List of Hittite rock reliefs and rock inscriptions in Turkey

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İvriz rock relief

This list includes the well-known Hittite rock reliefs and rock inscriptions in Turkey . On the one hand, they come from the late period of the Hittite Empire between the 14th and 12th centuries BC. BC, on the other hand from the time of the late Hittite kingdoms and city-states, which emerged after the fall of the great empire in Anatolia and northern Syria. Some of these are pictorial reliefs that are carved into the rock and often contain inscriptions, and some are pure inscriptions. The texts are written in Luwian hieroglyphics . The list is limited to works that are carved into the rock ; steles or orthostats are not included.

Origin and interpretation

The sculptures appear from the early 14th or 13th century BC. Chr. On. In three reliefs (Manisa, Hanyeri, İmamkullu) a prince Ku (wa) lanamuwa appears , a name that also appears in a cuneiform text from the time of Muršili II . If these people are identical, the three reliefs with a creation in the late 14th century would be the oldest, otherwise this rank is the representation of Muwatallis II on Sirkeli Höyük. In their iconography , they are largely similar to the royal seals of this era at the beginning, i.e. they mainly contain a picture of the ruler and an inscription with name, origin and title. Occasionally images of gods are added, in the case of Manisa the image of the god stands alone. Those depicted or mentioned in inscriptions are mostly great kings of the empire, but also princes (Hanyeri, İmamkullu, Manisa, Malkaya, Suratkaya), kings of vassal states (Karabel, Hatip) or high officials (Taşçı). According to a different researcher opinion, the people depicted in warrior clothes are at least partially not represented by the rulers, but rather a god, perhaps in an apotropaic , i.e. disaster-protecting function. It is generally assumed that the representations should document the ruler's claim to power over the respective landscape. In the case of a few (Karabel, Hatip, Suratkaya) it can be assumed that they are border markings; in general, such a statement is problematic because the borders of the Hittite regions and their neighboring states are only very imprecisely known. Occasionally, a cultic significance of the place can also be assumed.

It was not until the end of the great empire, under the last great king Šuppiluliuma II. , That the first large inscription (Nişantaş) with a description of the deeds of his father Tudḫaliya IV was written Yalburt left. Similar extensive inscriptions, occasionally in connection with a picture, were created in the following period of the successor states of the Hittite Empire. For a long time, the inscriptions (Karadağ, Kızıldağ, Burunkaya) from King Hartapu , who described himself as the Great King, were considered to be the oldest. After the discovery of the stele of Türkmen-Karahöyük , however, it was in the 8th century BC. Dated. According to this, those in the late 12th century BC are likely. The earliest rock inscriptions originated from Runtija von Melid (Gürün, Kötükale). Between the 10th and 8th centuries BC. nbsp; Chr. Finally, a number of inscriptions (Bulgarian, Hisarçık, Karaburna, Malpınar, Şırzı, Suvasa, Tanır, Topada) and reliefs (Gökbez, İvriz, Karasu) were created. The texts are mostly reports about military, but also structural or other actions of the respective regents. These works, like those of the great empire, certainly served representative purposes. Whether the increase in written works could indicate that the ability to read the hieroglyphic texts among the people had increased cannot be determined for the time being.

Beykoy Ermenek Fıraktın Gavurkale Hanyeri Hatip Hemite İmamkullu Carabel Keben Malkaya Manisa Meydancıkkale Sirkeli Suratkaya Taçın Taşçı Yazılıkaya Nişantaş

Location of the reliefs and inscriptions of the Great Empire

Reliefs and inscriptions from the Hittite Empire

Explanation : Some fields in the table can be sorted. Columns 2 and 3 are sorted alphabetically when you click on the arrow in the header. The penultimate column is sorted according to the time of creation, the last column according to the date of the first publication.

