Association youth home

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The association Jugendheim e. V. was a socio-educational institution in Charlottenburg . The institution was "probably the most important and, for many years, most influential private social initiative in Charlottenburg" which, until it was forcibly closed by the National Socialists, developed into "a model project that has been copied many times over."

Advertisement for the association, archived in the Ida-Seele archive

Beginnings

The association Jugendheim e. V. was founded on February 9, 1894 in the city of Charlottenburg, now part of the Berlin district of Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf , on the initiative of Helene Weber, the mother of the sociologists Max Weber and Alfred Weber , and the factory owner's wife Hedwig Heyl . He came out

from a youth home built by Hedwig Heyl in 1883 for the children of her factory workers. It was here that she realized for the first time the pedagogical ideas and methods developed by her and Mrs. Henriette Schrader in the upbringing of school children.

Because of the good reputation of their institution, the Charlottenburg mayor Hans Fritsche asked Hedwig Heyl to open the facility not only to the children of the workers at the Heylsche paint factory, but to all Charlottenburg children. In the fall of 1892, the facility was opened in the classrooms of a school in Charlottenburg under very difficult circumstances. Anna von Gierke , who was eighteen years old at the time, was one of the unskilled and voluntary helpers . In order to put the project on a broader basis, the youth home association was founded. At the same time, the youth home, initially with 54 children, moved to an apartment in the back of the building on Pestalozzistraße and, at the end of 1895, to a newly built neighboring school.

Further development of the association

The institution, which ostensibly aimed at alleviating the social hardship of working class children, quickly advanced to become a model for the further expansion of after-school care and school child welfare in new districts of Charlottenburg and Berlin. In 1898 Anna von Gierke, who had previously attended the kindergarten teachers' seminar at the Pestalozzi-Froebel House , took over the management of the youth home. She received the modest salary of 100 marks. Under her leadership, his field of activity expanded enormously. Soon boys were also cared for, a children's home for boys and girls, day homes and a night home, day nurseries, kindergartens, special after-school care facilities, among other things, were set up in various parts of the city. Anna von Gierke hired Martha Abicht, a trained kindergarten teacher, and employed up to 60 volunteers:

The year 1907 saw the establishment and operation of the municipal school feeding system as a major new task. At first it was limited to 50 children; in 1913, 875 children were fed, and at the outbreak of World War I, 1875 children. It was immediately clear to Anna von Gierke that school meals and after-school care belong together, indeed that effective school child welfare could only be carried out if the two merged .

On November 19, 1910, the central building at Goethestrasse 22 was opened by Empress Auguste Viktoria . In the spacious house, there was now space for the areas, crèche, kindergarten, day-care center, supply kitchen, teaching kitchen, bookbinding, tailoring, and rooms for retirees and teachers as well as enough rooms for the social-educational seminar . The following offices were also housed:

  • 1. Fifth Welfare Association , Reich Section for Educational Welfare
  • 2. Fifth Welfare Association, Landesverband Berlin
  • 3. Fifth Welfare Association, Brandenburg State Association
  • 4. Humanitas
  • 5th Berlin Women's Conference
  • 6. District Association of Charlottenburg of the City Association of the Berlin Women's Conference
  • 7. Stadtverband Berliner Frauenverein (Provincial Association of the Federation of German Women's Associations )
  • 8. Marriage counseling center of the city association of Berlin women's associations
  • 9th German Association for School Child Care
  • 10. Charlottenburg housewives' association
  • 11. Association of homeworkers in Charlottenburg
  • 12. Abendheim Association
  • 13. Office of the 32nd Charity Commission Charlottenburg
  • 14. Editing of the weekly "Soziale Arbeit" .

In 1934 the association Jugendheim e. V. dissolved and its facilities transferred to the Pestalozzi-Froebel-Haus .

