Soft drink and Banjo: Difference between pages

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{{Infobox Instrumen
{{redir|Soda pop}}
|name = Bango
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|image = BluessBanjo.j
'''Soft drink''' is a beverage that does not contain [[alcohol]]. [[Carbonated]] soft drinks are commonly known as '''soda,''' '''soda pop,''' '''pop''', or '''tonic''' (northeastern USA) in the [[United States]], '''soda''' or '''pop''' in [[Canada]], '''fizzy drinks''' or '''pop''' in the [[United Kingdom]]<ref>http://popvssoda.com:2998/countystats/total-county.html</ref> and sometimes '''minerals''' in [[Ireland]]. The name "soft drink" specifies a lack of alcohol by way of contrast to the term "hard drink". The term "drink", while nominally neutral, sometimes carries connotations of alcoholic content. Beverages like [[cola]]s, [[sparkling water]], [[iced tea]], [[lemonade]], [[squash (drink)|squash]], and [[fruit punch]] are among the most common types of soft drinks, while [[hot chocolate]], hot [[tea]], [[coffee]], [[milk]], [[tap water]], and [[milkshake]]s do not fall into this classification. Many carbonated soft drinks are optionally available in versions sweetened with [[sugar]]s or with [[Sugar substitute|non-caloric sweetener]]s.
|classification = [[Sring instrument]] ([[Pizzicato|plucked or frailed]
[[Image:Soft drink shelf.JPG|thumb|250px|Soft drinks on [[supermarket]] shelves.]]
|range = [[mage:Range banjo.png|200px]]
|related
|articles =
}}
{{otherus
The '''bnjo''' is a [[stringedinstrument]] developed by [[Slavery in the United States|nslaved]] [[Africa]]ns in the [[United States]], adad from several African instruents.<ref>[http://www.ibma.org/about.bluegrass/history/index.asp Bluegrass Music: The Root." [[International Bluegrass Music Association|IBMA]]. Retrieved on [[2006-08-25]]</ref>
Thename ''banjo'' commonly is thought to be derived from the [Kimbundu]] term ''mbanza''. Some etmologists derive it from a dialctal pronnciation of "[[bandora (instrument)|bandore]]", though recent research suggests that it may come from a [[Senegambia (geography)|Senegambia]]n rm for the [[baboo]] stick used for the intrument's neck{{Fact|date=February 2008}}
== History =
African Slaes in the [[Southern United Sates|American South]] and [[Appalachia]] fashioned the earliest banjos after instruments they had been familiar with in [[Africa]], with some of the earliest istruments sometimes refered to now as "gourd banjos". One example would be an ''[[aknting]]''. It is a spike fok lute played by the [[Jola people|Jola tribe]] of [[Senegbia (geography)|Senegambia]]. Another similar instrument is the ''[[xalam]]'' of Senegal which ates back to [[ancient Egypt]].{{Fact|date=December 2007}} The modern banjo was populrized by the American minstrel performer [[Joel Sweeney]] in the 1830s. Banjos were intrduced in Britain in the 1840s by Sweeney's group, the American [[Virginia Minstrels]], and beme very popular in music halls.<ref name=Zither>[http://www.shlomomusic.com/zitherbanjo.htm Iformation on the banjo and development of the Zither-banjo]</ref>
== Modern forms
The modern banjo comes in a variety of forms, including four- and five-string versions. A six-string versiontuned and played similar to a [[guitar]], is gaining popularity. In almost all of its forms thbanjo's playing is characterised by a fast strumming or [[arpeggio|arpeggiated]] right hand,although there are many different playing styles.


== Usage
==Packaging==
Today, te banjo commonly is associated with [[country music|country]] and [[bluegrass music]]. Historially, however, the banjo occupied a central place in [[African American music|African Americn traditional music]], as well as in the [[minstrel show]]s of the 19th century. In fact,African Americans exerted a strong, early influence on the development of both country and bluerass through the introduction of banjo, and as well through the innovation of musical techniques in the playing of both the banjo and fiddle.<ref>Winship, David.[http://www.birthplaceofcountrymusic.org/index.cgi?CONTEXT=cat&cat=10043 "The African American Music Tradition in Country Music]." BCMA, Birthplace of Country Music Alliance. Retrieved 02-08-2007.</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Cecelia|last=Conway|authorlink=Cecelia Conway|year=2005|title=African Banjo Echoes in Appalachia|pages=424|publisher=The University of Tennessee Press}}</ref><ref>[http://www.traditionalmusic.co.uk/whatisoldtime/old-time-music-definition.htm "Old-time (oldtimey) Music What is it?]." TML, A Traditional Music Library. Retrieved 02-08-2007.</ref> Recently, the banjo has enjoyed inclusion in a wide variety of musical genres, including pop crossover music and [[Celtic punk]].
<!--[[Image:Coca-Cola 3l and 350ml.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Soft Drinks such as Brazilian [[Coca-Cola]] come in a variety of packaging]]-->
In the United States, soft drinks are sold in [[two-liter bottle]]s, 1.5 L, 1 L, 0.5 L, 24, 20 and 12 U.S. fluid ounce bottles, 12 U.S. fluid ounce [[Beverage can|can]]s, and short eight-ounce cans. Cans are packaged in a variety of quantities such as [[six pack]]s, 12 packs and cases of 24, 36, and 360. With the advent of [[energy drinks]] sold in eight-ounce cans in the US, some soft drinks are now sold in similarly sized cans. It is also common for carbonated soft drinks to be served as [[fountain drink]]s in which carbonation is added to a concentrate immediately prior to serving.