image	Name / place	District / Province coordinates	Location description	inscription	Dating Erected by / under	researched or described by (selection)
More pictures	Beyköy * also Yumruktepe	İhsaniye / Afyonkarahisar 39 ° 2 ′ 50.8 ″  N , 30 ° 28 ′ 22.9 ″  E	On the hill of Yumruktepe east of Beyköy Right half of a heavily weathered winged sun, next to it indefinable characters. A nearby inscription reported by Franz Steinherr with reference to Leopold Messerschmidt can no longer be found.	Interpretation as inscription uncertain.	after Steinherr's great empire times, u. a. Jutta Börker-Klähn also thinks a later emergence is possible. Installer unclear	Steinherr , 1965 Gonnet , 1979 Rossner , 1988 Ehringhaus , 2005
	Ermenek *	Ermenek / Karaman 36 ° 37 ′ 41 ″  N , 32 ° 53 ′ 37 ″  E **	On the Bezciler hill south of Ermenek, lost today Male figure facing left, framed, gable-shaped at the top	no	after Bittel, perhaps the time of the Great Empire, Kohlmeyer considers a later emergence up to Roman times to be likely. Installer unclear	Bittel , 1939, first note from Kohlmeyer , 1983 Rossner , 1988
More pictures	Fıraktın	Develi / Kayseri 38 ° 16 ′ 18 ″  N , 35 ° 37 ′ 54 ″  E	On the Enzel Dere stream, a tributary of the Zamantı Irmağı, near the village of Fıraktın In two fields Hattušili III. and Puduhepa , at an altar facing the weather god and the sun goddess Ḫepat and relishing , on the right a third field with writing	On the heads of the royal couple, Hattušili and Puduhepa are named as great king and queen, in the right field Puduhepa is referred to as "daughter of the land of Kizzuwatna , loved by the god".	13th century BC Chr. Tudhalija IV. , Son of the portrayed	Sayce , 1880 Announcement of the discovery Ramsay and Hogarth , 1892 first publication Chantre , 1893/94 Akurgal , 1961 Alkim , 1968 Bittel , 1976 Kohlmeyer , 1983 Rossner , 1988 Ehringhaus , 2005
More pictures	Gavurkale	Haymana / Ankara 39 ° 31 ′ 53 ″  N , 32 ° 33 ′ 32 ″  E	On a rocky knoll northwest of the village of Dereköy Two large figures of gods in warrior clothes (or a god and a ruler?), To the left a smaller, seated female deity. Identification is not possible because there is no inscription. On the back of the cliff a chamber, according to Akurgal a burial chamber.	no	Great Empire (approx. 1350–1200 BC) Creator unknown	Perrot and Guillaume , 1861 discovery of the standing gods Olmstead 1907/8 discovery of the seated goddess, no publication from the east , 1926 publication of the seated Akurgal , 1945 and 1949 burial chamber Kohlmeyer , 1983 Rossner , 1988 Lumsden , 2002 Ehringhaus , 2005
More pictures	Hanyeri also gezbel	Tufanbeyli / Kayseri 38 ° 12 ′ 48.3 "  N , 36 ° 0 ′ 53.8"  E	Near the village of Hanyeri on the road from Tufanbeyli to Develi Figure dressed as a warrior, on the left a bull on the shoulders of two mountain gods or, according to other interpretations, on an altar and a mountain god. Two inscriptions on the left, in front of the head of the man and the bull, and another on the right of the figure, possibly added later.	The left inscription describes the sitter as the son of a king with the name Ku (wa) lanamuwa and the bull as the god Sarruma . The prince's name also appears in the reliefs of Manisa and Imamkullu. In the right-hand inscription, which is doubled in mirror image, Hawkins also reads the prince's title and the name Tarabuntabijammi , which may be related to the Tarḫuntabija mentioned in the relief of Hemite .	13th century BC Chr. Presumably the depicted Prince Ku (wa) lanamuwa , on the right the named Tarḫuntabijammi has probably immortalized himself .	Ali Rıza Yalgın, museum director in Adana, 1939, publication in an Ankaran daily newspaper, 1940 in TTAED Bossert , 1945 pictures and copies Kohlmeyer , 1983 Rossner , 1988 Ehringhaus , 2005
More pictures	Hatip	Meram / Konya 37 ° 45 ′ 52.5 "  N , 32 ° 24 ′ 7.5"  E	On a steep slope near Hatip, south of Konya city ​​center . Figure dressed as a warrior, turned to the right, with a lance, sword and bow, wearing a short skirt, pointed shoes and a pointed hat. Left inscription with name and title	The text designates the person as Kurunta , great king, hero, son of Muwatalli. Kurunta was the son of Muwattalli II. And Tudḫaliya IV. Installed as ruler of Tarḫuntašša . Later he was probably also the Great King of the Hittite Empire for a short time.	End of the 13th century BC Chr. Presumably built by Kurunta.	Osman Ermişler, museum assistant at the Konya Museum, 1993 Bahar discovery , 1996 first publication Dinçol , 1998 Ehringhaus , 2005
More pictures	Hemite also Hamite, Hamide	Osmaniye / Osmaniye 37 ° 11 ′ 3.9 "  N , 36 ° 5 ′ 35.5"  E	At today's village of Gökçedam on the right, northern bank of the Ceyhan River Male figure dressed as a warrior with lance, bow and sword, hieroglyphics on the right in the back of the figure	Designation of the sitter as ... tarḫunta, prince, son of Tarḫuntabija, the prince . There may be a connection between the father's name and the Tarḫuntabijammi mentioned in Hanyeri .	late Great Empire, 13th century BC Chr. The donor name is not completely legible. The name of the father Tarḫuntabija appears in the list of witnesses to the Ulmitessuba treaty, which dates back to the time of Hattušili III. (ruled around 1265–1240 BC) is dated. This means that the relief can be dated to the final phase of the great empire.	Bossert , on the Karatepe expedition in 1947 Alfonso Archi , 1969 Kohlmeyer , 1983 Rossner , 1988 Ehringhaus , 2005
More pictures	İmamkullu also İmamkulu	Tomarza / Kayseri 38 ° 14 ′ 46 ″  N , 35 ° 55 ′ 45 ″  E	South of the village of İmamkullu on the slope of the Bey Dağı on a free-standing trachyte block. Divided into three fields: on the left an armed male figure with inscription, in the middle the weather god on a chariot pulled by a bull. God and chariot stand on three mountain gods, which in turn stand on hybrid beings. On the right a unveiling goddess, probably Šawuška / Ištar , facing the weather god and standing on a stylized tree. A flying bird between god and goddess.	In the left field in front of the head of the figure, the founder is referred to as the son of a king with the name Ku (wa) lanamuwa . A prince of this name also appears on the reliefs of Hanyeri and Manisa.	late Great Empire, 13th century BC Chr. The founder is probably Prince Ku (wa) lanamuwa, shown on the left	Kemaleddin Karamete, 1934 Delaporte discovery , 1935 Yellow , 1935 Alp , 1947 Wäfler , 1966 Börker-Klähn , 1975 Meriggi , 1975 Kohlmeyer , 1983 Rossner , 1988 Ehringhaus , 2005
More pictures	Carabel	Kemalpaşa / Izmir 38 ° 22 ′ 14 ″  N , 27 ° 27 ′ 21.5 ″  E	At Mount Nif Dağı , across the road from Torbalı to Kemalpaşa, at the Karabel Geçidi pass In a niche the image of a warrior striding to the right, the inscription in front of his head. Another, similar, but much poorer-preserved relief (Karabel B) and two inscriptions (Karabel C 1 and C 2 ) were destroyed during the construction of the pass road between 1977 and 1982.	In the inscription, the sitter is identified as Tarkasnawa , King of Mira . Alantallis, also King of Mira, is named as the father. The name of the grandfather is not readable, but it can very likely Kupanta- d KAL accepted.	Great Empire, 13th century BC BC, during the reign of the great king Tudḫaliya IV. Presumably built by Tarkasnawa on the Mira border.	Already known in antiquity, wrongly classified as Egyptian by Herodotus . Described many times since then, including: Texier , 1839, first drawing Kiepert , 1840, identification as Anatolian Sayce , 1890, assignment as Hittite Bittel , 1967 Kohlmeyer , 1983, last description by Karabel B – C Rossner , 1988 Hawkins , 1998, new translation Ehringhaus , 2005
