Yuanzheng

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Yuanzheng ( Chinese  遠征 系列  /  远征 系列 , Pinyin Yuǎnzhēng Xìliè , German: Fernmarsch ) is a family of kick stages developed and built by the China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology for use with launch vehicles of the “ Long March ” (长征, Pinyin Chángzhēng ) type , so-called “ apogee motors ”, which make it possible to move spacecraft from a transfer orbit into a medium or geostationary orbit. The name was suggested by Long Lehao ​​(龙 乐 豪, * 1938), the former chief designer of Changzheng 3A . The launcher makes a long march out of the atmosphere, the kick stage then carries the payload higher and further.

background

Since the second and third stages of the Langer Marsch 2 and Langer Marsch 3 launchers can only be ignited once, they are not able to transform an elongated transfer orbit into a circular geosynchronous or geostationary orbit. Therefore, the China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology began in 2009 under the direction of Chen Yi (陈 益), the deputy head of Laboratory 13 of the main development department, with the development of an additional upper level, which in the original version one, in the variant Yuanzheng 2 two “ Liquid rocket engines 50D” (液体 火箭 发动机, Pinyin Yètǐ Huǒjiàn Fādòngjī , hence “YF-50D” for short) are used, which generate a vacuum thrust of 6.5 kN with a hypergolic , ie self-igniting fuel mixture of nitrous tetroxide and 1,1-dimethylhydrazine . Such an engine delivers a specific impulse of 315.5 s, in the case of the Yuanzheng 2 it is 321.2 s. The kick step family was first presented to the public by Ma Zhibin (马志滨) and his colleagues in 2013 in the specialist magazine Missiles and Space Vehicles , at that time only consisting of the Yuanzheng 1 for the Changzheng 3A and the Yuanzheng 2 for the Changzheng 5 , which is currently in development . The kick stage was first used on March 30, 2015, when a Yuanzheng 1 carried the experimental Beidou-3 IGSO 1-S (北斗 三号 试验 卫星 I1-S) navigation satellite into a geosynchronous orbit inclined by 55 ° .

A special case is the Yuanzheng 3, which was not developed by CAST, but by the Shanghai Academy for Space Technology (SAST). It works on the same principle, is about the same size as the Yuanzheng 1, but its engine has a little less thrust. In return, the Yuanzheng 3 with up to 10 satellites can carry significantly more payloads into orbit than the models from the China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology.

So far, all the Yuanzheng kick stages have been successful (as of January 2020).

variants

There are currently five versions of the kick stage:

Yuanzheng 1

The Yuanzheng 1 ( Chinese  遠征 一號  /  远征 一号 , Pinyin Yuǎnzhēng Yī Hào , YZ-1 for short ) was developed for the Changzheng 2C and Changzheng 3A launch vehicles. It has a diameter of 2.8 m, is designed for a life of 6.5 hours, can be detonated twice and put one or two satellites into medium earth orbit (2000–36,000 km) or geostationary orbit (35,786 km). The Yuanzheng 1 had its first mission on March 30, 2015 and its last mission for the time being on December 16, 2019, so far always with variants of the Changzheng 3 and always with Beidou navigation satellites (usually two per launch):

No. Time
( UTC ) 		Missile type Launch site payload Type of payload annotation
1 March 30, 2015
1:52 p.m. 		CZ-3C Xichang Beidou-3 IGSO 1-S Experimental satellite success
2 July 25, 2015
12:29 PM 		CZ-3B Xichang Beidou-3 M1-S
Beidou-3 M2-S 		Navigation satellites success
3 February 1, 2016
7:29 am 		CZ-3C Xichang Beidou-3 M3-S Navigation satellite success
4th November 5, 2017
11:45 AM 		CZ-3B Xichang Beidou-3 M1
Beidou-3 M2 		Navigation satellites success
5 January 11, 2018
11:18 PM 		CZ-3B Xichang Beidou-3 M3
Beidou-3 M4 		Navigation satellites success
6th February 12, 2018
5:03 am 		CZ-3B Xichang Beidou-3 M5
Beidou-3 M6 		Navigation satellites success
7th March 29, 2018
5:56 pm 		CZ-3B Xichang Beidou-3 M7
Beidou-3 M8 		Navigation satellites success
8th July 29, 2018
1:48 am 		CZ-3B Xichang Beidou-3 M9
Beidou-3 M10 		Navigation satellites success
9 August 24, 2018
11:52 PM 		CZ-3B Xichang Beidou-3 M11
Beidou-3 M12 		Navigation satellites success
10 September 19, 2018
2:07 p.m. 		CZ-3B Xichang Beidou-3 M13
Beidou-3 M14 		Navigation satellites success
11 October 15, 2018
4:23 am 		CZ-3B Xichang Beidou-3 M15
Beidou-3 M16 		Navigation satellites success
12 November 18, 2018
6:00 PM 		CZ-3B Xichang Beidou-3 M17
Beidou-3 M18 		Navigation satellites success
13 September 22, 2019
9:10 PM 		CZ-3B Xichang Beidou-3 M23
Beidou-3 M24 		Navigation satellites success
14th November 23, 2019
00:45 		CZ-3B Xichang Beidou-3 M21
Beidou-3 M22 		Navigation satellites success
15th December 16, 2019
7:22 am 		CZ-3B Xichang Beidou-3 M19
Beidou-3 M20 		Navigation satellites success