== Five-string banjo ==
In [[Europe]] soft drinks are typically sold in 2 L, 1.5 L, 1 L, 0.33 L plastic or 0.5 L glass bottles, aluminium cans are traditionally sized in 0.33 L, although 250 mL "slim" cans have become popular since the introduction of canned [[energy drink]]s and 355 mL variants of the slim cans have been introduced by [[Red Bull]] more recently. Cans and bottles often come in packs of six or four. Several countries have standard [[recycled packaging]] with a [[forfeit]] typically ranging from [[euro|€]] 0.15 to 0.25: bottles are smelted, or cleaned and refilled; cans are crushed and sold as scrap aluminum.
{{infobox
| title = Helmholtz notation
| label1 = Note:
| data1 = This article uses [[Helmholtz pitch notation]] to define banjo tunings.
}}
The instrument is available in many forms. The five-string banjo is credited to [[Joel Walker Sweeney]], an American [[minstrel show|minstrel]] performer from [[Appomattox Court House]], [[Virginia]]. Sweeney wanted an instrument similar to the banjar played by African Americans in the American South, but at the same time, he wanted to implement some new ideas. He worked with a New York drum maker to replace the banjar's skin-covered gourd with the modern open-backed drum-like pot, and added another string to give the instrument more range or a drone. This new banjo came to be tuned gCGBb; a minor 3rd higher than the eAEG#b tuning of the banjar, and Sweeney was playing it by the 1830s.
[[Image:Woman plays banjo.jpg|left|thumb|250px]]
The banjo can be played in several styles and is used in various forms of [[music]]. American [[old-time music]] typically uses the five-string [[open back banjo]]. It is played in a number of different styles, the most common of which are called [[clawhammer]] (or "claw-hammer") and frailing, characterised by the use of a downward rather than upward motion when striking the strings with the fingers. Banjo picks are usually inserted onto the fingers for a smoother playing. Frailing techniques use the thumb to catch the fifth string for a [[drone (music)|drone]] after each strum or twice in each action ("double thumbing"), or to pick out additional melody notes in what is known as "drop-thumb." [[Pete Seeger]] popularised a [[Folk music|folk]] style by combining clawhammer with "up picking", usually without the use of [[fingerpick]]s.
[[Image:Adrienne Young's banjo.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Adrienne Young]]'s banjo at Little Grill Collective June 27, 2008 in [[Harrisonburg, Virginia]].]]
[[Bluegrass music]], which uses the five-string resonator banjo almost exclusively, is played in several common styles. These include [[Scruggs style]], named after [[Earl Scruggs]]; melodic, or [[Keith style]]; and three-finger style with single string work, also called Reno style after [[Don Reno]], legendary father of [[Don Wayne Reno]]. In these styles the emphasis is on arpeggiated figures played in a continuous eighth-note rhythm. All of these styles are typically played with [[fingerpick]]s.


Many tunings are used for the five-string banjo. Probably the most common, particularly in bluegrass, is the open G tuning (gDGBd). In earlier times, the tuning gCGBd was commonly used instead. Other tunings common in old-time music include double C (gCGcd), sawmill or mountain minor (gDGcd) also called Modal or Mountain Modal, old-time A (aDAde) a step up from double C, often played with a violin accompaniment, and open D (f#DF#Ad). These tunings are often taken up a tone, either by tuning up or using a [[capo]].
In [[Australia]], soft drinks are usually sold in 375 mL [[Beverage can|cans]] or glass or plastic bottles. Bottles are usually 390 mL, 600 mL, 1.25 L or 2 L. However, 1.5 L bottles have more recently been used by the [[The Coca-Cola Company|Coca-Cola Company]].


The fifth (drone) string is the same gauge as the first, but it is generally five frets shorter, three quarters the length of the rest. One notable exception is the long necked [[Pete Seeger]] model, where the additional three frets are not added to the fifth string. The short fifth string means that unlike many string instruments, the strings on a five string banjo do not go in order from lowest to highest from one side of the neck to the other. Instead, in order from low to high the strings are the fourth, third, second, first, and then fifth.
In Canada, soft drinks are sold in cans of 236 mL, 355 mL, 473 mL, and bottles of 591 mL, 710 mL, 1 L, 1.89 L, and 2 L. The odd sizes are due to being the [[Metric system|metric]] near-equivalents to eight, 12, 16, 20, 24, and 64 fluid ounces. This allows bottlers to use the same-sized containers as in the U.S. market. This is an example of a [[Metrication_in_Canada#Common_usage_today|wider phenomenon]] in North America. Brands of more international soft drinks such as [[Fanta]] and [[Red Bull]] are more likely to come in round-figure capacities.'''RYAN LOVES TAYLA
'''


The short fifth string presents special problems for using a [[capo]] to change the [[pitch (music)|pitch]] of the instrument. For small changes (going up or down one or two semitones, for example) it is possible simply to retune the fifth string. Otherwise various devices, known as fifth string capos, are available effectively to shorten the string. Many banjo players favour the use of model railroad spikes or titanium spikes (usually installed at the seventh fret and sometimes at others), under which the string can be hooked to keep it pressed down on the [[fret]].
==Naming conventions==
{{main|Soft drink naming conventions}}


While the five-string banjo has been used in classical music since the turn of the century, [[contemporary classical music|contemporary and modern]] works have been written for the instrument by [[Béla Fleck]], [http://www.timlake.com Tim Lake], [[George Crumb]],[[Modest Mouse]], [[Jo Kondo]], [[Paul Elwood]], [[Hans Werner Henze]] (notably in his [[Symphony No. 6 (Henze)|Sixth Symphony]]), [[Beck]], [[J.P. Pickens]], Peggy Honeywell, Norfolk & Western, and [[Sufjan Stevens]].
==Floats==
A float is created by dropping a scoop of [[ice cream]] into a soft drink. In the [[Midwestern United States]], a soft drink with ice cream added is most often called an "[[ice cream soda]]," or soda, for short as they were made at [[soda fountain]]s. In Australia and New Zealand, this is known as a "Spider." In Scotland (mainly the West Coast) it is usually referred to as a "float". For example; a "coke float". (Note: As elsewhere, 'coke' is often used generically to refer to any cola in Scotland, while 'soda' in Scotland is usually taken to mean 'soda water'). The most common of these is the [[ice cream soda#root beer float|root beer float]].


Petite variations on the 5-string banjo have been available since the 1890s. S.S. Stewart introduced the [[banjeaurine]], tuned one fourth above a standard five-string. Piccolo banjos are smaller, and tuned one octave above a standard banjo.
In [[Belfast]], the capital of Northern Ireland, there is a regional variation:
Cola (regardless of brand) and vanilla ice cream constitute a "coke afloat".