	Keben *	Silifke / Mersin 36 ° 25 '59 "  N , 33 ° 43' 40.9"  E	In a steep wall high above the valley of Kalykadnos near the village of Keben, next to an ancient military road. In a niche the image of a female figure turned to the right in high relief.	No inscription, so dating difficult.	After Taşyürek and Ehringhaus times of the Great Reich, after Kohlmeyer late Hittite. Builder unknown.	M. Belen, Museum Director Silifke, 1975, first report Taşyürek , 1976, first published by Kohlmeyer , 1983 Rossner , 1988 Ehringhaus , 2005
More pictures	Malkaya	Kırşehir / Kırşehir 39 ° 8 ′ 36.7 ″  N , 34 ° 0 ′ 48.1 ″  E	12 kilometers west of Kırşehir, in the open field about a hundred meters northeast of the road to Yağmurlukale A free-standing, irregularly shaped stone block about six meters in diameter, six inscriptions spread over all sides, partly destroyed and fragmentary. No pictorial representations.	A continuous reading is not possible. A prince x-ziti , his father (?) Ura-Tarhunda and a princess x-parinaia are mentioned , who cannot be identified.	Great Empire, 14th or 13th century BC Chr. Creator unknown, possibly several.	Hans von Aulock , 1947, Bossert discovery , 1950 and 1956, first published by Rossner , 1988 Ehringhaus , 2005 Hawkins , 2006
More pictures	Manisa also Akpınar, Turkish Taş Suret (rock painting ) or Sipil Heykeli (Sipylos monument)	Manisa / Manisa 38 ° 35 ′ 52 ″  N , 27 ° 30 ′ 0 ″  E	In a granite slope of the Sipylos Mountains above the Akpınar suburb of Manisa. A sitting, 3.2 meter high figure in high relief with a pointed headgear, the feet on a stool. To the right of the head remains of two inscriptions (Akpınar 1 and 2). The interpretation is unclear; Cybele, another female deity, but also the weather god or a mountain god are suggested.	In Akpınar 1 the name Kuwalanamuwa could be read, which also appears in the reliefs of Hanyeri and İmamkullu. It is unclear whether the same person is designated. Akpınar 2 cannot be read.	Great Empire period, probably 14th century BC During the reign of Šuppiluliuma I or Muršili II. Builder perhaps the named Kuwalanamuwa	Already known in antiquity, seen by Pausanias as the work of Broteas . Numerous visitors from the 17th century: Georg Weber, 1880, first detailed description Sayce , 1880 Bossert , 1954, first reading Bittel , 1983 Kohlmeyer , 1983 Poetto , 1988 Rossner , 1988 Ehringhaus , 2005
	Meydancıkkale *	Gülnar / Mersin 36 ° 16 ′ 32 ″  N , 33 ° 26 ′ 32 ″  E	Fortress on a ship-shaped hilltop According to Laroche, a great king cartouche by Muwattalli, reliefs and inscriptions in the entrance area. No photos or further description, not found by Rossner, no further mentions. According to Casabonne, never existed.	Unknown	Great Empire, 13th century BC In the reign of Muwattalli II.	Laroche , 1972 and 1974, only mention of Rossner , 1985/1987, two unsuccessful visits to Casabonne , 1999
More pictures	Nişantaş	Boğazkale / Çorum 40 ° 0 ′ 47.5 ″  N , 34 ° 37 ′ 2.7 ″  E	On the edge of the Nişantepe hill in the urban area of ​​the Hittite capital Ḫattuša near Boğazkale, formerly Boğazköy Eleven-line inscription in high relief, 9 meters wide and 2.40 meters high.	Badly weathered and difficult to read. At the beginning, under a winged sun, the name of the last great king Šuppiluliuma II. , Then his descent from Tudḫaliya IV. And Ḫattušili III. Possibly an account of the facts of the Tudḫaliya father	End of the great empire, in the reign of Šuppiluliuma II. At the turn of the 13th to the 12th century BC. Chr. Builder Šuppiluliuma II.	Perrot , 1861, first photograph Charles (Cornell Expedition), 1907 Bossert , 1933 Steinherr , 1972, complete recording of the text Rossner , 1988 Ehringhaus , 2005
More pictures	Sirkeli	Ceyhan / Adana 37 ° 0 ′ 13.8 "  N , 35 ° 44 ′ 45.2"  E	In a rock face near the Sirkeli Höyük settlement on the western bank of the Ceyhan . Male figure turned to the left in a long robe, recognizable as a great king by a calamus (crook) in his hand. An inscription behind the figure. A little to the north a niche that contained another, later carved relief.	The inscription identifies the sitter as the Great King Muwatalli II.	Great Empire, reign of Muwatalli II (1294/1295 to 1272 BC) Built for Muwatalli	Ali Riza Yalgın, Hâmit Zübeyir Koşay , discovery in the early 1930s Yellow , 1932 First drawing and photos Garstang , 1937 Güterbock , 1937 Meriggi inscription , 1975 Kohlmeyer , 1983 Rossner , 1988 Ehringhaus , 2005
	Suratkaya	Milas / Muğla 37 ° 30 ′ 32 ″  N , 27 ° 40 ′ 46 ″  E ***	Under an overhang of the Suratkaya elevation in the east of the Latmos Mountains Six groups of hieroglyphics	No coherent text. Several unknown names of princes, mention of the land of Mira . The most important group of characters in terms of size and location names a grand prince , probably Kupantakurunta of Mira.	Great Empire, late 14th to early 13th century BC BC, before the appointment of Kupantakurunta as King of Mira by Mursili II. Builder perhaps Kupantakurunta.	Peschlow-Bindokat , 2000, Ehringhaus discovery , 2005
	Taçın *	Bünyan / Kayseri 38 ° 49 ′ 12 ″  N , 36 ° 4 ′ 36 ″  E **	On the Beşiktaş hill near Topsöğüt (formerly Taçın), today destroyed A line of text	Two king names, cartouches with a possible great king mark not preserved.	according to Bossert possibly during the Great Empire Builder unknown	Bossert , 1947 Discovery of Güterbock , 1956 Rossner , 1988
More pictures	Taşçı	Develi / Kayseri 38 ° 11 ′ 55.5 ″  N , 35 ° 46 ′ 52 ″  E	Two reliefs south of Taşçı , on the west bank of the Şamaz Dere river, also Homur Suyu. Taşçı A shows three deeply carved figures, the left female. Here some details can still be seen, to the right the state of preservation deteriorates. Inscriptions on the left and above the heads that the figure on the right have not been preserved. The relief is hidden up to the waist in the alluvial soil. About 100 meters south on a stone Taşçı B, a single carved male figure with a round cap and long robe. Three weathered hieroglyphs can be seen under the outstretched arms.	Taşçı A: Only the inscription on the left figure can be read as Ma-na-a-za / i, daughter of Lubakki, the son of the army clerk . To the left of the figures is the name of the bodyguard Zida, servant of Hattušili , the great king, the hero . The reading of the inscription from Taşçı B is controversial.	Great Empire, reign of Ḫattušili III. (13th century BC) Donor perhaps the named but not shown bodyguard Zida .	Rott , 1906, discovery and brief publication Taşçı A with treatment of the inscription by Messerschmidt Gelb , 1932 excavation of the lower half of Taşçı A Alp , Akurgal , 1947, discovery Taşçı B Meriggi , 1975 Kohlmeyer , 1983 Rossner , 1988 Ehringhaus , 2005
More pictures	Yazılıkaya	Boğazkale / Çorum 40 ° 1 ′ 31 ″  N , 34 ° 37 ′ 58 ″  E	Rock sanctuary two kilometers northeast of the Hittite capital Ḫattuša near Boğazkale, formerly Boğazköy Numerous reliefs in two chambers, including several great king Tudḫaliya IV and two processions of male and female gods. (see main article)	The figures of gods in the processions are identified by largely legible inscriptions, and the great king is named in two name cartouches.	Great Empire, reign of Tudḫaliya IV (late 13th century BC) Founder Chamber A, perhaps Tudḫaliya IV., Chamber B, possibly his burial place, probably his son Šuppiluliuma II.	Texier , 1834, discovery and first description with drawings by Barth and Mordtmann , 1858, uncovering chamber B Sayce , 1890, identification as Hittite Humann , 1882, casts Bittel , 1938, excavations and descriptions of the reliefs and inscriptions Kohlmeyer , 1983 Rossner , 1988 Ehringhaus , 2005 Seeher , 2011