Yuanzheng 1A

The Yuanzheng 1A ( Chinese  遠征 一號 甲  /  远征 一号 甲 , Pinyin Yuǎnzhēng Yī Hào Jiǎ , YZ-1A for short ) was specially developed for the medium-weight launch vehicle Changzheng 7 . This is a basically structurally identical but reinforced version of the Yuanzheng 1, with a lifespan of at least 48 hours, which can be ignited 20 times and deploy up to seven satellites in a preprogrammed sequence in different orbits. To achieve this, the fuel supply for the YF-50D engine was switched to pump supply , which means that new fuel can be supplied again and again after the engine has been switched off while the kick stage is processing its program in orbit. In addition, the Yuanzheng 1A received improved control nozzles for position control and a system for precisely aligning the thrust vector of the main engine. The temperature control of the kick stage has also been improved. After completing its duties, the Yuanzheng 1A leaves orbit and enters the atmosphere, where it completely burns up, leaving no space debris.

The Yuanzheng 1 A has only been used once so far (as of January 2020), on June 25, 2016. On this occasion, the technology test satellite Aolong 1 (遨 龙 一号, German: ambling dragon ) was first deployed, which in turn came from the actual satellite with a gripper arm, as well as a small satellite, which represented a piece of space debris, with which the collection of medium and large pieces of debris should be practiced. Then the 12U cubesat Aoxiang zhi Xing (翱翔 之 星) of the Polytechnic University of Northwest China and the formation flight test satellites Tiange Feixingqi 1 and 2 (天 鸽 飞行器 一 、 二号) were deployed in different orbits. Afterwards, the kick stage, on which the experimental satellite refueling device Tianyuan 1 (天 源 der) of the University of Science and Technology of the National Defense was attached, acted as a service module for a miniaturized model of the return capsule during a test for the manned spacecraft of the new generation .

Yuanzheng 1S

The Yuanzheng 1S ( Chinese  遠征 一號 商業 型  /  远征 一号 商业 型 , Pinyin Yuǎnzhēng Yī Hào Shāngyè Xíng , German: Fernmarsch 1, commercial type , YZ-1S for short ) was originally developed for commercial satellite launches with the Changzheng 2C launcher . It only has a short lifespan of about an hour and ignites immediately after separating from the launcher's second stage. Until now (as of January 2020) the Yuanzheng 1S has only been used once. On October 9, 2018, it launched the two remote sensing satellites Yaogan 32-01 and 32-02 (遥感 三十 二号 01 组A 、 B ) into sun-synchronous orbit , where they took measurements of the electromagnetic field.

Yuanzheng 2

The Yuanzheng 2 ( Chinese  遠征 二號  /  远征 二号 , Pinyin Yuǎnzhēng Èr Hào , YZ-2 for short ) was specially developed for the Changzheng 5 heavy launch vehicle . It has a diameter of 3.8 m, weighs 1.8 t and has two YF-50D engines, which can be ignited twice and together generate a vacuum thrust of 13 kN or a specific impulse of 321.2 s. The lifespan of the kick stage, which can move up to four satellites or probes from a transfer orbit into low, medium and high orbits or an orbit around the moon, is seven hours. During this time, the two engines, supplied by pumps with fuel from two spherical tanks for nitrous tetroxide and 1,1-dimethylhydrazine , can work for a total of 1105 seconds (about 18.5 minutes).

When it was first deployed on November 3, 2016, the first two stages of the launch vehicle initially put the Shijian 17 experimental satellite into the wrong transfer orbit. However, the kick stage was able to compensate for this and lifted the satellite into the desired geostationary orbit so that the mission - the first flight of the Changzheng 5 - could be booked as a success. The Yuanzheng 2 also met all expectations when it was next used on December 27, 2019.