== Four-string banjo ==
In the United States, some floats have specific names such as "Black Cow," "Brown Cow," "Purple Cow" (which is vanilla or chocolate ice cream in root beer), or [[Boston Cooler]] (vanilla ice cream in [[Vernor's]] ginger ale).
{{Unreferencedsection|date=July 2008}}
[[Image:Riverside Stompers - Peter Schwanzer solo - Dieter Bietak 2007.jpg|thumb|left|Four-string banjo]]
[[Image:Item-ps-250-(plectrum-special)-1458 lg.jpg|thumb|right|100px|Plectrum banjo from Gold Tone]]
[[Image:Item-it-250f-(irish-tenor)-1419 lg.jpg|thumb|left|100px|Irish tenor banjo from Gold Tone]]
[[Image:Item-ceb-4-1296 lg.jpg|thumb|right|100px|Cello banjo from Gold Tone]]


The '''plectrum banjo''' has four strings, lacking the shorter fifth drone string, and around 22 frets; it is usually tuned CGBd. As the name suggests, it is usually played with a guitar-style [[plectrum|pick]] (that is, a single one held between thumb and forefinger), unlike the five-string banjo, which is either played with a [[thumbpick]] and two fingerpicks, or with bare fingers. The plectrum banjo evolved out of the five-string banjo, to cater to styles of music involving strummed chords. [[Eddie Peabody]] was possibly the greatest exponent of the plectrum banjo style in the early to mid twentieth century.
==Controversy==<!-- This section is linked from [[Diet Coke]] -->
{{Splitsection|Criticism and Controversy linked to Soft Drinks|date=August 2008}}


A further development is the '''tenor banjo''', which also has four strings and is also typically played with a plectrum. It has a shorter neck with around 19 frets and a scale length of 21 3/4" - 23" on shorter models, and 25 1/2" to 26 3/4" on longer ones. It is usually tuned CGda, like a [[mandola]], but has also been tuned Gdae′ like an [[octave mandolin]] which produces a more mellow tone. Tenor Banjos also come in short scale with 17 frets and are used by players who use fiddle fingering, in the Gdae′ tuning. These tunings became popular around the turn of the century due to the growing popularity of the mandolin. Another alternative, called "Chicago" tuning is DGBe (like the first four strings of a guitar) which is now regaining popularity due to the number of guitarists who double on banjo. The tenor banjo has become a standard instrument for [[Folk music of Ireland|Irish traditional music]].
===Nutritional value of non-diet soft drinks===
Until the 1980s, soft drinks obtained nearly all of their [[food energy]] in the form of refined cane [[sugar]] or [[corn syrup]]. Today in the United States [[high-fructose corn syrup]] (HFCS) is used nearly exclusively as a sweetener because of its lower cost. However, HFCS has been criticized as having a number of detrimental effects on human health, such as promoting diabetes, hyperactivity, hypertension, and a host of other problems.<ref>[http://www.westonaprice.org/motherlinda/cornsyrup.html The Murky World of High-Fructose Corn Syrup<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Although [[anecdotal evidence]] has been presented to support such claims, it is well known that the human body breaks sucrose down into glucose and fructose before it is absorbed by the intestines. Furthermore, simple sugars such as fructose are rapidly converted into the same intermediates as in glucose metabolism.<ref>[http://www.uic.edu/depts/mcam/mcbc/lect_2004/lecture_21.pdf Pathways for the Interconversion of Sugars, University of Illinois Chicago, Medical Biochemistry 531, Lecture 21]</ref>


The tenor banjo was also a common rhythm instrument in early jazz and dance bands throughout the 1920s and 1930s. Its volume and timbre suited early jazz (and jazz-influenced popular music styles) and could both compete with other instruments (such as [[brass instruments]] and [[saxophone]]s) and be heard clearly on acoustic recordings. However, as the guitar gained in popularity in the 1930s, the tenor banjo moved out of mainstream jazz and popular music finding a place in traditional jazz and Dixieland jazz.
While the [[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]] recommended daily allotment ([[Reference Daily Intake|RDA]]) of added sugars is 10 teaspoons for a 2,000-[[calorie]] diet, many soft drinks contain more than this amount. Unless fortified, they also contain little to no [[vitamins]], [[minerals]], [[fiber]], [[protein]], or other [[essential nutrient]]s. Many soft drinks contain food additives such as [[food coloring]], artificial [[flavoring]], [[emulsifiers]], and [[preservatives]].


[[Harry Reser]] was arguably the best tenor banjoist of the early twentieth century and wrote a large number of works for tenor banjo as well as instructional material.
Soft drinks may also displace other healthier choices in people's diets, such as [[water]], [[milk]], and [[fruit juice]].<ref>[http://www.cspinet.org/new/200612061.html Schools Getting Raw Deal from Bottlers ~ Newsroom ~ News from CSPI<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>


The tenor banjo is regaining popularity as Dixieland jazz finds its way back into experimental improvisational music. Its rise to popularity is being supported by the recent manufacturing of tenors at a working musicians price.
===Studies showing a correlation between non-diet soft drinks and obesity===
A study from [[Harvard]] shows that soft drinks may be responsible for the doubling of [[obesity in children]] in the [[United States]] over the last 15 years.


Rarer than either the tenor or plectrum banjo is the [[cello banjo]]. Normally tuned CGDA, one octave below the tenor banjo, it matches the [[cello]] and [[mandocello]] in range. It played a role in banjo orchestras in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
From 1991 and 1995, [[adolescent]] boys in the United States, on average, increased their intake of soft drinks from 345 mL to 570 mL. Most soft drinks are sweetened with sugar or corn syrup, and not artificial sweeteners. Dr. David Ludwig of the Boston Children's Hospital showed that school children drinking at least eight U.S. [[fluid ounce]]s (240 mL) or more of regularly sweetened drinks daily will consume 835 [[calorie]]s (3,500 [[kilojoule]]s) more than those avoiding soft drinks; i.e., children who drink soft drinks loaded with sugar tend to eat much more food than those who avoid soft drinks. Either those taking sugared drinks lack the same restraint on foods, or sugared drinks cause a rise in insulin that makes adolescents more hungry, causing them to eat more. Soft drinks (including [[diet food|diet]] soft drinks) are also typically consumed with other high-calorie foods such as [[fast food]], and may also accompany [[television]] viewing. Children who drink soft drinks regularly are therefore fatter on average, in addition to being more likely to develop [[diabetes]] later in life (see below).<ref>Lancet 2001;357:505-08. "Relation between consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks and childhood obesity: a prospective, observational analysis"</ref>


[[Bass banjo]]s have been produced in both upright bass formats and with standard, horizontally-carried banjo bodies.
In March 2006, ''[[Pediatrics (journal)|Pediatrics]]'' published a paper [http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/117/3/673 Effects of Decreasing Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption on Body Weight in Adolescents: A Randomized, Controlled Pilot Study]. This suggests that reducing consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages helped reduce [[body mass index]] in the heaviest teenagers. This was reported as drinking a single 330ml can a day of sugary drinks translated to more than 1lb of weight gain every month.<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,11069-2072059,00.html Can-a-day soft drink habit that puts a stone a year on teenagers - Times Online<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>