* Dating in the Great Empire uncertain

** Exact location not known, the coordinates refer to the named place.

*** Coordinates as described by Peschlow

Bulgarian merchants Burunkaya Gokbez Gürün Hisarçık İvriz Karaburna Karadağ Karasu Kızıldağ Kötükale Malpınar Midas Şehri Şırzı Suvasa Tanır Topada Kuşçu

Location of the late Hittite reliefs and inscriptions

Reliefs and inscriptions of the late Hittite states

Explanation : Some fields in the table can be sorted. Columns 2 and 3 are sorted alphabetically when you click on the arrow in the header. The penultimate column is sorted according to the time of creation, the last column according to the date of the first publication.

image	Name / place	District / Province coordinates	Location description	inscription	State dating Established by / under	researched or described by (selection)
More pictures	Bulgarian shops today Bolkar Dağ	Ulukışla / Niğde 37 ° 29 ′ 15 ″  N , 34 ° 41 ′ 4 ″  E *	Near Alihoca and Madenköy on a rock face in the Bolkar Dağları Mountains Five-line inscription, 1.10 meters high, 1.90 meters wide	The sovereign Tarḫunnaza thanks his king Warpalawas of Tuwana for letting him mount Muti. Thanks to the support of various gods, he was able to rule fairly and make a profit. Sacrifice rules and a curse formula follow.	Tuwana / Tabal Warpalawas reign, around 740–705 BC Chr. Builder Tarḫunnaza	Davis , 1876, first report (second hand) Ramsay and Hogarth , 1892 first publication and drawing Rossner , 1988 Hawkins , 2000 Ehringhaus , 2014
More pictures	Burunkaya also Mamasın	Aksaray / Aksaray 38 ° 23 ′ 7 "  N , 34 ° 9 ′ 59.1"  E	On the southern flank of the Burunkaya hill, three kilometers east of Gücünkaya, south of the Mamasın reservoir One-line left-hand inscription with traces of a second line, lying upside down on a fallen boulder.	Mention of Hartapu as the great king and son of Muršili ( Muršili III.  ?). Ancestry and thus dating not confirmed.	Tarḫuntašša / Tabal Reign of Hartapu, in case the identification of Mursili as Mursili III. true, 12th century BC After the discovery of the inscription from Türkmen-Karahöyük, probably 8th century BC. Chr. Built by or for Hartapu	Tüzün , 1971, discovery and letter report to the General Directorate for Antiquities and Museums Alp , 1974, first publication Rossner , 1988 Hawkins , 2000 Ehringhaus , 2014
	Gokbez	Bor / Niğde 37 ° 45 ′ 13.4 "  N , 34 ° 39 ′ 25.4"  E	On a house wall in the village of Gökbez Weather god Tarhunza with a bundle of lightning and a double ax, a vine rises from the feet. To the right of this is a double arched field with a horizontal line two thirds of the way up.	no	Tuwana / Tabal Due to the similarity with the stele of Niğde in the 8./7. Century BC Dated Builder unknown	Faydalı , 1974, first publication by Berges , Nollé , 2000 Ehringhaus , 2014
More pictures	Gürün	Gürün / Sivas 38 ° 45 ′ 27.7 ″  N , 37 ° 13 ′ 50.5 ″  E	Five kilometers northwest of Gürün at the exit of Tohma Çayı from the Suğul Kanyonu gorge Two inscriptions with identical text, one (B) on a free-standing rock on a slope, the other (A) on a rock wall 30 meters away.	1. Dedication to the gods Tarhunza , Ḫibadu and Šarruma 2. Presentation of Runtija, sovereign of Malida , grandson of Kuzzitissuba from Karkemiš 3. Report on the settlement of various unlocalizable cities, mention of some mountains 4. Curse formula (cf. Kötükale)	Melid Probably late 12th or 11th century BC Chr. Builder Runtija von Melid	Col. Sir Charles Wilson, 1879, Wright Discovery , 1884, mentioned Ramsay and Hogarth , 1892, first published by Charles (Cornell Expedition), 1907 Yellow , 1935 Rossner , 1988 Hawkins , 2000 Ehringhaus , 2014
More pictures	Hisarçık	Melikgazi / Kayseri 38 ° 38 ′ 4 ″  N , 35 ° 31 ′ 1 ″  E **	Southeast of Hisarçık on the Top Tepesi hill Two-line carved inscription on a boulder, can no longer be found today.	Mostly illegible due to weathering. Perhaps mention of the ruler Kurtis and of offerings to Mount Harhari ( Erciyes Dağı ).	Tabal Epigraphically late 8th century BC A kurtis is also mentioned on a stele found in the area, which is perhaps identical to the kurti by (A) tun (n) a mentioned by Sargon II for 718–713. Builder unknown	Belck , 1901 discovery, first report by Charles (Cornell Expedition), 1907 Yellow , 1935 Hawkins , 2000 Ehringhaus , 2014
More pictures	İvriz	Halkapınar / Konya 37 ° 24 ′ 37 ″  N , 34 ° 10 ′ 21 ″  E	West of İvriz on the eastern slope of Aydos Dağı, on İvriz Suyu, which is dammed up near the source Well preserved, over 4 meter high representation of the god Tarhunza , worshiped by King Warpalawas of Tuwana (İvriz 1) . Depictions very detailed, tarhunza with grain and grapevines. Both identified by inscriptions, the sculptor's signature under the relief. Nearby is a stepped altar with a weathered depiction of an animal, led by a person following a second, only partially preserved, today in the Ereğli Museum (İvriz 2) . The lower half of a weather god stele was found in the dammed water, also in the museum (İvriz 3) . In the mountains above İvriz 1 near the village of Ambardere, a poorly preserved copy of İvriz 1 without inscriptions, possibly unfinished (Ambardere) .	Designation of the god as Warpawalas' great Tarhunza and the king as Warpawalas, the hero . The signature is called Tijammaradu, Warpawalas' servant .	Tuwana / Tabal Warpalawas reign, around 740–705 BC Chr. Builder of Warpalawas	Hacı Halfa (1590–1656), first report Davis , 1876 Ramsay and Hogarth , 1892, Charles (Cornell Expedition), 1907 Yellow , 1935 Rossner , 1988 Hawkins , 2000 Ehringhaus , 2014
More pictures	Karaburna also called Karaburun	Hacıbektaş / Nevşehir 38 ° 52 ′ 47.5 ″  N , 34 ° 27 ′ 18 ″  E	West of the village of Karaburna on the hill of the same name, on the site of a former fortress gate. Three-line inscription carved into a smooth rock surface, the last line continues on another surface on the left. Above it the writer's signature.	Report on a contract between Sipi, the king, and Sipi, son of Ni, concerning the reconstruction of the fortress there, concluded by a cursing formula with the names of Arma (called the Harraneans ) and Kubaba . The signature is named Wana, the scribe .	Tabal Epigraphically to the late 8th century BC Dated. The king Sipi is unknown, perhaps the local ruler of the fortress there. Builder Sipi and Sipi	Anderson , 1900, Discovery Charles (Cornell Expedition), 1907 Yellow , 1935 Rossner , 1988 Hawkins , 2000 Ehringhaus , 2014
More pictures	Karadağ	Karaman / Karaman 37 ° 23 ′ 57 "  N , 33 ° 8 ′ 51"  E	On the summit of the Mahalıç (also Mihalıç) Tepesi, the highest point of the Karadağ volcanic massif , on both sides in a corridor that led to a place of worship. This is overbuilt by the ruins of a Byzantine church. On the north side a single line inscription (Karadağ 1) with traces of a second line, on the south side a single line inscription (Karadağ 2) . Both are carved.	Karadağ 1 : Dedication of the Great King Hartapu to the weather god of the sky and the great divine mountain , mention of the conquest of countries. Karadağ 2 consists only of the name Great King Hartapu .	Tarḫuntašša / Tabal Probably the reign of Hartapu, probably 8th century BC Chr. Probably Hartapu builder	Bell , 1907, Charles discovery (Cornell expedition), 1907 Alp , 1974, first publication Rossner , 1988 Hawkins , 2000 Ehringhaus , 2014
More pictures	Karasu also Süpürgüç	Araban / Gaziantep 37 ° 25 ′ 51 ″  N , 37 ° 54 ′ 30.5 ″  E	Near the village of Gümüşpınar near Akbudak , on a ridge 200 meters above the Karasu valley , about three kilometers from its confluence with the Euphrates . On a boulder a little below the edge of the rock is the relief of the patron god Runtiya standing on a stag . He is armed with a bow and a spear, and a winged sun hovered over his head . In 1976 the upper part was blown off by treasure hunters, the head and the winged sun have been missing since then. Traces of a late Hittite settlement in the area.	No	Cow According to Orthmann's late Hittite period II , 950–850 BC. Chr. Builder unknown	Krummenacher and Wilson, geologists, around 1956 Discovery Burney , Lawson , 1958, first publication Orthmann , 1971 Hellenkemper , Wagner , 1977 Rossner , 1988 Ehringhaus , 2014
More pictures	Kızıldağ	Çumra / Konya 37 ° 30 ′ 21 ″  N , 33 ° 4 ′ 10 ″  E	Western slope and summit plateau of the free-standing cone Kızıldağ, south of the village of Adakale . The carved image of Hartapu sitting on a throne on a vertical wall . In front of the head and in the vicinity there are three inscriptions ( Kızıldağ 1–3 , Kızıldağ 3 is now destroyed). On the plateau, in sight, a step altar with another inscription (Kızıldağ 4) . From the altar there is a line of sight to the cult place on the Karadağ with the inscriptions Karadağ 1 and 2 .	Kızıldağ 1–3 Name and title of Hartapu, Kızıldağ 2 and 3 mention of Tarhunzas , Kızıldağ 3 mention of the father Muršili ( Muršili III.  ?) And mention of a town built here. In Kızıldağ 4 there is an additional report on the conquest of the land of Maša (Northwest Anatolia) and other unnamed countries.	Tarḫuntašša / Tabal Probably the reign of Hartapu, 12th century BC. BC, according to recent research, 8th century BC. Chr. Probably builder Hartapu, according to dissenting opinions relief Hartapu, inscriptions Wasusarma .	Ramsay , 1907, Discovery Garstang , 1910 Güterbock , 1939 Alp , 1965 Gonnet , 1981 Rossner , 1988 Hawkins , 2000 Ehringhaus , 2014
	Kötükale	Darende / Malatya 38 ° 28 ′ 30 ″  N , 37 ° 41 ′ 31 ″  E	Near the village of Hisarcık (formerly Kötükale), in a gorge on the Tohma Çayı River Six-line inscription in relief. Saved from destruction by road construction during Gelbs' visit in 1935, but buried. Bossert was able to uncover the top two lines in 1954 and bury them again today.	1. Dedication to Tarhunza and some unknown gods 2. Presentation of Runtija, sovereign of Malida , grandson of Kuzzitissuba from Karkemiš 3. Report about the raising of the road 4. Curse formula (cf. Gürün).	Melid Probably late 12th or 11th century BC Chr. Builder Runtija von Melid	Charles (Cornell Expedition), 1907, first visit according to a local resident's report, but in vain because the water level is too high Yellow , 1935, first and only documentation Bossert , 1954, exposure of the top two lines Rossner , 1988 Hawkins , 2000 Ehringhaus , 2014
	Kuşçu-Boyacı	Kocasinan / Kayseri 38 ° 57 ′ 1 ″  N , 35 ° 29 ′ 15 ″  E **	West of the village of Kuşçu-Boyacı in a rock breakthrough In various places reliefs of figures, a child, a man (possibly a vassal ruler of the King of Tabal), a hunting scene and a head, a group of characters, geometric shapes. There is a lion sculpture nearby. The rock was probably used as a quarry.	No coherent text legible	Tabal Probably 8th century BC Chr. Builder unknown	Özgüç , 1993, two figures Özcan , Yiğit , 2014
	Malpınar	Adıyaman / Adıyaman 37 ° 30 ′ 40.1 ″  N , 38 ° 8 ′ 58 ″  E	At the village Kuyulu, originally on the bank of Göksu today from Burç Bendi-reservoir covers Six-line inscription, in the right area a relief of a male figure in the Assyrian style, with a long robe and a ruler's staff, probably the author Atayazas.	Presentation as Atayazas, river lord of the cities of Sari (?) Ta and Sukita and as servant of King Hattusilis, probably Hattusili II, King of Kummuh and son of Suppiluliuma (ruled 805-773). Further sacrifice regulations and the curse formula	Cow After the reign of Hattusili, the second quarter of the 8th century BC. Chr. Builder of the depicted river lord Atayazas	Kalaç , 1979 Hawkins discovery , 2000 Ehringhaus , 2014
	Midas Şehri	Han / Eskişehir 39 ° 11 ′ 49.5 "  N , 30 ° 42 ′ 44.6"  E	On a processional path leading down from the plateau by a Phrygian altar. Several reliefs in a rock face, the top one shows a bearded man with a round cap and a staff. Further down, figures in long coats and a lion man. Akurgal considers it to be the work of Hittite sculptors commissioned by the Phrygian. Is doubted by others, at least for the lower reliefs. Next to the bearded two characters, possibly hieroglyphics.	Unknown characters, bird and cone (?), Illegible	Phrygian Empire According to Akurgal, late 8th century BC Chr. Erected in the Phrygian order	Ramsay , 1889 Akurgal , 1955 Rossner , 1988
More pictures	Şırzı	Hekimhan / Malatya 38 ° 52 ′ 42.1 ″  N , 37 ° 54 ′ 48.1 ″  E *	On a slope on a fallen stone block, near the village of Boğazgören (formerly Şırzı ) Five-line inscription, four lines on the unsmoothed side surface, one on the same top of the stone block.	Text by Satiruntija, hero, sovereign of Malida , son of Saḫwis, the hero . Report on the building of a facility (tarpamman the wild field) , dedication and blessings to Runtija , curse formula against destroyers of tarpamman and the inscription. Saḫwis is possibly Šahu , ruler of Melid in the early 8th century BC. Chr.	Melid early 8th century BC Chr. Builder Satiruntija	Müller, German engineer, 1936, discovery Güterbock , Alp , 1946, visit and first publication Bossert , 1952 Rossner , 1988 Hawkins , 2000 Ehringhaus , 2014
More pictures	Suvasa also Sivasa	Gülşehir / Nevşehir 38 ° 38 ′ 57.2 ″  N , 34 ° 17 ′ 23.1 ″  E	At the foot of a hill on a boulder, about 1.5 kilometers southwest of Gökçetoprak (formerly Suvasa ) Irregular inscriptions on four sides of the stone	Graffiti-like, several names of servants of Wasusarma , rulers of Tabal in the late 8th century.	Tabal Wasusarma's reign 738–730 / 29 BC Chr. Builder unclear, probably one of the named	Rott , 1906, discovery and publication with Messerschmidt Bossert , 1934 Hrozný , 1934 Gelb , 1939 Rossner , 1988 Hawkins , 2000 Ehringhaus , 2014
More pictures	Tanır	Afşin / Kahramanmaraş 38 ° 25 ′ 16.3 ″  N , 36 ° 55 ′ 10.1 ″  E	In the Yukarı Boğazı (upper canyon) area of Tanır on a rock face on the left bank of the Hurman Çayı River near a spring Badly preserved remains of scriptures	Possibly the title city lord or sovereign and the name of the city Malatya, MA x . [LI x ] -zi. Personal names illegible.	Melid 9th or 8th century BC Chr. Installer unclear	Doğan-Alparslan , Alparslan , 2009 Discovery
More pictures	Topada also Karapınar or Yazılıkaya	Acıgöl / Nevşehir 38 ° 29 ′ 35.1 ″  N , 34 ° 28 ′ 49 ″  E	To the northwest of the village of Ağıllı , about 7 kilometers south of Acıgöl (formerly Topada), on a boulder in a trachyte barrier. Eight-line, well-preserved inscription, the scribe's signature on an adjacent block (lost today). Largest known late Hittite rock inscription.	Description of the political and military activities of King Wasusarma of Tabal, including title, thanks to the gods and the formula of the curse. Mention of kings who are gracious to him , including Warpalawas of Tuwana .	Tabal 8th century BC Chr. Builder Wasusarma	Rudolf Franz, German teacher in Istanbul, discovery, 1908 Bossert , 1934 Hrozný , 1934 Gelb , 1939 Rossner , 1988 Hawkins , 2000 Ehringhaus , 2014

