Woodstock Treaty
The Woodstock Treaty was a peace treaty concluded on April 30, 1247 between the Princes of Gwynedd and the English King Henry III. He ended the war started by Prince Dafydd ap Llywelyn in 1244 , with which he wanted to free himself from English supremacy.
prehistory
In 1241 the English King Henry III. subjugated the young Welsh prince Dafydd ap Llywelyn with a swift campaign and forced his suzerainty on him. With the help of an alliance of Welsh princes led by him, Dafydd wanted to free himself from English suzerainty, which in 1244 led to a new war between Gwynedd and England. The English troops were able to occupy North Wales as far as the River Conwy in a campaign in August 1245 , but the further advance stalled and finally the king had to retreat to Chester in October . But when Prince Dafydd died unexpectedly in February 1246 and the English general Nicholas de Moels led an army from Carmarthen through the mountains of Wales to Deganwy Castle in the summer of 1246 , North Wales was reoccupied as far as Conwy. Without supplies and weakened by a famine, the alliance of the Welsh princes, who gradually made peace with the English king, fell apart. In the spring of 1247 Llywelyn and Owain Goch surrendered , the sons of Dafydd's late brother Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, who had taken over the rule of Gwynedd, the English king.
Terms of contract
On April 30, 1247 Owain and Llywelyn had to face the English King Henry III in the Palace of Woodstock . pay homage Since Dafydd ap Llywelyn had died without male descendants, Gwynedd should actually have passed to the English crown according to the provisions he had agreed with the king in 1241. King Henry III was unable to completely occupy the Welsh principality and therefore pardoned Owain and Llywelyn ap Gruffydd. The occupied Perfeddwlad east of the Conwy fell to the English county of Chester , while the remaining Gwynedd Uwch Conwy was divided between Owain and Llywelyn ap Gruffydd and remained under the suzerainty of the English king. They also lost sovereignty over Meirionydd , which remained under English suzerainty under Llywelyn ap Maredudd.
consequences
With the Woodstock Treaty, King Henry III. broken the supremacy of Gwynedd over the other Welsh principalities and nominally achieved supremacy over Wales himself . To secure Perfeddwlad, the king began building Dyserth and Deganwy Castle and had castles such as Painscastle and Builth expanded. By promoting boroughs , he brought English settlers into the conquered land. As early as 1252, however, Llywelyn ap Gruffydd began again with the fight for supremacy in Wales, which King Henry III gave him. finally had to admit in the Treaty of Montgomery in 1267 .
Individual evidence
- ^ Rees R. Davies: The Age of Conquest. Wales 1063-1415. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1991, ISBN 0-19-820198-2 , p. 303
- ^ Rees R. Davies: The Age of Conquest. Wales 1063-1415. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1991, ISBN 0-19-820198-2 , p. 301