Four-string banjo playing (in addition to rhythm playing) can include single string playing, chord melody (in which a succession of chords are played where the highest note forms a melody), a tremolo style (both of chords and single strings) and a complicated technique called duo style which combines single string tremolo and rhythm chords.
===Soft drinks linked to weight gain and type 2 diabetes===
In 2004, an eight-year study of 50,000 nurses showed a correlation that suggests drinking one or more sugar-sweetened beverages (such as soft drinks and fruit punches) per day increases one's risk of developing [[diabetes]] by 80% versus those who drink less than one such drink per month. This finding was independent of other lifestyle factors. It concludes, "Higher consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages is associated with a greater magnitude of weight gain and an increased risk for development of type 2 diabetes in women, possibly by providing excessive [[calories]] and large amounts of rapidly absorbable sugars.".<ref> Schulze MB, Manson JE, Ludwig DS, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Hu FB [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15328324&query_hl=20 Sugar-sweetened beverages, weight gain, and incidence of type 2 diabetes in young and middle-aged women] ''JAMA''. 2004 [[August 25]];292(8):927-34.</ref>


[[Roy Smeck]] was an influential performer on many fretted instruments including banjo. He also wrote a number of solos and instructional books. [[Johnny Biar]] and [[Buddy Wachter]] are prominent four-string banjoists currently working professionally.
===Soft drinks and dental decay===
Most soft drinks contain high concentration of simple [[carbohydrates]] - [[glucose]], [[fructose]], [[sucrose]] and other simple sugars. Oral bacteria ferment [[carbohydrates]] and produce acid, which dissolves tooth enamel during the dental decay process; thus, sweetened beverages are likely to increase risk of [[dental caries]]. The risk is greater if the frequency of consumption is high.<ref>Marshall TA, Levy SM, Broffitt B, Warren JJ, Eichenberger-Gilmore JM, Burns TL, Stumbo PJ. "Dental caries and beverage consumption in young children" Pediatrics. 2003 Sep;112(3 Pt 1):e184-91 [http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/112/3/e184]</ref>


== Banjo variants ==
A large number of soft drinks are [[acid]]ic and some may have a [[pH]] of 3.0 or even lower.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = British Soft Drinks Association | title = Acids | url = http://www.britishsoftdrinks.com/Default.aspx?page=409 | accessdate = 2006-09-12}}</ref>
[[Image:Banjo.png|left|thumb|300px|Old 6-string zither banjo]]
Drinking acidic drinks over a long period of time and continuous sipping can therefore [[erosion|erode]] the [[tooth enamel]]. Drinking through a straw is often advised by [[Dentistry|dentists]] as the drink is then swallowed from the back of the mouth and does not come into contact with the teeth as much. It has also been suggested that [[Oral hygiene|brushing teeth]] right after drinking soft drinks should be avoided as this can result in additional erosion to the teeth due to the presence of acid.<ref> M. A. Bassiouny, J. Yang, "Influence of drinking patterns of carbonated beverages on dental erosion",
General Dentistry, May-June, vol. 53, no. 3, 2005.
[http://www.agd.org/library/2005/june/abstracts.asp#abstract_7]
[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/06/050616060426.htm]
</ref>


A British innovation was the 6-string banjo, developed by William Temlett, one of England's earliest banjo makers, who opened his shop in London in 1846. American Alfred Davis Cammeyer (1862-1949), a young violinist-turned banjo concert player, devised the 5-string zither-banjo around 1880, which had a wood resonator and metal "wire" strings (the 1st and 2nd melody strings and 5th "thumb" string; the 3rd melody string was gut and the 4th was silk covered) as well as frets and guitar-style tuning machines. British [[opera]] diva [[Adelina Patti]] advised Cammeyer that the zither-banjo might be popular with English audiences, and Cammeyer went to London in 1888. After convincing the British that banjos could be used for more sophisticated music than was normally played by blackface minstrels, he was soon performing for London society, where he met Sir [[Arthur Sullivan]], who recommended that Cammeyer progress from writing banjo arrangements of music to composing his own music.
===Soft drinks may affect sleep patterns===
According to one report, soft drinks with caffeine can disrupt children's sleep and leave them feeling tired during the day.<ref>BBC [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/2638277.stm Fizzy drinks 'affect children's sleep'] [[8 January]] [[2003]]</ref>


(Interesting to note that, supposedly unbeknownst to Cammeyer, William Temlett had patented a 7-string closed back banjo in 1869, and was already marketing it as a "zither-banjo.")
===Soft drinks and bone density===
There has been a hypothesis that the phosphoric acid contained in some soft drinks (colas) displaces calcium from the bones, lowering bone density of the skeleton and leading to conditions such as [[osteoporosis]] and very weak bones.<ref>[http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=Article_C&cid=1216030527304&pagename=Zone-English-HealthScience%2FHSELayout Five Steps to Kick Your Soft-Drink Addiction]</ref> However, calcium metabolism studies by leading calcium and bone expert Dr. Robert Heaney determined that the net effect of carbonated soft drinks, (including colas, which use phosphoric acid as the acidulent) on calcium retention was negligible. He concluded that it is likely that colas prominence in observational studies is due to their prominence in the marketplace, and that the real issue is that people who drink a lot of soft drinks also tend to have an overall diet that is low in calcium. (Source: Heaney RP, Rafferty K. Carbonated beverages and urinary calcium excretion. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2001,74:;343-347.) {{Fact|date=June 2007}}


The first 5-string electric solid-body banjo was developed by Charles (Buck) Wilburn Trent, Harold "Shot" Jackson, and David Jackson in 1960.
===Banning===
In recent years, debate on whether soft drink [[vending machine]]s should be allowed in school has been on the rise. Proponents believe that soft drinks are a significant contributor to [[childhood]] obesity and [[tooth decay]], and that allowing soft drink sales in schools encourages children to believe they are safe to consume in moderate to large quantities. Proponents note that children are not always mature enough to understand the consequences of their own food choices, and should not be routinely exposed to the temptation of cheap, readily available soft drinks. They also argue that schools have a responsibility to look after the health of the children in their care, and that allowing children easy access to soft drinks violates that responsibility. Opponents believe that obesity is a complex issue and soft drinks are not the only cause. They also note the immense amount of funding soft drink sales bring to schools. Some people{{Who?}} take a more moderate stance, saying that soft drink machines should be allowed in schools, but that they should not be the only option available. They propose that when soft drink vending machines are made available in school grounds, the schools should be required to provide children with a choice of alternative drinks (such as [[fruit juice]], flavored [[water]] and [[milk]]) at a comparable price. Fruit drinks are often available, with a fruit juice content of less than 100%, and additives such as water and flavorings and colorings. Fruit drinks sometimes contain as much carbohydrate as the soft drinks they replace.