* Coordinates according to the drawing at Ehringhaus

** Exact location not known, the coordinates refer to the named place.

literature

• Kay Kohlmeyer : Rock paintings from the Hittite Empire. In: Acta Praehistorica et Archaeologica . Volume 15, 1983, ISSN  0341-1184 , pp. 7-154 (Berlin, Free University, dissertation 1981).
• Eberhard P. Rossner: The Hittite rock reliefs in Turkey. An archaeological guide (= rock monuments in Turkey. Volume 1). 2nd, expanded edition. Rossner, Munich 1988, ISBN 3-924390-02-9 .
• John David Hawkins : Corpus of Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions. Volume 1: Inscriptions of the Iron Age (= Studies in Indo-European Language and Culture. New Volume 8). 3 volumes. de Gruyter, Berlin et al. 2000, ISBN 3-11-010864-X .
• Horst Ehringhaus : gods, rulers, inscriptions. The rock reliefs of the Hittite Empire in Turkey. von Zabern, Mainz 2005, ISBN 3-8053-3469-9 .
• Jürgen Seeher : Put your seal on the landscape - Hittite rock carvings and hieroglyphic inscriptions as an expression of the ruler's claim to power and territory. In: Ancient Near Eastern Research . Volume 36, 2009, pp. 119-139, doi : 10.1524 / aofo.2009.0006 .
• Horst Ehringhaus: The end that was a beginning. Rock reliefs and rock inscriptions of the Luwian states of Asia Minor from 12. to 8./7. Century BC BC Using epigraphic texts and historical information from Frank Starke . Nünnerich-Asmus, Mainz 2014, ISBN 978-3-943904-67-3 .

