Second job market

Under Second labor market is understood in the work sociological meaning all non-working union or remunerated with reduced wages, occupational same or -like functions that are exercised in most cases outside their own four walls and almost always organized by an institutional sponsorship, regardless of whether they are subsidized or not subsidized by the state, the churches or foundations or the like. In general, the state-subsidized second job market is particularly well known. In most cases, the so-called second labor market is not a market where supply and demand meet. Despite the similar name, it is therefore not a job market, but an occupation that is not important in the economy but in social work .

term

The term “ second labor market” is not conclusive and generally accepted. In another sense of the word and activities are partly in the context of civil work and volunteering counted it. Due to the official employment programs, the term second labor market is very often equated with state-subsidized labor market.

In Germany, employment programs for people with few opportunities in the first labor market are also referred to as third labor market and are used in politics as well as in literature. In Switzerland the term “ third labor market” is meaningless even in the specialist press; The term labor deployment is often encountered, which is not historically burdened in Switzerland.

Work under the civil service are rare in the literature as second labor market referred to, even though analogies are present at the functional level.

Situation in Germany

In Germany, the term second labor market refers to all state- subsidized employment relationships. These include, above all, the job creation measures (ABM) and the structural adjustment measures (SAM).

The aim of the second labor market is in particular that those employed there can be better integrated into the regular (first) labor market. In the critical press, the measures are accused of being inefficient.

The second labor market is particularly important in eastern Germany, where it is used more to reduce unemployment and less to promote professional development for those employed there. It thus serves social peace .

With the Hartz concept , the funds available for subsidized work were significantly reduced and attempts were made to increase the efficiency of the measures.

Situation in Switzerland

The second job market in Switzerland plays a role above all for so-called displaced persons. These are people who live on welfare because they no longer receive benefits from unemployment insurance . In 2005, as part of a study commissioned by the State Secretariat for Economic Affairs, a little over 1,000 controlled people were asked about their situation. 48 percent already had a job again. Only three percent were in an employment program (second labor market). The possibility of participating in a job is generally considered to be the best solution for maintaining social peace and for the development of the individual and his talents.

In Switzerland, departments of communal administrations or foundations are the main organizers of work assignments for people who live on social assistance ( statutory economic assistance ) (in 2003 the share of social assistance was around three percent of the total of all social benefits provided in Switzerland). Labor deployment foundations are usually approved by the responsible canton. The communities then draw up framework agreements with the foundations of their choice so that they can assign people to the foundations. The municipalities pay the foundations to organize the work. The foundations themselves offer jobs in the primary labor market in order to organize work with those participating in the secondary labor market. The bottom line is that the financing of these foundations should be cheaper for the public sector. There is sometimes competition among the foundations. The sociology of social firms has not yet been systematically researched, but there are approaches to systematization.

In a labor deployment foundation of the second labor market, the work performed by the participants is often calculated with a reduced wage, which is therefore subject to premiums for the AHV and unemployment insurance and also triggers tax liability . Employment in the second labor market therefore has the character of a wage-reduced employment compared to the first labor market. In Switzerland, the disbursement of social welfare money can be linked to the condition of participation in a work assignment in the second labor market. In the canton of Geneva , those receiving social assistance have the right to participate in a cantonal employment program. This right is sometimes criticized as inefficient because it exceeds the canton's economic possibilities.

Employment foundations also organize apprenticeships for young people who have dropped out of school or who have completed vocational training . A young person can obtain a federal professional certificate with an apprenticeship . Individual foundations are also active as work sites for community service workers.