Social education seminar

Socio-educational seminar, archived in the Ida-Seele archive

Anna von Gierke recognized the inadequate professional preparation of the staff and therefore offered the first training courses in 1910, without a generally applicable training plan and individually tailored to each student, for day-care centers and school nannies. Just one year later, two-year training courses were introduced under the name of the Social Pedagogical Seminar . In autumn 1915 the first state-recognized Hortnerinnenprüfung took place. The social pedagogical seminar quickly enjoyed a good reputation, which in later years became "the crucial center for training in youth care". Important persons in welfare work teach at the educational institution:

  • Anna von Gierke: Daily questions of social work
  • Marie Baum : History and individual problems of welfare care
  • Hilde Lion : Psychology, pedagogy, women's movement, general methodology with special consideration of elementary school issues and the education and teaching problems of housekeeping and nanny schools, seminars for kindergarten teachers and after-school care workers
  • Eleonore Astfalck taught youth literature, practical education, professional studies and the history of education
  • Johanna Nacken was a handicraft teacher
  • Hilde Schenk: Party programs and individual questions from legal and political studies
  • Georg Netzband: Questions of artistic design, instructions for viewing art with children
  • Hans Stier: Epoch history (Middle Ages - Modern times)
  • Hildegard von Gierke : Natural history lessons
  • Emma Carp: Employment Methodology
  • Emmy Wolf: poetry of the 19th and 20th centuries
  • Hildegard Tauscher : gymnastics for children
  • Hilde Hecker: cultural studies
  • Lucy Corvinus (head of the psychopath kindergarten in the Pestalozzi-Froebel-Haus ): The developmentally inhibited child

Country youth home Finkenkrug

In 1921, the association in Finkenkrug , west of Berlin, acquired a large overgrown area on Havelländer Weg and the corner of Heideweg and built a recreation center on it. Anna von Gierke and her partner at the time, Martha Abicht, spent a lot of time in the country youth home, pushed ahead with the construction and expansion, held courses there, helped with agricultural and gardening work, taught or played with the children, etc. like m. The Finkenkrug youth home was headed first by Alice Bendix , then by Isa Gruner . A report from 1931 can read about the facility:

What is the country youth home?
It is a branch of the youth home in Finkenkrug, in the middle of the forest with 63 acres of land, with recreation facilities for children, employees and pupils of the youth home, with training centers for housekeeping students and nurses, with teaching in agriculture, gardening and poultry farming. To complement their training, each student of the socio-educational seminar of the youth home association spends two weeks of their seminar time here in order to get to know a rural business by working in the house, garden and stable. For the student and working youth in Finkenkrug the Social Institute of the youth home (founded in 1928 as a training facility for welfare workers , youth leaders, lawyers, sisters, etc.) ... organizes leisure time to give the city youth a relaxation at the weekend that allows them to gain distance again of daily working life and the unrest in the big city
A) Training courses of the rural youth home
1st year of home economics , one-year course
2. Children's home nurses , one-year course
3. Specialist horticultural training for female apprentices , duration 3 years, horticultural assistant examination before the Chamber of Agriculture
4. Technical training for poultry assistants , duration 2 years, state final examination of the Chamber of Agriculture
Total number of students: 35
B) Children's institutions
1. Children's rest home, open all year round (boys and girls aged 3-14 years)
2. Children's home, for permanent children from difficult family backgrounds (boys and girls aged 3-14 years)
Total number of seats 55
C) agriculture
1. Stable, cows, pigs, chickens
2nd garden, 4 acres of garden land, 1 greenhouse
3. Farming, 28 acres of arable land, 6 acres of natural parks, 4 horses with carts, 11 colonies of bees .
Chickens and other animals lived on the grounds of the rural youth home, archived in the Ida-Seele archive

At the end of the 1920s, courses for practical women's education were offered, for example in handicrafts , cardboard work for beginners and advanced students , handicrafts and weaving work , improvisation on the piano , gymnastics , singing and music evenings , games and rhythm . The latter training courses were carried out by Hildegard Tauscher and Charlotte Blensdorf , daughter of Otto Blensdorf (first German rhythm teacher). Course contents were:

Introduction to the basic musical terms and musical forms in connection with body movement and body formation. Handling of the percussion orchestra. Use of rhythm when working with children and those who are difficult to learn .

In 1932, 20 unemployed people moved into a barrack for voluntary work. They mostly worked in the surrounding fields. Furthermore, in the same year an eight-month course for the introduction to work in the countryside in settlements, peripheral settlements and homes… was set up .

From 1934, the music teacher Fritz Jöde from the Berlin State Academy for Church and School Music had partially used the youth home as a music home . However , rooms were also made available to groups from the Association of German Girls and the Hitler Youth .