Web links

• Tayfun Bilgin (responsible): Hittitemonuments.com (English, Turkish)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Jürgen Seeher : Put your seal on the landscape - Hittite rock art and hieroglyphic inscriptions as an expression of the ruler's claim to power and territoriality. In: Ancient Near Eastern Research . Volume 36, 2009, pp. 119-139, here p. 125.
2. ↑ Ali M. Dinçol, Belkis Dinçol: Hatip Anıtındaki Hiyeroglif Yazit (The hieroglyphic inscription on the monument of Hatip). In: Arkeoloji ve Sanat. Volume 18, 1996, pp. 8-9.
3. ↑ Zsolt Simon: Hittite rock reliefs as a representation of power - some iconographic remarks. In: Gernot Wilhelm (Ed.): Organization, Representation, and Symbols of Power in the Ancient Near East. Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake IN 2012, ISBN 978-1-57506-245-7 , pp. 687-697.
4. ↑ Jürgen Seeher : Put your seal on the landscape - Hittite rock art and hieroglyphic inscriptions as an expression of the ruler's claim to power and territoriality. In: Ancient Near Eastern Research . Volume 36, 2009, pp. 119-139, here pp. 135-136.
5. ↑ He reported about his own deeds not far away in the inscription called SÜDBURG in a hieroglyphic chamber .
6. ↑ Horst Ehringhaus: The end that was a beginning. Rock reliefs and rock inscriptions of the Luwian states of Asia Minor from 12. to 8./7. Century BC Chr. Nünnerich-Asmus, Mainz 2014, ISBN 978-3-943904-67-3 , pp. 10-12.
7. ↑ Franz Steinherr: The hieroglyphic Hittite inscription of the relief A on the carabel. In: Istanbul communications. Volume 15, 1965, pp. 17-23, here p. 23.
8. ↑ Hatice Gonnet: Beyköy (İhsaniye-Afyon) / Recent Research Archaeological Turkey, 1979. In: Anatolian Studies . Volume 31, 1981, pp. 181-183, here p. 182.
9. ↑ Rossner pp. 228-232.
10. ↑ Ehringhaus 2005, pp. 35–37.
11. ↑ Kurt Bittel : Archaeological Finds from Turkey 1934-1938. In: Archäologischer Anzeiger . Volume 54, 1939, pp. 94–207, here p. 126 Fig. 15.
12. ↑ Kohlmeyer pp. 102-103.
13. ↑ Rossner pp. 233-234.
14. ^ Archibald H. Sayce : A Forgotten Empire in Asia Minor. In: Fraser's Magazine . New Series Volume 22, August 1880, pp. 223-233 .
15. ^ WG Ramsay, DG Hogarth: Pre-Hellenic Monuments of Cappadocia. In: Recueil de travaux relatifs à la philologie et à l'archéologie Égyptiennes et Assyriennes. Volume 14, 1893, pp. 74-94, here pp. 87-88 , panel VI .
16. ^ Ernest Chantre: Recherches archéologiques dans l'Asie occidentale: Mission en Cappadoce 1893-1894. Leroux, Paris 1898, p. 125 ff.
17. ↑ Ekrem Akurgal: The Art of the Hittites. Munich 1961, plate 100, 101.
18. ↑ Bahadır Alkım: Anatolia I, From the Beginnings to the End of the Second Millennium BC BC (= Archaeologia Mundi. Volume 1). Nagel, Munich 1968, plates 108–110.
19. ↑ Kurt Bittel: The Hittites. The art of Anatolia from the end of the 3rd to the beginning of the 1st millennium BC. CH Beck, Munich 1976, ISBN 3-406-03024-6 , pp. 187-188 Fig. 194, 196, 198.
20. ↑ Kohlmeyer pp. 67-74.
21. ↑ Rossner pp. 159-167.
22. ↑ Ehringhaus 2005, pp. 59–65
23. ^ Revue archéologique . New series Volume 6, 1865, No. 2, p. 1 ff. Plate XII.
24. ^ Oriental Institute Publications. Volume 5, 1929, pp. 139 ff. Plate XXIV.
25. ↑ Ekrem Akurgal: The Art of the Hittites. Munich 1961, p. 73.
26. ↑ Kohlmeyer pp. 43-48.
27. ↑ Rossner pp. 57-62.
28. ↑ Stephen Lumsden: Investigations at a Hittite Sacred Place. In: Recent Developments in Hittite Archeology and History: Papers in Memory of Hans G. Güterbock. Eisenbrauns, 2002, ISBN 978-1-57506-053-8 , pp. 111–125 ( limited preview in Google book search).
29. ↑ Ehringhaus 2005, pp. 11-14.
30. ↑ Türk Tarih Arkeoloji ve Etnografya Dergisi. Volume 4, 1940, p. 265 ff.
31. ↑ Orientalia. New series Volume 23, 1954, p. 129 ff.
32. ↑ Kohlmeyer pp. 86-90.
33. ↑ Rossner pp. 180-185.
34. ↑ Ehringhaus 2005, pp. 76–80.
35. ↑ Hasan Bahar: A new Hittite monument in Konya-Hatip. In: Arkeoloji ve Sanat. Volume 73, 1996, pp. 6-7.
36. ↑ Ali M. Dinçol: The discovery of the rock monument in Hatip and its impact on the historical and geographical issues of the Hittite Empire. In: Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi arkeoloji dergisi. Volume 1, 1998, pp. 27-35.
37. ↑ Ehringhaus 2005, pp. 101-107.
38. ↑ Orientalia. New series Volume 19, 1950, p. 124 f. Plate 7, 10.
39. ^ Alfonso Archi: Studi Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici. Volume 14, 1971 (= Incunabula Graeca. Volume 47), p. 71.
40. ↑ Kohlmeyer pp. 90-95.
41. ↑ Rossner pp. 218-222.
42. ↑ Ehringhaus 2005, pp. 107–111.
43. ↑ = Kara Mehmet Ağa Zadı Kemaleddin, French teacher in Kayseri, cf. Ignace Yellow : Hittite Hieroglyphic Monuments (= Oriental Institute Publications. Volume 45). The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1939, p. 30.
44. ↑ Announcement with two photographs by M. Salim in Türk Tarih, Arkeologya ve Etnografya Dergisi. Volume 2, 1934, pp. 304-306.
45. ↑ Based on information provided by Karamete: Louis Delaporte: Un bas-relief rupestre à Imamkoulou. In: Revue Hittite et Asianique. Volume 3, 1934/1936, pp. 163-164.
46. ↑ Ignace Gelb: Hittite Hieroglyphic Monuments (= Oriental Institute Publications. Volume 45). The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1939, p. 30.
47. ↑ Sedat Alp: Comments on the hieroglyphs of the Hittite monument by Imamkulu. In: Archives orientální. Volume 18, 1950, No. 1/2, pp. 1-8 .
48. ↑ Markus Wäfler: On the Imamkulu rock relief. In: Communications from the German Orient Society in Berlin . No. 107, 1975, pp. 17-39.
49. ^ Journal of Assyriology and Near Eastern Archeology . Volume 67, 1977, p. 64 ff.
50. ^ Piero Meriggi: Manuals the Eteo Geroglifico. Parte 2,3, 1975, p. 312 ff.
51. ↑ Kohlmeyer pp. 80-86.
52. ↑ Rossner pp. 173-179.
53. ↑ Ehringhaus 2005, pp. 70–76.
54. ^ Charles Texier: Asie mineure. Description Géographique, Historique et Archéologique des Provinces et des Villes de la Chersonnèse d'Asie. Firmin Didot Frères, Paris 1862, p. 173 , sv Nymphi , plate 1 .
55. ^ Archaeological Newspaper. Volume 1, 1843, p. 33 ff. Plate 2, 3.
56. ↑ AH Sayce: The Hittites. The Story of a Forgotten Empire (= By-paths of bible knowledge. 12, ZDB -ID 441480-9 ). 2nd edition. The Religious Tract Society, Oxford 1890, pp. 54-69 .
57. ↑ Kurt Bittel: Karabel. In: Communications from the German Orient Society in Berlin. No. 98, 1967, pp. 5-23 .
58. ↑ Kohlmeyer pp. 12-28.
59. ↑ Rossner pp. 46-51.
60. ^ J. David Hawkins: Tarkasnawa, King of Mira: 'Tarkondemos', Boğazköy sealings and Karabel. In: Anatolian Studies. Volume 48, 1998, pp. 1-31.
61. ↑ Ehringhaus 2005, pp. 87–91.
62. ↑ O. Aytuğ Taşyürek: Silifke “Keben” Hitit kaya kabartması - The Keben Hittite Rock Relief from Silifke. In: Türk Arkeoloji Dergisi. Volume 23, 1976, No. 1, pp. 97-102.
63. ↑ Kohlmeyer p. 102.
64. ↑ Rossner pp. 99-102.
65. ↑ Ehringhaus 2005, pp. 112–118.
66. ^ H. Th. Bossert: The HH inscription from Malkaya. In: Orientalia. Neue Reihe Volume 24, 1958, number 4, pp. 325-350.
67. ↑ Rossner pp. 136-140.
68. ↑ Ehringhaus 2005, pp. 87–91.
69. ↑ JD Hawkins, Mark Weeden: The Hieroglyphic Rock Inscription of Malkaya: A New Look. In: Anatolian Archaeological Studies. Volume 17, 2008, pp. 241-249.
70. ^ Georg Weber: Hiéron de Cybele et thrône de Pêlops sur le Sipylos. 1878-80 p. 105 ff.
71. ^ The Journal of Hellenic Studies . Volume 1, 1880, p. 88 ff.