The six-string or guitar-banjo was the instrument of the early jazz great [[Johnny St. Cyr]], as well as of jazzmen [[Django Reinhardt]], [[Danny Barker]], [[Papa Charlie Jackson]] and [[Clancy Hayes]], as well as the blues and gospel singer The [[Reverend Gary Davis]]. Nowadays, it sometimes appears under such names as guitanjo, [[Guitjo (six-string)|guitjo]], ganjo, or banjitar.
On [[3 May]] [[2006]], the [http://www.healthiergeneration.org/ Alliance for a Healthier Generation], [[Cadbury Schweppes]], [[Coca-Cola]], [[PepsiCo]], and the [[American Beverage Association]] announced new [http://www.healthiergeneration.org/schools.aspx?id=108 School Beverage Guidelines] that will voluntarily remove high-calorie soft drinks from all US schools.


A number of hybrid instruments exist, crossing the banjo with other stringed instruments. Most of these use the body of a banjo, often with a resonator, and the neck of the other instrument. Examples include the ''[[Banjo Mandolin|banjo mandolin]]''; the [[Banjolin]]; and the ''banjo [[ukulele]]'' or ''[[banjolele]]''. These were especially popular in the early decades of the twentieth century, and were probably a result of a desire either to allow players of other instruments to jump on the banjo bandwagon at the height of its popularity, or to get the natural amplification benefits of the banjo resonator in an age before electric amplification.
On [[19 May]] [[2006]], UK Education Secretary Alan Johnson announced new minimum nutrition standards for school food. Amongst a wide range of measures, from September 2006, school lunches will be free from carbonated drinks. Schools will also end the sale of junk food (including carbonated drinks) in vending machines and [[tuck shops]]. See the Department for Education and Skills [http://www.dfes.gov.uk/pns/DisplayPN.cgi?pn_id=2006_0074 press notice] for details.


Instruments using the five-string banjo neck on a wooden body (for example, that of a [[bouzouki]] or [[dobro|resonator guitar]]) have also been made, such as the banjola. A 20th-Century [[Music of Turkey|Turkish]] instrument very similar to the banjo is called [[Cümbüs]].
In August 2006, after a controversial new report about the presence of pesticides in soft drinks sold in India, many state governments have issued a ban of the sale of soft drinks in schools. [[Kerala]] has issued a complete ban on the sale or manufacture of soft drinks altogether. In return, the soft drink companies like Coca Cola and Pepsi have issued ads in the media regarding the safety of consumption of the drinks. Since there is yet no enforcement{{Fact|date=February 2007}} of the agreed standards by Bureau of Indian Standards, the governing body to oversee the safety levels, in soft drinks in India, it is to be seen how this situation is to be resolved.<ref>BBC (Sanjoy Majumder) [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4776623.stm Indian state bans Pepsi and Coke] [[9 August]] [[2006]]</ref>


Rhythm guitarist [[Dave Day]] of 1960's proto-punks [[The Monks]] replaced his guitar with a six-string, gut-strung banjo upon which he played guitar chords. This instrument sounds much more metallic, scratchy and wiry than a standard electric guitar, due to its amplification via a small microphone stuck inside the banjo's body.
===Carcinogens in soft drinks===
{{main|Benzene in soft drinks}}
[[Benzene]] is a known [[carcinogen]], or cancer-causing agent. Major soft drink companies have had documentation of [[benzene]] contamination in soft drinks since at least 1990. It was originally thought that the contamination was caused by contaminated carbon dioxide, but research has shown that [[benzoates]] and [[ascorbic acid]] or [[erythorbic acid]] can react to produce benzene.<ref>http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/jafcau/1993/41/i05/f-pdf/f_jf00029a001.pdf?sessid=6006l3 Benzene production from decarboxylation of benzoic acid in the presence of ascorbic acid and a transition-metal catalyst</ref> (Gardner & Lawrence, 1993).


==References==
In 2006, the United Kingdom [[Food Standards Agency]] published the results of its survey of benzene levels in soft drinks,<ref>[http://www.food.gov.uk/news/newsarchive/2006/mar/benzenesurvey survey of benzene levels in soft drinks]</ref> which tested 150 products and found that four contained benzene levels above the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) guidelines for drinking water. The agency asked for these to be removed from sale.
{{reflist}}
The United States [[Food and Drug Administration]] released its own test results of several soft drinks and beverages containing benzoates and ascorbic or erythorbic acid. Five tested beverages contained benzene levels above the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency's]] recommended standard of 5 [[parts per billion|ppb]]. The Environmental Working Group<ref>http://www.ewg.org/issues/toxics/20060404/index.php</ref> has uncovered additional FDA test results that showed the following results: Of 24 samples of diet soda tested between 1995 and 2001 for the presence of benzene, 19 (79%) had amounts of benzene in excess of the federal tap water standard of 5 ppb. Average benzene levels were 19 ppb, about four times tap water standard. One sample contained 55 ppb of benzene, 11 fold tap water standards. Despite these findings, as of 2006, the FDA stated its belief that "the levels of benzene found in soft drinks and other beverages to date do not pose a safety concern for consumers".<ref>[http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/benzqa.html US FDA/CFSAN - Questions and Answers on the Occurrence of Benzene in Soft Drinks and Other Beverages<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>