The Finkenkrug youth home was able to evade access by the NS-Volkswohlfahrt . Among other things, it was a place of refuge for threatened non-Aryan children who were brought from there to safe foreign countries. According to a list that has been preserved, at least 15 children of Jewish descent ... were hidden in the Finkenkrug youth home during the reign of the National Socialists, some of whom were placed there with the support of Elisabet von Harnack . Isa Gruner listed the following 15 children in retrospect:

I. Inge Mendelsohn
from 1935 – 1937 in the home, was sent to England through mediation.
2. Hilde Gerber
from 1934 – 1937 in the home, came to Sweden through our mediation.
3. Lotte Hoffmann
Jewish adoptive parents committed suicide in 1939. Child was from 1938 to 1939
in the home, came to England through mediation.
4. Joachim Hoffmann
From 1938 to 1940 in the home, mother died in a concentration camp in Latvia.
5. Peter Lehmgruber
Was in the home from 1937 to 1939, mother was in a concentration camp, father emigrated to England. Peter
came to my father in England through our mediation.
6. Claus Wiener
Jewish father dead, brother in Palestine. Was in the home from 1939 to 1945,
then emigrated to Palestine to live with his brother.
7. Christa Schmey
Was in the home from 1940 to 1950, mother was also in the home in 1940. Came from there
to the Ravensbrück concentration camp and died there 4I.
8. Ruth Reidys
Mother in a ghetto in Latvia, child was in the home from I94I to I945,
then came to England.
9./I0 Georg and Andreas Mayer-Hanno
Stayed in the home for two years during the war, mother lived in hiding, became father
killed by the Nazis.
II. Joachim Wertheimer
was in the home from 1938 to 1940.
I2. Hilde Rotschild called Eichwald
Was in the home from 1939 to 1940.
I3. Lothar Springer
Was in the home from 1939 to 1942.
I4. Raoul Lewin
Was in the home from 1939 to 1940, mother in a concentration camp, father of a blind Jew in England. Boy
came to America in 1940.

In 1950, the new rulers had expropriated and dissolved the Finkenkrug youth home . Isa Gruner fled to the west of Berlin with the last children in the home, whose parents had perished in the concentration camps or in the war , in a night and fog . A special school home was built on the premises of the rural youth home and existed until 1981. The buildings and the park-like area were then used as a building yard by the local road construction company. In the 1990s, the last of the original buildings, which had since become dilapidated, fell victim to the demolition excavators. Today there are town villas and an office building on the former site of the youth home on Havelländer Weg. Since the middle of 2011, a boulder has been a reminder of the former socio-educational institution and of Anna von Gierke, Alice Bendix and Isa Gruner.

Former youth hostel

At the end of the 1940s / beginning of the 1950s, the youth homes began to gather again every two years. The former youth homes came from all over Germany (even from the GDR), from Sweden, England and Denmark . At the meetings, organized by Isa Gruner, Suse Lindemann and Gerda Zurelli, among others, not only were memories exchanged, they also served for further training; therefore, among other things, educational / psychological topics were on the program. A special event was Anna von Gierke's 100th birthday. On this occasion, the youth hostel met in the citizens' hall of the Charlottenburg town hall . Students from the Berlin University of the Arts provided the musical accompaniment, Dr. Anneliese Buß spoke about “The work of Anna von Gierke. Idea and Reality ”and Gerda Zurelli gave a lecture on“ The youth home - a phenomenon ”.

As a final youth Heimer Hertha Jong House (1901-2000) and Edith Kohn (1903-2005) met yet 1996th

swell

  • Anna von Gierke: Youth care in the Charlottenburg youth home, attempts to combine the care of school-leavers with the care of school children, in: Frieda Duensing (Ed.): Handbuch für Jugendpflege, Langensalza 1913, pp. 328–334.
  • Anna von Gierke: 25 years of the youth home association and 5 more years 1894–1924, Charlottenburg 1924
  • Anna von Gierke, Martha Abicht, Alice Bendix: 10 years of the Finkenkrug Youth Home, undated, undated
  • Brochure What is the youth home? (Document archived in the Ida-Seele archive )
  • Sophie Friedländer / Hilde Jarecki: Sophie & Hilde. A life together in friendship and work. A twin book , edited by Bruno Schonig, Edition Hentrich, Berlin, 1996, ISBN 978-3-89468-229-3 . In her part of the book, Hilde Jarecki describes her training at the youth home association in great detail and vividly .