72. ↑ Orientalia. New series Volume 23, 1954, pp. 144 ff.
73. ↑ Kurt Bittel: Kubaba - Kybele. In: Erich Ebeling , Bruno Meissner , Dietz-Otto Edzard (Hrsg.): Reallexikon der Assyriologie and Near Eastern Archeology . Volume 6: Lamentation - Lebanon. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 1983, ISBN 3-11-010051-7 , p. 264.
74. ↑ Kohlmeyer pp. 28-34.
75. ↑ Massimo Poetto: In margine alla seconda iscrizione luvio-geroglifico del monte Spylos. In: Vicino Oriente. Volume 7, 1988, pp. 171-176.
76. ↑ Rossner pp. 39-45.
77. ↑ Ehringhaus 2005, pp. 84–87.
78. ↑ Machteld J. Mellink : Archeology in Asia Minor. In: American Journal of Archeology . Volume 76, 1972, No. 2, p. 171.
79. ↑ Machteld J. Mellink : Archeology in Asia Minor. In: American Journal of Archeology . Volume 78, 1974, No. 2, p. 111.
80. ↑ Rossner pp. 239-240.
81. ↑ Olivier Casabonne: Notes Ciliciennes (suite) . In: Anatolia Antiqua VII , 1999. pp. 69-88 digitized
82. ↑ Georges Perrot, Edmond Guillaume, Jules Delbet: Exploration archéologique de la Galatie et de la Bithynie, d'une partie de la Mysie, de la Phrygie, de la Cappadoce et du Pont. Volume 2, Didot, Paris 1872, plate 35 ( digitized version ).
83. ^ Benson Brush Charles: Hittite Inscriptions (Cornell Expedition to Asia Minor). Ithaca / New York 1911, pp. 7-10.
84. ↑ Helmuth Theodor Bossert: Nischan-Tepe and Nischan-Tasch. In: Archive for Orient Research . Volume 9, 1933-1934, pp. 173-186.
85. ^ Franz Steinherr: The King's Inscription from Nişantaş (Boğazkale). In: Istanbul communications. Volume 22, 1972, pp. 1-14, panels 1-5.
86. ↑ Rossner pp. 141-143.
87. ↑ Ehringhaus 2005, p. 32.
88. ↑ after Kurt Bittel: The Hittites. The art of Anatolia from the end of the 3rd to the beginning of the 1st millennium BC. CH Beck, Munich 1976, ISBN 3-406-03024-6 , pp. 187-188 Fig. 194, 196, 198.
89. ↑ Ignace Gelb: Hittite Hieroglyphic Monuments (= Oriental Institute Publications. Volume 45). The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1939, p. 37
90. ^ John Garstang: The First Imperial Hittite Sculpture Found South of the Taurus Range. In: The Illustrated London News . No. 191, July 31, 1937, pp. 27-28.
91. ^ Annals of Archeology and Anthropology. Volume 24, 1937, University of Liverpool, pp. 66 ff.
92. ^ Piero Meriggi: Manuals the Eteo Geroglifico. Parte 2,3, 1975, p. 324 Plate XV.
93. ↑ Kohlmeyer pp. 95-101.
94. ↑ Rossner pp. 223-227.
95. ↑ Ehringhaus 2005, pp. 95-101.
96. ↑ Anneliese Peschlow-Bindokat, Suzanne Herbordt : A Hittite grand prince inscription from the Latmos. In: Archäologischer Anzeiger . 2001, pp. 363-378.
97. ↑ Ehringhaus 2005, pp. 91–94.
98. ^ Helmuth Theodor Bossert: Travel report from Anatolia. In: Orientalia. Neue Reihe Volume 19, 1950, No. 4, pp. 506-507.
99. ^ Hans Gustav Güterbock: Notes on Some Hittite Monuments. In: Anatolian Studies. Volume 6, 1956, pp. 53-56.
100. ↑ Rossner p. 235.
101. ↑ Hans Rott: Asia Minor monuments from Pisidia, Pamphylia, Cappadocia and Lycia (= studies on Christian monuments. New series Volume 5/6). Dietrich, Leipzig 1908, p. 178 ( digitized version ).
102. ↑ Ignace Gelb: Hittite Hieroglyphic Monuments (= Oriental Institute Publications. Volume 45). The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1939, p. 38 plate LXXVI.
103. ↑ Sedat Alp: Comments on the hieroglyphs of the Hittite monument by Imamkulu. In: Archives orientální. Volume 18, 1950, No. 1/2, pp. 1-8 .
104. ^ Piero Meriggi: Manuals the Eteo Geroglifico. Parte 2,3, 1975, pp. 310-312.
105. ↑ Kohlmeyer pp. 74-80.
106. ↑ Rossner pp. 168-172.
107. ↑ Ehringhaus 2005, pp. 65–70.
108. ^ Charles Texier: Description de l'Asie Mineure. Faite par ordre du gouvernement français en 1833–1837. Beaux-Arts, Monuments Historiques, Plans et Topographie des Cités Antiques. Volume 1. Firmin Didot Frères, Paris 1839, pp. 214-221 .
109. ↑ Supplement to Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen 1860, p. 46 and monthly reports of the Berlin Academy of Sciences , February 1859.
110. ↑ AH Sayce: The Hittites. The Story of a Forgotten Empire (= By-paths of bible knowledge. 12, ZDB -ID 441480-9 ). 2nd edition. The Religious Tract Society, Oxford 1890, pp. 87-91 .
111. ^ Carl Humann, Otto Puchstein : Travel in Asia Minor and Northern Syria. Dietrich Reimer, Berlin 1890, pp. 55-71 (digitized version ) .
112. ↑ Kurt Bittel et al: Yazılıkaya. Architecture, rock paintings, inscriptions and small finds (= scientific publications of the German Orient Society . Volume 61). 1941.
113. ↑ Kohlmeyer pp. 48-67.
114. ↑ Rossner pp. 144-151.
115. ↑ Ehringhaus 2005, pp. 14–31.
116. ↑ Jürgen Seeher: Gods carved in stone. The Hittite rock sanctuary of Yazılıkaya. Ege Yayınları, Istanbul 2011, ISBN 978-605-5607-53-1 .
117. ^ Edwin John Davis: Life in Asiatic Turkey: a Journal of Travel in Cilicia (Pedias and Trachoea), Isauria, and Parts of Lucaonia and Cappadocia. London 1879, pp. 221-223.
118. ^ WG Ramsay, DG Hogarth: Pre-Hellenic Monuments of Cappadocia. In: Recueil de travaux relatifs à la philologie et à l'archéologie Égyptiennes et Assyriennes. Volume 14, 1893, pp. 74–94, here p. 85 , plate II .
119. ↑ Rossner pp. 116-118.
120. ↑ Hawkins S. 521-525.
121. ↑ Ehringhaus 2014, pp. 66–71.
122. ↑ Sedat Alp: A new hieroglyphic Hittite inscription from the Kızıldağ-Karadağ group from the vicinity of Äksaray and the earlier published inscriptions from the same group. In: Anatolian Studies. Festschrift Güterbock. Istanbul 1974, pp. 17-27, here pp. 17-21.
123. ↑ Rossner pp. 96-98.
124. ^ Hawkins p. 437.
125. ↑ Ehringhaus 2014, pp. 31–33.
126. ↑ Erol Faydalı: Gökbez Kaya Kabartması. In: Anadolu. Volume 18, 1974, pp. 135-136 ( PDF ).
127. ↑ Dietrich Berges, Johannes Nollé: Tyana - Archaeological-historical investigations to the southwestern Cappadocia. Rudolf Habelt, Bonn 2000, ISBN 3-7749-2959-9 , pp. 103-104.
128. ↑ Ehringhaus 2014, pp. 61–66.
129. ^ William Wright: The Empire of the Hittites. James Nisbet, 1886, p. 57.
130. ^ WG Ramsay, DG Hogarth: Pre-Hellenic Monuments of Cappadocia. In: Recueil de travaux relatifs à la philologie et à l'archéologie Égyptiennes et Assyriennes. Volume 14, 1893, pp. 74–94, here pp. 86–87 , panel IV .
131. ^ Benson Brush Charles: Hittite Inscriptions (Cornell Expedition to Asia Minor). Ithaca / New York 1911, pp. 29-31 Fig. 30, 31 Pl. XVI.
132. ↑ Ignace Gelb: Hittite Hieroglyphic Monuments (= Oriental Institute Publications. Volume 45). The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1939, p. 29 Pl. XXXIX.
133. ↑ Rossner pp. 191-193.
134. ↑ Hawkins pp. 295-299.
135. ↑ Ehringhaus 2014, pp. 82–87.
136. ^ W. Belck: Research trip in Asia Minor. In: Negotiations of the Berlin Society for Anthropology, Ethnology and Prehistory. Vol. 1901, pp. 452-522.
137. ^ Benson Brush Charles: Hittite Inscriptions (Cornell Expedition to Asia Minor). Ithaca / New York 1911, pp. 13–16, fig. 12–13.
138. ↑ Ignace Gelb: Hittite Hieroglyphic Monuments (= Oriental Institute Publications. Volume 45). The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1939, pp. 29-30, panel XLI.
139. ↑ Hawkins pp. 496-497.
140. ↑ Ehringhaus 2014, pp. 75–81.
141. ↑ Quoted by Leopold Messerschmidt : Corpus inscriptionum Hettiticarum. Second addendum (= messages from the Vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft . Volume 11, Issue 5). Leipzig 1906, p. 5.