In addition to the cantonally approved labor deployment foundations (first wing of the second labor market), there are also other labor deployment associations and foundations that organize voluntary work for social assistance recipients and others, sometimes as daily or project-specific assignments or as a normal professional structure (second wing of the second labor market), for example in the mountain forest. These associations and foundations often do not have their own employees and the participants are not assigned by the social welfare office. The work is free of charge and no wages are paid. A participant continues to receive their money from the social welfare office. Voluntary labor associations or foundations often do not sell any goods or services when using social assistance recipients (or only at a very low price to cover material costs) because this could result in the risk of price dumping compared to the primary labor market. The advantage of non-officially approved labor associations (purely professional and industry-specific certification but partially available) is that they allow simple work to be done, but are also flexible in providing professional infrastructures for experienced professionals in order to be able to expand their professional knowledge or for To offer less qualified assistance. This increases the chance of re-entering the first job market. The field of activity of voluntary labor associations are activities for the benefit of the general public or tax-exempt non-profit organizations .

The goals of the second labor market include a. To be able to communicate the daily structural integration of job seekers as well as a certain period of time to future employers by means of a new, written proof of work. Such an activity is used to support therapy, especially for people with addictions. Critics complain that the compulsory involvement of experienced professionals in structures that are in some cases strongly geared towards the needs of addicts has a de-socializing, infantilizing and educational effect and could prolong the stay in social welfare. The re-evaluation of the professional biography by the social welfare office is in danger of being based on a transrational orientation model, which strains the human right to choose one's own profession and the ideological neutrality of the state and can be perceived by those affected as forced conversion. A standard criticism that is often expressed about work assignments is that they are too expensive for the state. In addition, there is a risk that individual companies will in some cases save costs and well-paid jobs by outsourcing production processes to social companies and thereby engaging in wage dumping .

The social researchers at the Lucerne University of Applied Sciences categorize the funding offers for those who are out of control in the Canton of Zurich into four types: Type 1 clarification and assessment , Type 2 placement in the primary labor market , Type 3 qualification and Type 4 employment and stabilization . The labor deployment projects in the second labor market are to be assigned to type 4. In the canton of Zurich, there were 53 offers (of a total of 128 of all four types with 4,400 annual places), from which the municipalities, the regional employment centers RAV and the disability insurance (due to the change in character of the IV from pension to integration Insurance) as assigning bodies. 16 of the Type 4 offers had EduQua certification. With type 4, a Zurich community paid an average of CHF 1,298 per month for a work placement. Part of this was in turn paid out to the participants as wages, which reduced the benefit of the social assistance paid directly to the participants.

Social researchers at the Lucerne University of Applied Sciences have identified various ways of improving the organization of the second job market. In their opinion, there are sometimes duplications, coordination problems, a lack of clarity in the offers, poorly coordinated assignments for a participant, few opportunities for comparison due to conceptual ambiguities and no uniform basis for quality control and development. Individual labor deployment foundations counter these problems with a modular structure of labor deployment in order to be able to help a participant in a targeted and thus cost-effective manner. Political forces warn against a purely market-driven cost orientation in social affairs, because the totalization of the economy is part of the problem.

In 2007, the University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland examined the categories of participants in the second labor market for the canton of Aargau : in 2006 there were 1,365 unemployed (customers of unemployment insurance), 474 displaced persons (recipients of social assistance), 2,624 people with disabilities, 305 asylum seekers / Refugees and 180 prisoners in the penal system in Lenzburg . That is a total of 4967 people at 3331 workstations with almost 1.3 million hours of work, i.e. the annual working time of around 620 employees. There were also those doing civilian service, the number of which is not available for the canton of Aargau, as civilian service is organized at the federal level. 46 percent of the recordable working hours were performed by the unemployed category. 79 percent of the work places were in the category of people with disabilities, which 53 percent of the participants organized.

In 2010, the Swiss Conference for Social Welfare, SKOS, proposed to pursue a strategy for vocational and social integration that was no longer geared towards the first labor market, but focused on job opportunities in the second labor market. The goal is permanent jobs for long-term unemployed social assistance recipients with no prospect of integration into the labor market. The focus is on activating social assistance, which is preferable to simply providing those affected with funds. Many jobs and services are no longer affordable under market conditions and can therefore be used by the second labor market. SKOS proposes a federal law on livelihood security and professional and social integration. A previously necessary step is that social welfare legislation becomes a federal matter.