== See also ==
[[Quinine]], the bittering component of mixer drinks present at 60 to 80 ppm as the dihydrochloride or sulphate, undergoes photolytic degradation in strong sunlight through clear glass, typically with a half-life (i.e. time for 50% of the chemical to degrade) of 3.5 hours in strong sunlight. From its chemical structure the degradation product is suspected to be carcinogenic and is devoid of the bitter taste of quinine. For that reason quinine-containing drinks should never be stored in sunlight. Quinine is used as a bittering agent because of its clean bitter taste, devoid of any lingering after-effects. Other bittering agents are available such as quassia, also a natural product extracted from the Quassia Amara tree and sometimes used as a bittering agent in soft drinks. Its bitter attribute is exploited as a substitute for hops that provides the bitter flavor in beers (Dictionary of Science and Technology Academic Press 1992,p 1772).
* [[African American music]]
* [[List of banjo players|Banjo players, list of]]
* [[Bluegrass music]]
* [[Country music]]
* [[Prewar Gibson banjo]]
* [[Guitjo (double-neck)|Double-neck guitjo]]
* [[Stringed instrument tunings]]
* [[Irish Music]]
* [[Banjo (samba)]]


== Further reading ==
===Alcohol content===
=== Banjo history ===
A report in October 2006 demonstrates that some soft drinks contain measurable amounts of alcohol.<ref>[http://www.zaman.com/?bl=economy&alt=&hn=37342 Today'S Zaman<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> In some older preparations, this resulted from natural fermentation used to build the carbonation. Modern drinks use introduced carbon dioxide but alcohol might result from fermentation of sugars in an unsterile environment. A small amount of alcohol is introduced to at least some soft drinks where alcohol is used in the preparation of the flavoring extracts.<ref>[http://www.mail-archive.com/mymasjid@yahoogroups.com/msg00028.html [myMasjid.com.my&#93; Alcohol: In soft drinks<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The Turkish soft drink manufacturer whose product was listed as highest in alcohol in the October 2006 study noted that the naturally occurring alcohol level in soft drinks is 1.5 times higher than that found in [[Kool-Aid]].<ref>[http://english.sabah.com.tr/AF9128D8A63B49A897868E88404D320D.html SABAH Newspaper English Edition<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* Conway, Cecelia (1995). ''African Banjo Echoes in Appalachia: A Study of Folk Traditions'', University of Tennessee Press. Paper: ISBN 0-87049-893-2; cloth: ISBN 0-87049-892-4. A study of the influence of African Americans on banjo playing throughout U.S. history.
* Gura, Philip F. and James F. Bollman (1999). ''America's Instrument: The Banjo in the Nineteenth Century''. The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-2484-4. The definitive history of the banjo, focusing on the instrument's development in the 1800s.
* Katonah Museum of Art (2003). ''The Birth of the Banjo''. Katonah Museum of Art, Katonah, New York. ISBN 0-915171-64-3.
* Linn, Karen (1994). ''That Half-Barbaric Twang: The Banjo in American Popular Culture.'' University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-06433-X. Scholarly cultural history of the banjo, focusing on how its image has evolved over the years.
* Tsumura, Akira (1984). ''Banjos: The Tsumura Collection''. Kodansha International Ltd. ISBN 0-87011-605-3. An illustrated history of the banjo featuring the world's premier collection.
* Webb, Robert Lloyd (1996). ''Ring the Banjar!''. 2nd edition. Centerstream Publishing. ISBN 1-57424-016-1. A short history of the banjo, with pictures from an exhibition at the MIT Museum.


=== Instructional (5-String Banjo)===
==History of soft drinks==
{{Refimprove|date=June 2008}}
Soft drinks trace their history back to the mineral waters found in natural springs. Ancient societies believed that bathing in natural springs and/or drinking mineral waters could cure many diseases. Early scientists who studied mineral waters included [[Geber]], [[Al-Kindi|Alkindus]], [[Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi|Rhazes]], [[Paracelsus]], [[Robert Boyle]], [[Friedrich Hoffmann]], [[Antoine Laurent Lavoisier]], [[Hermann Boerhaave]], William Brownrigg, Gabriel F. Venel, [[Joseph Black]], and David Macbride.


*Bailey, Jay. "Historical Origin and Stylistic Development of the Five-String Banjo." The Journal of American Folklore 85.335 (1972): 58-65.
The earliest soft drinks were [[Sherbet]]s developed by [[Alchemy and chemistry in Islam|Arabic chemists]] and originally served in the [[Islamic Golden Age|medieval Near East]]. These were juiced soft drinks made of crushed fruit, herbs, or flowers.<ref>Juliette Rossant (2005), [http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200505/the.world.s.first.soft.drink.htm The World's First Soft Drink], ''[[Saudi Aramco World]]'', September/October 2005, pp. 36-9</ref> The first marketed soft drinks (non-carbonated) in the [[Western world]] appeared in the 17th century. They were made from water and lemon juice sweetened with honey. In 1676, the ''Compagnie des Limonadiers'' of Paris was granted a monopoly for the sale of lemonade soft drinks. Vendors carried tanks of lemonade on their backs and dispensed cups of the soft drink to thirsty Parisians.
*Costello, Patrick (2003). ''The How and the Tao of Old Time Banjo''. Pik-Ware Publishing. ISBN 0-9744190-0-1. Instruction in frailing banjo. Available online under a Creative Commons license on several web sites including [http://www.ezfolk.com/banjo/howtao/ ezfolk].
*Richards, Tobe A. ''The Bluegrass Banjo Chord Bible: Open G Tuning 2,160 Chords''. Cabot Books (2008) ISBN 978-1-906207-08-3. Comprehesive chord dictionary featuring 2,160 chords, moveable shapes, slash chords, tuning diagrams, historical factfile etc. 94 pages.
*Scruggs, Earl. "Earl Scruggs and the 5-String Banjo". Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 0-634-06042-2. Instruction in Scruggs or 3 finger style 5 string banjo.
*[[Mike Seeger|Seeger, Mike]] (2005). "Old-Time Banjo Styles". Homespun Tapes. {{OCLC|32193876}}. Seeger teaches several old-time picking techniques - clawhammer, two-finger, three-finger, up-picking and others.
*[[Pete Seeger|Seeger, Pete]] (1969). ''How to Play the 5-String Banjo''. 3rd edition. Music Sales Corporation. ISBN 0-8256-0024-3. The seminal instruction book, still in print decades later. Seeger has since recorded an instruction video, available on DVD.
*[[Pete Wernick|Wernick, Pete]] (1985 DVD). ''Beginning Bluegrass Banjo''. Full course in the basics of Scruggs style.
*Wernick, Pete & Trischka, Tony (2000). ''Masters of the Five-String Banjo.'' Acutab Publications. ISBN 0-7866-5939-4. 70 banjo pieces from Scruggs, Reno, Osborne and Crowe to Fleck, Munde, and Cloud. Technique, improvising, set-up, learning, backup, favorite banjos, practice tips, equipment.
*Winans, Robert B. "The Folk, the Stage, and the Five-String Banjo in the Nineteenth Century." The Journal of American Folklore 89. 354 (1976): 407-37. 14 Sep. 2006.


