Vibrios
| Vibrios | ||||||||||||
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Vibrio cholerae |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Vibrio | ||||||||||||
| Pacini 1854 |
Vibrionen is the Germanized name for bacteria of the genus Vibrio , which need moderate to strong salt. They are gram-negative bacteria , facultative anaerobic, curved rods. The flagella are usually arranged polar. Persistent organs such as spores are not generated. In addition to the well-known cholera pathogen Vibrio cholerae , the human pathogens are also Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus , both of which occur in warm salt water and for severe gastrointestinal and soft tissue infections can be responsible.
features
The best-known species, Vibrio cholerae , causes cholera . There are two tribes, the classic tribe and the El-Tor tribe. Infections with the El-Tor strain are usually easier and less likely to be fatal. Another important pathogen is Vibrio parahaemolyticus , a species that is transmitted through seafood or raw fish, especially in Japan, and causes vomiting and diarrhea ( gastroenteritis ).
Some marine species such as Vibrio anguillarum can cause disease in fish and thus cause great damage in fish farms. Also Vibrio ordalii was found in diseased fish.
Producers of the strong nerve toxin tetrodotoxin (TTX) or anhydro-TTX have also been detected in this genus. Anhydrotetrodotoxin is a variant of this poison with a slightly different molecular structure. The production of TTX has been demonstrated in Vibrio alginolyticus , for example , anhydro-TTX also in Vibrio fischeri . According to the current system, this bacterium is now called Aliivibrio fischeri . It is believed that species of Vibrio are responsible for the venom production of various puffer fish (Tetraodontidae). Thus, Vibrio alginolyticus in the pufferfish Takifugu vermicularis found. However, the formation of tetrodotoxins by vibrions has again been called into question.
Types (selection)
- Vibrio alginolyticus (Miyamoto et al. 1961) Sakazaki 1968
- Vibrio anguillarum Bergeman 1909
- Vibrio cholerae Pacini 1854
- Vibrio harveyi (Johnson & Shunk 1936) Baumann et al. 1981
- Vibrio ordalii Schiewe et al. 1982
- Vibrio natriegens (Payne et al. 1961) Baumann et al. 1981, comb. nov.
- Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Fujino et al. 1951) Sakazaki et al. 1963
- Vibrio vulnificus (Reichelt et al. 1979) Farmer 1980
Not to the genus Vibrio is one of the earlier than Vibrio fischeri called aliivibrio fischeri ( Beijerinck 1889) Urbanczyk et al. 2007 .
Occurrence
In particular, the so-called non-cholera vibrios occur in the Baltic and North Sea, occasionally in slightly salty inland waters, as part of the natural bacterial flora. They multiply strongly at water temperatures above 20 ° C and a salt content of 0.5 to 2.5 percent.
Vibrios in the Baltic Sea have caused nine deaths since 2003. The risk group includes immunocompromised, elderly people with open wounds through which bacteria can enter while bathing.
Analytics
In food analysis, especially for fishery products , the analysis of Vibrio cholerae , Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus is necessary. Enteropathogenic vibrions are excluded culturally using DIN EN ISO 21872-1 after several consecutive enrichment steps. Classic biochemical confirmation is used . Alternatively, the confirmation can also be made using MALDI-TOF MS .
Reporting requirement
In Germany the direct or indirect detection of human pathogenic Vibrio spp. in particular subject to notification in accordance with Section 7 of the Infection Protection Act , provided that the evidence indicates an acute infection; but if only an ear infection is present, only with Vibrio cholerae .
In Switzerland, only the positive laboratory analysis findings to be Vibrio cholerae notifiable and that after the Epidemics Act (EpG) in connection with the epidemic Regulation and Annex 3 of the Regulation of EDI on the reporting of observations of communicable diseases of man .
literature
- Michael T. Madigan, John M. Martinko, Jack Parker: Brock - Microbiology. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag , Heidelberg, Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-8274-0566-1 .
- Martin Dworkin, Stanley Falkow, Eugene Rosenberg, Karl-Heinz Schleifer , Erko Stackebrandt (Eds.) The Prokaryotes, A Handbook of the Biology of Bacteria . 7 volumes, 3rd edition, Springer-Verlag, New York et al. 2006, ISBN 0-387-30740-0 . Here in particular → Volume 6: Proteobacteria: Gamma Subclass. ISBN 0-387-30746-X .
Web links
Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) : Questions and answers on Vibrionen
- Interactive map of the European Center for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) with information on vibrion multiplication in European coastal waters .
- Leaflet of the State Office for Health and Social Affairs Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (LAGuS), Vibrios pathogens in the Baltic Sea (status 06.2020) as PDF .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Center for Travel Medicine (CRM): Vibrionen infection after Baden in the Baltic and North Sea? In the event of severe pain after minor skin injuries, see a doctor immediately. Press release from July 9, 2020 ( full text as PDF ).
- ↑ T. Noguchi, DF Hwang, O. Arakawa, H. Sugita, Y. Deguchi, Y. Shida and K. Hashimoto: Vibrio alginolyticus, a tetrodotoxin-producing bacterium, in the intestines of the fish Fugu vermicularis vermicularis. In: Marine Biology. Volume 94, 1987, pp. 625-630.
- ↑ U. Simidu, T. Noguchi, DF Hwang, Y. Shida, K. Hashimoto: Marine bacteria which produce tetrodotoxin. In: Applied and environmental microbiology. Volume 53, Number 7, July 1987, pp. 1714-1715, ISSN 0099-2240 , PMID 3310884 , PMC 203940 (free full text).
- ^ A b Jean Euzéby, Aidan C. Parte: Genus Vibrio. In: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature ( LPSN ). Retrieved August 9, 2019 .
- ↑ Kendo Matsumura: Reexamination of tetrodotoxin production by bacteria. In: Applied and environmental microbiology. Volume 61, Number 9, September 1995, pp. 3468-3470, ISSN 0099-2240 , PMID 7574655 . PMC 167625 (free full text).
- ↑ Dong-Soo Kim, Cheorl-Ho Kim: Author's reply to K. Matsumura: No ability to produce tetrodotoxin in bacteria. In: Applied and environmental microbiology. Volume 67, Number 5, May 2001, pp. 2393-2394, ISSN 0099-2240 , PMID 11386243 , PMC 92886 (free full text).
- ↑ News: Vibrionen. Second death in MV . On: ndr.de from September 5, 2019; accessed on July 28, 2020.
- ↑ Microbiology of the food chain - Horizontal method for the determination of "Vibrio" spp. - Part 1: Detection of potentially enteropathenogenic "Vibrio parahaemolyticus", "Vibrio cholerae" and "Vibrio vulnificus" (ISO 21872-1: 2017); German version EN ISO 21872-1: 2017 . On: beuth.de ; accessed on July 28, 2020.
- ↑ Christine Wind, Leonie Böhmer: MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry - a technology conquers microbiological examination . On: ua-bw.de of December 3, 2013, accessed on July 28, 2020.