See also

• Publicly funded employment sector (ÖBS)
• underemployment

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Daniel C. Aeppli et al .: The situation of the outsourced in Switzerland. (= Seco publication. ) (= Labor market policy. No. 21) Bern 2006, pp. 18–24. Online: seco.admin.ch ( Memento from June 27, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (accessed on: June 2, 2012).
2. ↑ http://www.gemeinderat-zuerich.ch/DocumentLoader.aspx?ID=e1e48558-ae63-40c8-b317-0b6834d8a3b2&Title=2009_0590.pdf (accessed on: June 4, 2012).
3. ↑ Archive link ( Memento of the original dated November 16, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (accessed on: June 2, 2012).  
4. ↑ Archive link ( Memento of the original from April 26, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (accessed on: June 4, 2012).  
5. ↑ http://www.hslu.ch/s-101808_sa_05__015_018_.pdf (accessed on: June 4, 2012).
6. ↑ http://www.derarbeitsmarkt.ch/arbeitsmarkt/de/themen/_/Arbeitslösungen/Zweiter+Arbeitsmarkt/ (accessed on: June 2, 2012).
7. ^ Daniel C. Aeppli: Effects of employment programs on controlled unemployed. (National Research Program 45 of the Swiss National Science Foundation ) Basel u. a., p. 3. Online: PDF (accessed on: June 2, 2012).
8. ↑ Archive link ( Memento of the original dated May 8, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (accessed on: June 2, 2012).  
9. ↑ Archive link ( Memento of the original from October 5, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (accessed on: June 2, 2012)  
10. ↑ http://www.treffpunkt-arbeit.ch/daten/Broschuere/716_800_D_2011_web.pdf (from p. 22) (accessed on: June 4, 2012)
11. ↑ http://www.bergwaldprojekt.ch/de/teilhaben/freiwilligenarbeit-bergwald.php (accessed on: June 2, 2012).
12. ↑ http://www.appenzellerzeitung.ch/ostschweiz/stgallen/rheintal/rt-au/Zweiter-Arbeitsmarkt;art168,1454896 (accessed on: June 4, 2012).
13. ↑ Page no longer available , search in web archives: alt.haelfte.ch (accessed on: June 2, 2012).
14. ↑ Page no longer available , search in web archives: derarbeitsmarkt.ch (accessed on: June 2, 2012).
15. ↑ Kurt Wyss: Mainly work? On the problem of social firms. In: IG Sozialhilfe. No. 17, Zurich 2012.
16. ↑ Page no longer available , search in web archives: rheintaler.ch (accessed on: June 4, 2012).
17. ↑ PA_FOC: SOZIALHILFEEMPFÄNGER: Labor input far too expensive. In: Focus Online . June 27, 1994. Retrieved October 14, 2018 . 
18. ↑ Werner Riedweg et al .: Inventory of the offers to promote professional and social integration in the area of ​​social assistance in the Canton of Zurich. Hochschule Luzern, 2011, p. 4–6 / p. 50 / p. 61. Online: Sozialamt.zh.ch (accessed on: June 2, 2012).
19. ^ Daniel Schaufelberger / Eva Mey: Many measures - little overview. In: Socially current. No. 5 May 2010 p. l. Online: PDF (accessed on: June 4, 2012).
20. ↑ http://www.sah.ch/data/CD7EE6DA/Konzept_IV_Juni08.pdf (accessed on: June 4, 2012).
21. ↑ Page no longer available , search in web archives: evppev.ch (accessed on: June 4, 2012).
22. ^ Stefan Bader: Second job market in Aargau. Olten, 2007, p. 24f. (PDF-S. 30f) Page no longer available , search in web archives: ag.ch
23. ↑ Archive link ( Memento of the original from May 15, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (accessed on: July 11, 2012).