literature

  • Marie Baum : Anna von Gierke. A picture of life. Weinheim 1954.
  • Manfred Berger : Forgotten women of social education. Bielefeld 1992, DNB 943361095 .
  • Gabriele Hohenbild: Anna von Gierke. The pioneer of socio-educational work. In: Ilse Brehmer (Ed.): Motherhood as a profession? Volume 1, Pfaffenweiler 1990, ISBN 3-89085-258-0 , pp. 228-235.
  • Heidi Koschwitz: The Charlottenburg Youth Home (1873-1934) - A contribution to the history of the social women's professions in Germany. Berlin 1984.
  • Andreas Ludwig: The Charlottenburg case, social foundations in an urban context. Böhlau, Cologne, 2005, ISBN 3-412-12905-4 .
  • Ann Taylor Allen: Child Welfare - Public or Private? Anna von Gierke and the Charlottenburg youth home. In: Ann Tayler Allen: Feminism and motherhood in Germany 1800–1914. Weinheim 2000, ISBN 3-89271-880-6 , pp. 300-305.
  • Luise Schröder: On the history of an important but forgotten socio-educational institution in Berlin-Charlottenburg: the Jugendheim e. V. Berlin 2004.
  • Selina Kaps: The country youth home in Finkenkrug. Microanalysis of a reform / socio-educational institution in the country during three political systems. Hanover 2011.
  • Erika Paul: Between social history and place of refuge. The Finkenkrug youth home and its brave women , Hentrich & Hentrich Verlag Berlin, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-942271-84-4 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Ludwig 2005, p. 283.
  2. ↑ Ludwig 2005, p. 284.
  3. ↑ cit. n. brochure What is the youth home? (Document archived in the Ida-Seele archive)
  4. ↑ Ludwig, 2005, p. 284 with reference to Koschwitz, 1984, p. 69 f.
  5. ↑ Anna von Gierke, 1924, p. 6ff.
  6. ↑ cf. Berger 1992, p. 30 ff.
  7. ↑ Baum 1954, p. 35 f.
  8. ↑ cf. Hohenbild 1990, p. 233.
  9. ↑ cit. n. brochure What is the youth home? (Document archived in the Ida-Seele archive)
  10. ↑ Ludwig 2005, p. 285.
  11. ↑ Archived copy ( Memento of the original from May 11, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.landjugendheim-finkenkrug.de
  12. ↑ Anna von Gierke
  13. ↑ Erika Paul: Between social history and place of escape: The Finkenkrug youth home and its courageous women . Hentrich & Hentrich, 2013, ISBN 978-3-942271-84-4 ( Literature Forum in the Brecht House , Google Books ).
  14. ↑ cf. Kaps 2001
  15. ↑ http://twitpic.com/g7zxs
  16. ↑ cit. n. brochure What is the youth home? (Document archived in the Ida-Seele archive)
  17. ↑ cit. n. Schröder 2004, p. 158.
  18. ↑ Gierke / Abicht / Bendix o. J., p. 10.
  19. ↑ see Schröder 2004, p. 161 ff.
  20. ↑ Manfred Gailus: With heart and mind - Protestant women in the resistance against Nazi racial politics, issue 65 of reports and studies, Hannah Arendt Institute for Totalitarianism Research . Ed .: Manfred Gailus, Clemens Vollnhals. V&R unipress GmbH, 2013, ISBN 978-3-8471-0173-4 (= https://books.google.at/books?id=N11HAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA42 Google Books page 42).
  21. ↑ after the death of her mother Isa Gruner took over the guardianship for her
  22. ↑ cit. n. List of children who were secretly admitted to the Finkenkrug youth hostel near Berlin (Havelländerweg 8 – I0) because of racial persecution during the Hitler era, compiled by Isa Gruner (document archived in the Ida-Seele archive ). u. Kaps 2011, p. 95 ff.
  23. ↑ cf. Kaps 2001, p. 198 f.
  24. ↑ Hiltrud Müller, Findling in Finkenkrug reminds of three courageous women in dark times. In: Märkische Allgemeine from May 24, 2011
  25. ↑ cf. Schröder 2004, p. 170.