Random principle

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The principle of chance describes an operation or a method that makes use of the phenomenon of " chance " with regard to a procedure .

term

The term “randomness” is used in particular in connection with selection processes in different contexts and applications. It is a principle that is not subject to any fixed law or a specific intention. It is sometimes also referred to as a random process and can be implemented using a random generator . In general, the random principle is used wherever no prediction about the selected value may be possible (see also random sample ) or an effect aimed at by using the random principle is to be achieved. The use of the random principle can be implemented to different extents. In the musical and artistic field in particular, it is combined with other, planned processes or used only to a limited extent for certain parts of a work. Colloquially, the term “random principle” is also used when criticism is to be exercised and an opinion is to be presented. The aim is to declare an object such as training in journalism as random instead of systematic and thus to prove it negatively. Furthermore, it is controversially discussed in the context of evolutionary theory to what extent the origin of life is subject to a random process.

Applications

Games

This includes, in particular, the conditions of participation for competitions . This means that the winner is drawn from the group of all participants with completely equal chances . This is also known as the lottery procedure . Lottery tickets are considered to be the oldest form of gambling. Many tribes use stones, coins, buttons or even wood to make decisions by drawing lots. The principle of chance is also used in games of chance , such as the lottery or lotteries (e.g. the drawing of lottery numbers "6 out of 49" or "Bingo"), card games (e.g. "Poker") and dice games (e.g. B. "Kniffel"), spinning the wheel of fortune , at slot machines (eg the "one-armed bandit") or even when tossing a coin . The principle of randomness is also used in computer games, for example in order to implement different game processes when playing through several times and thus increase the replay value .

technology

In the context of information technology , for example, the selection of IP addresses takes place at random. When dialing into the Internet, the computer then receives an IP address from a pool of the respective provider that is still available, i. H. not yet taken is. For security, speed or other reasons, instead of predefined, fixed values, random values ​​are used, so that no prediction about the future IP address of a computer is possible before dialing in. Furthermore, random methods for coding and encrypting secret information are used specifically when transmitting military data, in particular, in order to ensure maximum data security.

music

This particularly includes the creation of pieces of music. The use of the principle of chance represents a special way of composing music titles. For example, the orchestral parts of the work by John Cage “Concerto for Prepared Piano and Chamber Orchestra” from 1951 a. a. on coin toss and lottery decisions by the Chinese oracle book I Ching . Furthermore, a musical dice game uses a random generator to create musical compositions, which Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart also used.

art

When creating pictures, the principle of randomness is used to create an effect on the picture that is not self-determined. For many artists, this represents an opportunity to fill art with life essentially determined by chance and to establish a connection in this regard. At the same time this should support the creative process of the painter. In this context, Max Ernst also coined the term “liberating procedures”. The concrete implementation of the random procedure ranges from the spraying of paint on canvas (" blotchography ") to so-called marble pictures and computer-animated color control. The first influences of the principle of chance in art can be traced back to Leonardo da Vinci . As other artists are here u. a. to mention: Marcel Duchamp , Hans Arp and Joan Miró .

pedagogy

This includes selection procedures for the composition of groups for cooperative learning. For pedagogical reasons, learning groups are often not put together according to specific, fixed rules. The aim is to promote cooperative learning . This is to ensure that as many learners as possible actively participate in the learning process. The realization of the group selection can u. a. done by drawing playing cards, postcards or puzzle pieces.

Other uses

This includes u. a. Random checks . For example, speed checks by the police in a city are not carried out progressively or according to any other logical pattern, but rather according to the principle of chance. Other applications include a. Controls of employees to reduce theft in companies and terror controls at airports or quality controls as part of the quality assurance of products. Overall, this serves to ensure that such control actions cannot be predicted and to refute the accusation of arbitrariness. Furthermore, surveys of people can also be carried out at random in order to create an independent picture of their opinion, for example in the case of an upcoming election .

Mathematical modeling

The investigation of possible outcomes of random selection procedures falls within the field of probability theory . These can be viewed as random variables and thus computationally recorded.

literature

  • Hartmut Kuthan: The principle of chance: From event to law. Self publication . Engelsdorfer Verlag, Leipzig 2012, ISBN 978-3-86268-892-0 .
  • Robert M. Gray: Probability, Random Processes and Ergodic Properties. 2nd Edition. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg 2009, ISBN 978-1-4419-1089-9 .
  • Eberhardt Brügel: Praxis Kunst Random Process: Materials for Secondary Sector 1 and 2. Schroedel Verlag, Hannover 1996, ISBN 3-507-10234-X .
  • Peter Gendolla, Thomas Kamphusmann: The arts of chance. Suhrkamp Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1999, ISBN 3-518-29032-0 .
  • Alfred Beaujeau, Brigitte Esser: Harenberg cultural guide concert. Meyers Lexikon Verlag, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-411-76161-X .
  • Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Musical dice game: Instructions, waltz and grinder to compose with two dice. (Sheet music) Schott Music Distribution, Mainz 2003, ISBN 979-0-00105229-0 .
  • Christian Janecke, Heinz Neidel: Art and Chance. Verlag für modern arts, Nuremberg 1995, ISBN 3-928342-51-7 .
  • Ludger Brüning, Tobias Saum: Teaching successfully through cooperative learning: strategies for student activation. Volume 1, 5th edition. Neue Deutsche Schule Verlagsgesellschaft, Essen 2009, ISBN 978-3-87964-306-6 .
  • Manfred Eigen, Ruthild Winkler: The game: Natural laws control chance . Rieck Verlag, Eschborn 2010, ISBN 978-3-924043-95-7 .
  • Jacques Monod: Chance and Necessity. Philosophical questions in modern biology. 6th edition. Piper Verlag, Munich 1992, ISBN 978-3-492-01913-2 .

Web links

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Helmut Groß: Entry into journalism: training according to the random principle: Most volunteers learn too little. In: The time. October 15, 1982 No. 42, p. 1. ( accessed online January 4, 2013)
  2. ↑ Julia Lohrmann: Games of chance from broadcast: Las Vegas - dream and nightmare. September 30, 2008 ( online access January 5, 2013)
  3. ^ Alfred Beaujeau, Brigitte Esser: Harenberg cultural guide concert. Meyers Lexikon Verlag, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-411-76161-X , p. 168.
  4. ↑ Frank Schulz: Art and Chance No. 179. In: Art and teaching. Friedrich Verlag, Hannover 1994, p. 22.
  5. ↑ Product information: Schlagenhauf MTS-electronic GmbH, Albstadt ( accessed online on January 5, 2013)