142. ^ Edwin John Davis: Life in Asiatic Turkey: a Journal of Travel in Cilicia (Pedias and Trachoea), Isauria, and Parts of Lucaonia and Cappadocia. London 1879, pp. 252-256.
143. ^ WG Ramsay, DG Hogarth: Pre-Hellenic Monuments of Cappadocia. In: Recueil de travaux relatifs à la philologie et à l'archéologie Égyptiennes et Assyriennes. Volume 14, 1893, pp. 74–94, here pp. 85–86 , panels III – IV .
144. ^ Benson Brush Charles: Hittite Inscriptions (Cornell Expedition to Asia Minor). Ithaca / New York 1911, pp. 20-22; Figs. 20-23 Pl. XI.
145. ↑ Ignace Gelb: Hittite Hieroglyphic Monuments (= Oriental Institute Publications. Volume 45). The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1939, p. 31 pl. XLVI.
146. ↑ Rossner pp. 103-115.
147. ^ Hawkins pp. 516-518.
148. ↑ Ehringhaus 2014, pp. 48–61.
149. ↑ JGC Anderson: A new Hittite Inscription. In: The Journal of Hellenic Studies . Volume 21, 1901, pp. 322-324 ( digitized version ).
150. ^ Benson Brush Charles: Hittite Inscriptions (Cornell Expedition to Asia Minor). Ithaca / New York 1911, pp. 11-13 Fig. 11-11A Pl. V.
151. ↑ Ignace Gelb: Hittite Hieroglyphic Monuments (= Oriental Institute Publications. Volume 45). The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1939, p. 32 pl. L.
152. ↑ Rossner pp. 131-135.
153. ↑ Hawkins S. 480-483.
154. ↑ Ehringhaus 2014, pp. 72–75.
155. ^ WM Ramsay, Gertrude L. Bell: The Thousand and One Churches. Hodder and Stoughton, London 1909, pp. 505-512.
156. ^ Benson Brush Charles: Hittite Inscriptions (Cornell Expedition to Asia Minor). Ithaca / New York 1911, pp. 3-4.
157. ↑ Sedat Alp: A new hieroglyphic Hittite inscription from the Kızıldağ-Karadağ group from the vicinity of Äksaray and the earlier published inscriptions from the same group. In: Anatolian Studies. Festschrift Güterbock. Istanbul 1974, pp. 25-26, Plate IX.
158. ↑ Rossner pp. 84-88.
159. ↑ Hawkins pp. 436-437.
160. ↑ Ehringhaus 2014, pp. 28–31.
161. ^ Charles Burney, GR Lawson: Urartian reliefs at Adilcevaz, on Lake Van, and a rock relief from the Karasu, near Birecik. In: Anatolian Studies. Volume 8, 1958, p. 218.
162. ^ Winfried Orthmann: Investigations on late Hittite art (= Saarbrücker contributions to antiquity. Volume 8). Habelt, Bonn 1971, ISBN 978-3774911222 , pp. 51, 258-260, 487, plate 14.
163. ^ Hansgerd Hellenkemper, Jörg Wagner: The God on the Stag. A Late Hittite Rock Relief on the River Karasu. In: Anatolian Studies. Volume 27, 1977, pp. 167-173.
164. ↑ Rossner pp. 198-201.
165. ↑ Ehringhaus 2014, pp. 95-101.
166. ^ WM Ramsay, Gertrude L. Bell: The Thousand and One Churches. Hodder and Stoughton, London 1909, pp. 505-512
167. ^ John Garstang: The Land of the Hittites. London 1910, pp. 178-182.
168. ^ HG Güterbock: Eski ve yeni âbideleri / Old and new Hittite monuments. In: Halil Edhem hatıra kitabı / In Memoriam Halil Edhem. Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınlarından, Ankara 1947, p. 63 panel V fig. 10.
169. ↑ Sedat Alp: A new hieroglyphic Hittite inscription from the Kızıldağ-Karadağ group from the vicinity of Äksaray and the earlier published inscriptions from the same group. In: Anatolian Studies. Festschrift Güterbock. Istanbul 1974, p. 22 f.
170. ^ Hatice Gonnet: Nouvelles données archéologiques relatives aux inscriptions hiéroglyphiques de Hartapusa à Kızıldağ. In: René Lebrun, Robert Donceel (Ed.): Studia Paolo Naster. Louvain-la-Neuve 1984, pp. 119-125.
171. ↑ Rossner pp. 89-97.
172. ↑ Hawkins pp. 433-436.
173. ↑ Ehringhaus 2014, pp. 14–28.
174. ^ Benson Brush Charles: Hittite Inscriptions (Cornell Expedition to Asia Minor). Ithaca / New York 1911, pp. 7-10.
175. ↑ Ignace Gelb: Hittite Hieroglyphic Monuments (= Oriental Institute Publications. Volume 45). The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1939, p. 35 panels LIX-LXI.
176. ↑ Le Muséon. Volume 68, 1955, pp. 61-91.
177. ↑ Rossner pp. 236-238.
178. ↑ Hawkins pp. 299-301.
179. ↑ Ehringhaus 2014, pp. 87–91.
180. ↑ Tahsin Özgüç: Studies on Hittite Relief Vases, Seals, Figurines and Rock-Carvings In: Aspects of art and iconography: Anatolia and its neighbors: studies in honor of Nimet Özgüç ISBN 978-9759530808 pp. 473-499.
181. ↑ Ali Özcan, Turgut Yiğit: A New Late Hittite Stone Workshop and Artifacts at Kuşçu-Boyacı In: Altorientalische Forschungen 2014 41 (1) pp. 63–79
182. ^ M. Kalaç, JD Hawkins: The Hieroglyphic Luwian Rock-Inscription of Malpınar. In: Anatolian Studies. Volume 39, 1989, pp. 107-112.
183. ↑ Hawkins pp. 340-344.
184. ↑ Ehringhaus 2014, pp. 101-105.
185. ^ William Mitchell Ramsay: Syro-Cappadocian Monuments in Asia Minor In: Mittheilungen des Imperial German Archaeological Institute, Athenian Department , Volume 14, 1st Issue, Athens 1889 pp. 182-186
186. ↑ Ekrem Akurgal: Phrygian Art. Ankara University, 1955, pp. 67-68.
187. ↑ Anatolia. Volume 3, 1958, pp. 148-149.
188. ↑ Rossner pp. 53-56.
189. ^ Hans Gustav Güterbock, Sedat Alp: The Hittite Hieroglyphic Inscription of Şırzı. In: Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Çoğrafya Fakuchteesi Dergisi. Volume 5, Ankara 1947, No. 2, pp. 153-158.
190. ^ Helmuth Theodor Bossert: The rock inscription from Şırzı. In: Archive for Orient Research . Volume 17, 1954-1956, pp. 56-70.
191. ↑ Rossner pp. 194-197.
192. ↑ Hawkins pp. 322-324.
193. ↑ Ehringhaus 2014, pp. 91–94.
194. ↑ Hans Rott: Asia Minor monuments from Pisidia, Pamphylia, Cappadocia and Lycia (= studies on Christian monuments. New series Volume 5/6). Dietrich, Leipzig 1908, pp. 175-177, 249, 254 ( digitized version ).
195. ↑ H. Th. Bossert: The "Hittite" rock inscription from Topada. In: Orientalist literary newspaper. Volume 37, No. 3, 1934, Col. 145-150 , here Col. 149-150.
196. ^ Bedřich Hrozný : L'Inscription "Hittite" Hiéroglyphique de Suvasa. In: Archives orientální. Volume 7, 1935, No. 3, pp. 516-522 .
197. ↑ Ignace Gelb: Hittite Hieroglyphic Monuments (= Oriental Institute Publications. Volume 45). The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1939, p. 38 Pl. LXXII-LXXV.
198. ↑ Rossner pp. 125-130.
199. ^ Hawkins pp. 462-463.
200. ↑ Ehringhaus 2014, pp. 40–47.
201. ^ Meltem Doğan-Alparslan, Metin Alparslan: Kahramanmaraş / Tanır'da Bulunan Luwi Hiyeroglifi bir Yazıt - A Stele Recovered at Kahramanmaraş / Tanır with an Inscription in Luwian Hieroglyph. In: Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi arkeoloji dergisi (TÜBA-AR). Volume 14, 2011, pp. 317-322.
202. ^ Meltem Doğan-Alparslan, Metin Alparslan: A New Luwian Rock Inscription from Kahramanmaraş. In: Alice Mouton, Ian Rutherford, Ilya Yakubovich (Eds.): Luwian Identities - Culture, Language and Religion between Anatolia and the Aegean. Brill, Leiden 2013, pp. 215–232 ( limited preview in Google book search).
203. ↑ H. Th. Bossert: The "Hittite" rock inscription from Topada. In: Orientalist literary newspaper. Volume 37, No. 3, 1934, Col. 145-150 .
204. ^ Bedřich Hrozný: L'Inscription "Hittite" Hiéroglyphique d'Adjigöl (Topada). In: Archives orientální. Volume 7, 1953, No. 3, pp. 488-515 .
205. ↑ Ignace Gelb: Hittite Hieroglyphic Monuments (= Oriental Institute Publications. Volume 45). The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1939, p. 33 Pl. LIII-LIV.
206. ↑ Rossner pp. 119-124.
207. ↑ Hawkins S. 451-461.
208. ↑ Ehringhaus 2014, pp. 33–40.

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