=== Instructional (Tenor Banjo)===
===Carbonated beverages===
* Bay, Mel (1990). ''Complete Tenor Banjo Method''. Porcupine Press. ISBN 1-56222-018-7. An instructional guide.
In the 1770s, scientists made important progress in replicating naturally carbonated mineral waters. Englishman [[Joseph Priestley]] impregnated distilled water with [[carbon dioxide]]. Another Englishman, [[John Mervin Nooth]], improved Priestley's design and sold his apparatus for commercial use in pharmacies. Swedish chemist [[Torbern Bergman]] invented a generating apparatus that made carbonated water from chalk by the use of sulfuric acid. Bergman's apparatus allowed imitation mineral water to be produced in large amounts.
* Bay, Mel (1973). ''Deluxe Encyclopedia of Tenor Banjo Chords''. Porcupine Press. ISBN 0-87166-877-7. A comprehensive chord dictionary for CGDA or standard tuning.
* Nichols, Fox (1985). "I Do Declare That Tenors Are Cool: But They are for Chumps". Grill Books. ISBN 0-756842-445-1. A comprehensive guide for dislikement of tenors.
* O'Connor, Gerry. ''50 solos for Irish tenor banjo: (featuring jigs, reels and hornpipes arranged for E, A, D, G and A, D, G, C tuning).'' Soodlum, Waltons Mfg. Ltd. ISBN 978-1857201482.
* Richards, Tobe A. (2006). ''The Tenor Banjo Chord Bible: CGDA Standard Jazz Tuning 1,728 Chords''. Cabot Books. ISBN 0-9553944-4-9. A comprehensive chord dictionary in standard jazz tuning.
* Richards, Tobe A. (2006). ''The Irish Tenor Banjo Chord Bible: GDAE Irish Tuning 1,728 Chords''. Cabot Books. ISBN 0-9553944-6-5. A comprehensive chord dictionary in Irish tuning.
* Wachter, Buddy (2005). ''Learning Tenor Banjo''. Homespun. ISBN 1-59773-078-5. An instructional guide.


=== Instructional (Plectrum Banjo)===
===Soda fountain pioneers===
* Richards, Tobe A. (2007). ''The Plectrum Banjo Chord Bible: CGBD Standard Tuning 1,728 Chords''. Cabot Books. ISBN 978-1-906207-07-6. A comprehensive chord dictionary in standard tuning.
Artificial mineral waters, usually called "soda water," and the soda fountain made the biggest splash in the United States. Beginning in 1806, Yale chemistry professor [[Benjamin Silliman]] sold soda waters in New Haven, Connecticut. He used a Nooth apparatus to produce his waters. Businessmen in Philadelphia and New York City also began selling soda water in the early 1800s. In the 1830s, [[John Matthews (soda water manufacturer)|John Matthews]] of New York City and John Lippincott of Philadelphia began manufacturing soda fountains. Both men were successful and built large factories for fabricating fountains.


== External links ==
===Soda Fountains vs. Bottled Sodas===
{{commonscat|Banjos}}
The drinking of either natural or artificial mineral water was considered a healthy practice. The American pharmacists selling mineral waters began to add herbs and chemicals to unflavored mineral water. They used birch bark (see [[birch beer]]), [[dandelion]], [[sarsaparilla]], fruit extracts, and other substances. Flavorings were also added to improve the taste. Pharmacies with soda fountains became a popular part of American culture. Many Americans frequented the soda fountain on a daily basis. Due to problems in the U.S. glass industry, bottled drinks were a small portion of the market in the 19th century. Most soft drinks were dispensed and consumed at a soda fountain, usually in a drugstore or ice cream parlor. In the early 20th century, sales of bottled soda increased exponentially. In the second half of the 20th century, canned soft drinks became an important share of the market.
* [http://www.fieldrecorder.com Field Recorders Collective] ''Collection of CDs of American traditional styles; Appalachian, fiddling, '''banjo''', Cajun, Gospel from private collections now made available to the public''

* [http://www.bluegrass-museum.org The International Bluegrass Music Museum]
===Soft drink bottling industry===
* [http://www.thebanjoman.com Banjo Music & Theory]
Over 1,500 U.S. patents were filed for either a cork, cap, or lid for the carbonated drink bottle tops during the early days of the bottling industry. Carbonated drink bottles are under a lot of pressure from the gas. Inventors were trying to find the best way to prevent the carbon dioxide or bubbles from escaping. In 1892, the "Crown Cork Bottle Seal" was patented by William Painter, a Baltimore machine shop operator. It was the first very successful method of keeping the bubbles in the bottle.
* [http://www.banjofrailer.com Old-Time Banjo Music from Rural America]

* [http://4stringchords.com Chord finder for 4-string banjos]
====Automatic production of glass bottles====
* [http://zeppmusic.com/banjo/ Banjo-L]
In 1899, the first patent was issued for a glass-blowing machine for the automatic production of glass bottles. Earlier glass bottles had all been hand-blown. Four years later, the new bottle-blowing machine was in operation. It was first operated by the inventor, Michael Owens, an employee of Libby Glass Company. Within a few years, glass bottle production increased from 1,500 bottles a day to 57,000 bottles a day.
* [http://www.banjohangout.org The Banjo Hangout]

* [http://www.banjonews.com/ The Banjo Newsletter]
====Home-Paks and vending machines====
* [http://www.cybergrass.com Cybergrass - The Internet's Bluegrass Music News Magazine].
During the 1920s, the first "Home-Paks" were invented. "Home-Paks" are the familiar six-pack beverage carrying cartons made from cardboard. Automatic vending machines also began to appear in the 1920s. The soft drink had become an American mainstay.
* [http://www.cyfuss.com/acordes_para_banjo Chords for Banjo 5 string].