Yuanzheng 3

The Yuanzheng 3 ( Chinese  遠征 三號  /  远征 三号 , Pinyin Yuǎnzhēng Sān Hào , YZ-3 for short ) was originally called Tianyun 1 (天 运 一号, German: Himmelstransporter 1 ), from 2013 it was developed by the Shanghai Academy for Space Technology for The Changzheng-4 series and Changzheng 2D launch vehicles manufactured by this company were developed and presented to the public for the first time in November 2014 at the Zhuhai International Air and Space Exhibition . The kick stage is designed for a duration of 48 hours, can be ignited at least 20 times and can deploy up to 10 satellites in different orbits. The device has a diameter of 2.95 m and is 2.2 m high, the thrust of its engine , which works with dinitrogen tetroxide and 1,1-dimethylhydrazine , is 5 kN. So far, the Yuanzheng 3 has only been used once, on December 29, 2018. On this occasion, it used the experimental satellite Hongyan 1 (“鸿雁” 星座 首发 星, German: Schwanengans ) for a satellite-based Internet system with 60 satellites planned in a first phase until 2022 in low orbit, plus six Yunhai 2 atmospheric research satellites (云海 二号).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ 郭超凯: 揭秘 “远征” 上面 级 ： 卫星 的 “太空 摆渡 车”. In: m.chinanews.com. December 16, 2019, accessed January 9, 2020 (Chinese).
  2. ↑ 李柳青: 中国 运载火箭 技术 研究院 陈 益 副 主任 走进 130514 班 “榜样 论谈”. In: ase.buaa.edu.cn. December 13, 2013, accessed January 8, 2020 (Chinese).
  3. ↑ 马昆 、 马志滨 et al .: 上面 级 发展 现状 及 趋势 分析. In: 导弹 与 航天 运载 技术, 2013, 6, pp. 24–28.
  4. ↑ 中国 长征 八号 火箭 有望 两年 内 首飞 可回收 重复 使用. In: mil.sina.cn. November 6, 2018, accessed January 6, 2020 (Chinese).
  5. ↑ 张 素: 升级 版 的 中国 “太空 摆渡 车” 将 带来 什么？ In: chinanews.com. June 25, 2016, accessed January 8, 2020 (Chinese).
  6. ↑ 带 你 认识 远征 上面 级 “四 兄弟”. In: m.calt.com. Retrieved January 8, 2020 (Chinese).
  7. ↑ 我国 远征 上面 级 技术 国际 先进. In: calt.com. June 26, 2016, accessed January 8, 2020 (Chinese).
  8. ↑ 长征 七号 第 一次 飞行 ， 就 搭载 了 这些 VIP “乘客”. In: zhuanti.spacechina.com. June 26, 2016, accessed February 28, 2020 (Chinese).
  9. ↑ 松鼠: 中国 遨 龙 一号 飞行器 ​​领 全球 风骚 ： 用 机械臂 抓 太空 碎片. In: thepaper.cn. June 28, 2016, accessed January 9, 2020 (Chinese).
  10. ↑ 长征 七号 搭载 神秘 遨 龙 一号 测试 清理 太空 垃圾. In: mil.news.sina.com.cn. June 27, 2016, accessed January 9, 2020 (Chinese).
  11. ↑ 李国利 、 曾 涛 、 陈曦 、 梅常伟: 长征 七号 运载火箭 搭载 6 类 7 项 新型 载荷 均为 首次 发射 验证. In: gov.cn. June 26, 2016, accessed January 8, 2020 (Chinese).
  12. ↑ 郭超凯: 揭秘 “远征” 上面 级 ： 卫星 的 “太空 摆渡 车”. In: m.chinanews.com. December 16, 2019, accessed January 9, 2020 (Chinese).
  13. ↑ 李国利 、 李潇帆: 我国 成功 发射 遥感 三十 二号 ０１ 组 卫星. In: xinhuanet.com. October 9, 2018, accessed January 9, 2020 (Chinese).
  14. ^ Rui C. Barbosa: China conducts Long March 5 maiden launch. In: nasaspaceflight.com. November 2, 2016, accessed January 9, 2020 .
  15. ↑ 马昆 、 马志滨 et al .: 上面 级 发展 现状 及 趋势 分析. In: 导弹 与 航天 运载 技术, 2013, 6, p. 26.
  16. ↑ 张 素: 中国 航天 科技 集团 一 院 ： “太空 摆渡 车” 将 添 新款. In: chinadaily.com.cn. October 29, 2016, accessed January 8, 2020 (Chinese).
  17. ↑ Chris Gebhardt: Long March 5 conducts critical return to flight mission. In: nasaspaceflight.com. December 27, 2019, accessed January 9, 2020 .
  18. ↑ 张雪松: 国产 “太空 巴士” 争锋 珠海. In: new.qq.com. November 9, 2014, accessed January 10, 2020 (Chinese). The picture above shows the Yuanzheng 1.
  19. ↑ 地 王 星星: 天 运 一号 （TY-1） —— 航天 八 院 基于 肼 基 推进剂 的 多 星 上面 级. In: lt.cjdby.net. November 12, 2014, accessed January 10, 2020 (Chinese).
  20. ↑ 喻 菲 、 吴晶晶 、 姬 少 亭: “金牌 火箭” 护送 “悟空” 上 太空. In: xinhuanet.com. December 17, 2015, accessed January 10, 2020 (Chinese).
  21. ^ Rui C. Barbosa: Long March 2D concludes 2018 campaign with Hongyan-1 launch. In: nasaspaceflight.com. December 29, 2018, accessed January 10, 2020 .
  22. ↑ 胡 喆: “鸿雁 传 信 、 永不 失 联” ： “鸿雁” 星座 首发 星 成功 发射 一 期 60 颗 卫星 预计 2022 年 组网 运营. In: xinhuanet.com. December 29, 2018, accessed January 10, 2020 (Chinese).
  23. ↑ 李国利 、 李潇帆: 我国 成功 发射 6 颗 云海 二号 卫星 搭载 发射 鸿雁 星座 首颗 试验 星. In: xinhuanet.com. December 29, 2018, accessed January 10, 2020 (Chinese).