
- Circomphalus Klein, 1853
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Clausinella JE Gray, 1851
- Banded clam ( Clausinella fasciata (da Costa, 1778))
- Compsomyax Stewart, 1930
- Cyclinella Dall, 1902
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Dosinia Scopoli, 1777
- Artemism clam ( Dosinia exoleta )
- Smooth Artemis ( Dosinia lupinus )
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Gafrarium Roding, 1798
- Gafrarium pectinatum (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Gemma Deshayes, 1853
- Globivenus Coen, 1934
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Gouldia CB Adams, 1847
- Gouldia minima (Montagu, 1803)
- Humilaria Grant and Gale, 1931
- Irus Schmidt, 1818
- Irusella Hertlein and Grant, 1972
- Liocyma Dall, 1870
- Lirophora Conrad, 1883
- Macrocallista Meek, 1876
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Mercenaria Schumacher, 1817
- Northern clam ( Mercenaria mercenaria )
- Nutricola Bernard, 1982
- Parastarte Conrad, 1862
- Periglypta Jukes-Browne, 1914
- Pitar Romans, 1857
- Protothaca Dall, 1902
- Psephidia Dall, 1902
- Puberella Fischer-Piette and Vukadinovic, 1977
- Saxidomus Conrad, 1837
- Tapes Muhlfeld, 1811
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Timoclea Brown, 1827
- Oval carpet shell ( Timoclea ovale (Pennant, 1777))
- Tivela Link, 1807
- Transennella Dall, 1883
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Venerupis Lamarck, 1818
- Spotted carpet shell ( Venerupis corrugata (Gmelin, 1791))
- Ventricolaria Keen, 1954
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Venus Linnaeus, 1758
- Rough clam ( Venus verrucosa Gmelin, 1791)
Some fossil genera:
- Aeora Conrad, 1870 ( chalk )
- Anofia Reyment, 1955 (Upper Cretaceous)
- Loxo Dailey & Popenoe, 1966 (upper chalk)
- Naulia Cox, 1952 (Upper Crayon )
- Rohea Marwick, 1938 ( Oligocene )
- Septeuilia Cossmann, 1914 ( Eocene )
literature
- Isabella Kappner, Rüdiger Bieler: Phylogeny of venus clams (Bivalvia: Venerinae) as inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Vol. 40, No. 2, 2006, ISSN 1055-7903 , pp. 317-331, doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2006.02.006 .
- Michael Amler, Rudolf Fischer, Nicole S. Rogalla: mussels (= Haeckel library. Vol. 5). Enke im Thieme-Verlag, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-13-118391-8 .
- Rüdiger Bieler, Paula M. Mikkelsen: Bivalvia - a look at the branches. In: Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. Vol. 148, No. 3, 2006, ISSN 0024-4082 , pp. 223-235, doi : 10.1111 / j.1096-3642.2006.00255.x .
- Victor Millard: Classification of the Mollusca. A Classification of World Wide Mollusca. Self-published, Rhine Road South Africa 1997, ISBN 0-620-21261-6 .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Yasuo Kondo, Shin-Ichi Sano: Origination of extant heteroconch families: Ecological and environmental patterns in post-Paleozoic bivalve diversification. In: Palaeontological Research. Vol. 13, No. 1, 2009, ISSN 1342-8144 , pp. 39-44, doi : 10.2517 / 1342-8144-13.1.039 .
- ↑ Isabella Kappner, Rüdiger Bieler: Phylogeny of venus clams (Bivalvia: Venerinae) as inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Vol. 40, No. 2, 2006, pp. 317-331.
- ^ Raymond C. Moore : Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part N: Mollusca. 6, Bivalvia. Vol. 2. The University of Kansas et al., Boulder CO 1969.