Ville nouvelle
As Ville nouvelle ( "New City") in the broader sense is called in French , each with planning-political will within a shorter time realized city's founding in the sense of the German term plan city . In a narrow sense, the term refers to a program of new cities developed in France in the mid-1960s. The British New Towns around London served as a model . The plan was that the Villes Nouvelles should be independent from Paris, but the project partially failed.
History of the Paris Villes Nouvelles
At the beginning of the reign of Charles de Gaulle as President of the French Fifth Republic , there were demographic forecasts that for the Paris region by the year 2000 a population growth of around 8 million to 14 to 16 million inhabitants. De Gaulle, an advocate of economic and urban planification , then commissioned his colleague Paul Delouvrier as chief plenipotentiary to draw up a policy plan for the Paris region that would solve this problem through decentralization . The aim was to get the problem of unplanned growth under control in the manner of an oil spill, but also to prevent an increase in the power of the largely left-wing mayors, the so-called Banlieue rouge on the edge of the administratively small urban area of Paris (Paris intra muros) . After extensive discussions, including the suggestion of a second Paris east of the traditional capital, a guideline plan was published in 1965 which initially envisaged eight Villes nouvelles around 30 km from the capital, each with 500,000 inhabitants in the final stage. Five of these were subsequently realized, namely Cergy-Pontoise , Marne-la-Vallée , Melun-Sénart , Évry , Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines . In 2012, 880,274 people lived in the 5 Villes nouvelles in the greater Paris area.
While the previous settlement of the Paris area had concentrated on the river valleys, the Villes nouvelles were usually laid out on agriculturally used ridges, which had been barely populated until then. Resistance from the local population was overcome through expropriation measures. Attempts were also made to avoid the mistake of the New Towns , which were planned too far from the capital and too small and did not become really lively cities (Paul Delouvrier in a speech on January 6, 1966).
As a result, the explosive population growth forecast for the Paris region around 1960 did not occur, which slowed down the development of the Villes nouvelles . Some conceptions of town planning also changed. While the original layout of the Parisian satellite cities was based on the guidelines of the Athens Charter in the sense of a clear segregation of functions and traffic, the necessity of mixed uses and the optimal connection to public transport via RER soon came to the fore. It also soon became apparent that the traditional east-west divide in the greater Paris area also had an impact on the Villes nouvelles . In the 1970s and 1980s, the need for more interesting architectural design and increased citizen participation arose, which subsequently led to the construction of numerous post-modern buildings with landmark character in the Villes nouvelles (for example by the architects Ricardo Bofill and Manolo Nuñez ). This popular and commercial orientation was criticized by supporters of modernism , but is likely to be a factor in the success of the urbanistic experiment Ville nouvelle .
Examples outside Paris
Other Villes nouvelles in France:
- Surroundings Lille : Villeneuve-d'Ascq
- Around Lyon : L'Isle-d'Abeau
- Surroundings of Marseille : Ouest Provence (formerly Rives de l'Étang de Berre )
- Surroundings Rouen : Val-de-Reuil
Population of the Villes Nouvelles
|
Population of the Villes Nouvelles |
||
| Surname | Population (2013) | Metropolitan area |
|---|---|---|
| Cergy-Pontoise | 199.938 | Paris / Île-de-France |
| Evry | 115.171 | Paris / Île-de-France |
| Marne-la-Vallée | 303,707 | Paris / Île-de-France |
| Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines | 227.137 | Paris / Île-de-France |
| Sénart | 123.704 | Paris / Île-de-France |
| Villeneuve-d'Ascq | 62,616 | Lille |
| L'Isle-d'Abeau | 44,015 | Lyon |
| Ouest Provence | 98.030 | Marseille |
| Val-de-Reuil | 12,969 | Rouen |
Comparison of the Villes nouvelles in Paris with the rest of the Villes nouvelles in France
|
Population of the Villes nouvelles |
||
| region | Number of Villes nouvelles | Population (2013) |
|---|---|---|
| Paris / Île-de-France | 5 | 969.657 |
| rest of France excluding the Paris area | 4th | 217.630 |
| France as a whole | 9 | 1,187,287 |
In 2013 France had 65,564,756 inhabitants. With 1,187,287 inhabitants in the Villes nouvelles in 2013 1.81% lived with it all the inhabitants of France in Villes nouvelles .
Influence on Belgium
The establishment of the university town of Louvain-la-Neuve in the 1970s after the Catholic University of Leuven separated into a French-speaking and a Dutch- speaking part can also be seen as the foundation of a Ville nouvelle .
literature
- Nikolaus Hellmeyr (Ed.): Experiment: City. The French Villes Nouvelles between project and image . Haus der Architektur, Graz 1994, ISBN 3-901174-12-5 ( documents on architecture 2), (exhibition catalog).
- Robert Schediwy : City Pictures. Reflections on the change in architecture and urbanism . 2nd Edition. Lit, Vienna 2005, ISBN 3-8258-7755-8 , pp. 276 ff .
- Theodoros Ioannidis: The Villes Nouvelles in the Île-de-France. Idea, realization and perspectives. Example case: Évry . Aachen 2003, p. 161 ff ., doi : 10.3239 / 9783638184489 (Master's thesis, TH Aachen).