Disgust

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Deterrence or aversive (from the hunter language , word origin of Gram : original meaning "resentment", now more "concern") refers to the (permanent) distribute (Shoo) or keeping of wild animals and wild - intentionally or unintentionally (eg due. Noise or white clothing in the area). Above all, cormorants , pigeons , martens , moles and wild cats are deliberately scared off . Innate behaviors are used to influence the targeted wild animals in an environmentally neutral way, e.g. B. by faking natural enemies.

Methods

Scare-off measures are not always successful, although the methodology is also relevant. In this regard, for example, the scarecrow is known , which loses its effect after a short time if the birds have noticed the non-existent danger. It is therefore far less effective on its own than the combination with occasional kills and carcasses suspended from a distance. Such measures are not only dependent on the - different - learning ability of the individual animals, but z. B. also on their caution, stubbornness or the behavior learned from parent animals.

In the fight against vermin and pests , scaring off has acquired an analogous meaning .

Means of repulsion

example

With regard to resettled or immigrated large predators (including predators or predators ) such as so-called “ problem bears ”, deterrent measures have been repeatedly applied or are currently under discussion. The measures that have already been taken concern bears, which u. a. who had lost their fear of people. They approached human settlements, looted z. B. honey stands or tore cattle and were classified as harmful or potentially dangerous .

One is aware of the learning ability of such and other animals (see behavioral biology ) and usually takes the view of secondary preventive measures, i.e. H. behavior that is already conspicuous should not first “become a habit” (→ habituation ). For example, that an association of human settlement areas with food must be prevented and the animals concerned should not “get too cheeky” . “The more often and more specifically” such an animal visits residential areas, “the greater the likelihood that it will encounter people and injuries at some point” (...) “It must therefore be prevented that it associates human settlement areas with good food “ , For example Martin Janovsky, Tyrol's bear representative. Instead, for safety reasons , the aim is for such an animal to associate human dwellings or smells with negative experiences and therefore keep away.

Both in the above The case of JJ1 ("Bruno"), whom they tried to scare "among other things with fire from rubber bullets", as well as the M13 bear , which had been " shot at with rubber bullets and firecrackers", could not be adequately deterred with various deterrent measures, so that in both cases the shooting finally took place. The cases of other so-called problem bears show a similar picture. Experience has shown that success in this regard is “rather the exception” “repeatedly, but in vain” has been attempted, the mother “Jurka” of the problem bear JJ1 (known as “Bruno”) “approached human settlements through so-called dismay - among other things Shelling with rubber balls - expel. "The mother basically has a long criminal record." The young bear was also conditioned by the mother so that it would never return to a place where it had killed another animal, ” the Mitteldeutsche Zeitung quoted the spokesman for the Bavarian Ministry of the Environment , Roland Eichhorn.

See also

literature

Individual evidence

  1. Haseder, p. 831
  2. State Office for Nature and the Environment of the State of Schleswig-Holstein, Rüdiger Albrecht: Species protection in the practice of the authorities from the point of view of a federal state ( Memento of October 28, 2005 in the Internet Archive ) , "Verfrämungslösungen", page 15.
  3. University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna: Wolves already understand human signals. Experiment shows social learning behavior even in the ancestors of the house dog . Scinexx.de, December 5, 2013
  4. a b Elisalex Henckel: Young bear in the Alps: M13, the corpse and a collision with the train . Die Welt, welt.de, May 2, 2012, accessed on December 23, 2014
  5. Bavarian State Office for the Environment: Frequently asked questions about wolves (PDF), last point under “3.2”, as of November 2014, accessed on December 23, 2014
  6. a b Stray brown bear is no longer a stranger , Mitteldeutsche Zeitung, mz-web.de, May 30, 2006, accessed on December 23, 2014
  7. Coordination office for the brown bear, lynx and wolf (KOST): Wolf management in Austria - basics and recommendations . December 2012. ISBN 978-3-200-02965-1 , pp. 21 + 18 of 28, accessed December 24, 2014.