==See also==
*[[Diet soda]]
*[[List of soft drinks by country]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}


{{Bluegrassmusic}}
==External links==
{{Americanrootsmusic}}
{{Wiktionarypar|soft drink}}
{{countrymusic}}
*[http://popvssoda.com:2998/ The Great Pop vs. Soda Controversy]
*[http://www.chrismore.com/sodapop/ The Soda Pop Mashup!]
*[http://www.invisiblekillers.com/resources/articles/soft-drinks.php Health Focus: Toxins in Soft Drinks]
*[http://www.ameribev.org/schools/state%20regulations.pdf State Laws & Regulations Governing Beverage Sales in Schools], American Beverage Association (PDF format)
*[http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2005-08-16-soda-schools_x.htm "Beverage group: Pull soda from primary schools"], ''[[USAToday]]'', [[August 17]], [[2005]]
*[http://www.boston.com/yourlife/health/fitness/articles/2006/05/04/after_soda_ban_nutritionists_say_more_can_be_done/ "After soda ban nutritionists say more can be done"], ''[[Boston Globe]]'', [[May 4]], [[2006]]
*[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/22/business/22soda.html?ex=1282363200&en=a685e9de086c15d0&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss "Critics Say Soda Policy for Schools Lacks Teeth] [[New York Times]], [[August 22]], [[2005]]
*[http://aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/pediatrics;113/1/152 "Soft Drinks in Schools"], [[American Academy of Pediatrics]],
* [http://www.medbio.info/Horn/Sugars%204%20Kids/introduction_to_sugars4kids.htm] Sugars4Kids
*[http://historyofalcoholanddrugs.typepad.com/alcohol_and_drugs_history/soft_drinks/index.html Soft drinks news page]
*[http://longevity-science.blogspot.com/2007/05/soft-drinks-linked-to-aging.html "Soft drinks linked to aging"], Longevity-science.com blog by Leonid A. Gavrilov
*[http://inventorspot.com/ten_bizarre_japanese_soft_drinks "Unusual Soft Drinks from Japan"], Japanese Innovations blog by Steve Levenstein


[[Category:Soft drinks| ]]
[[Category:Banjo family instruments]]
[[Category:Folk musical instruments]]
[[Category:Pop culture words of Bantu origin]]
[[Category:Banjoists]]
[[Category:Bluegrass music]]
[[Category:Celtic music instruments]]


[[be-x-old:Банджа]]
[[ar:مشروبات غازية]]
[[da:Sodavand]]
[[bg:Банджо]]
[[ca:Banjo]]
[[de:Erfrischungsgetränk]]
[[es:Refresco]]
[[cs:Bendžo]]
[[fr:Soda]]
[[da:Banjo]]
[[ko:청량 음료]]
[[de:Banjo]]
[[et:Bandžo]]
[[hi:शीतल पेय]]
[[id:Minuman ringan]]
[[es:Banjo]]
[[he:משקה תוסס]]
[[eo:Banĝo]]
[[nl:Frisdrank]]
[[fr:Banjo]]
[[gd:Bainsiò]]
[[ja:ソフトドリンク]]
[[no:Brus]]
[[gl:Banjo]]
[[nn:Brus]]
[[it:Banjo]]
[[he:בנג'ו]]
[[pl:Napój bezalkoholowy]]
[[pt:Refrigerante]]
[[ka:ბანჯო]]
[[nl:Banjo]]
[[ro:Băutură răcoritoare]]
[[ja:バンジョー]]
[[simple:Soft drink]]
[[fi:Virvoitusjuoma]]
[[no:Banjo]]
[[sv:Läskedryck]]
[[pl:Banjo]]
[[pt:Banjo]]
[[th:น้ำอัดลม]]
[[ro:Banjo]]
[[vi:Đồ uống không cồn]]
[[ru:Банджо]]
[[tr:Alkolsüz içecekler]]
[[simple:Banjo]]
[[bat-smg:Nealkuohuolėnės gierals]]
[[zh:软饮料]]
[[sl:Banjo]]
[[fi:Banjo]]
[[sv:Banjo]]
[[tl:Bandyo]]
[[tr:Banjo]]
[[uk:Банджо]]
[[zh:班卓琴]]

Revision as of 12:09, 12 October 2008

{{Infobox Instrumen |name = Bango |names = |image = BluessBanjo.j |classification = Sring instrument ([[Pizzicato|plucked or frailed] |range = 200px |related |articles = }} {{otherus The bnjo is a stringedinstrument developed by nslaved Africans in the United States, adad from several African instruents.[1] Thename banjo commonly is thought to be derived from the [Kimbundu]] term mbanza. Some etmologists derive it from a dialctal pronnciation of "bandore", though recent research suggests that it may come from a Senegambian rm for the baboo stick used for the intrument's neck[citation needed]

= History

African Slaes in the American South and Appalachia fashioned the earliest banjos after instruments they had been familiar with in Africa, with some of the earliest istruments sometimes refered to now as "gourd banjos". One example would be an aknting. It is a spike fok lute played by the Jola tribe of Senegambia. Another similar instrument is the xalam of Senegal which ates back to ancient Egypt.[citation needed] The modern banjo was populrized by the American minstrel performer Joel Sweeney in the 1830s. Banjos were intrduced in Britain in the 1840s by Sweeney's group, the American Virginia Minstrels, and beme very popular in music halls.[2] == Modern forms The modern banjo comes in a variety of forms, including four- and five-string versions. A six-string versiontuned and played similar to a guitar, is gaining popularity. In almost all of its forms thbanjo's playing is characterised by a fast strumming or arpeggiated right hand,although there are many different playing styles.

== Usage Today, te banjo commonly is associated with country and bluegrass music. Historially, however, the banjo occupied a central place in African Americn traditional music, as well as in the minstrel shows of the 19th century. In fact,African Americans exerted a strong, early influence on the development of both country and bluerass through the introduction of banjo, and as well through the innovation of musical techniques in the playing of both the banjo and fiddle.[3][4][5] Recently, the banjo has enjoyed inclusion in a wide variety of musical genres, including pop crossover music and Celtic punk.

Five-string banjo

Helmholtz notation
Note:This article uses Helmholtz pitch notation to define banjo tunings.

The instrument is available in many forms. The five-string banjo is credited to Joel Walker Sweeney, an American minstrel performer from Appomattox Court House, Virginia. Sweeney wanted an instrument similar to the banjar played by African Americans in the American South, but at the same time, he wanted to implement some new ideas. He worked with a New York drum maker to replace the banjar's skin-covered gourd with the modern open-backed drum-like pot, and added another string to give the instrument more range or a drone. This new banjo came to be tuned gCGBb; a minor 3rd higher than the eAEG#b tuning of the banjar, and Sweeney was playing it by the 1830s.

The banjo can be played in several styles and is used in various forms of music. American old-time music typically uses the five-string open back banjo. It is played in a number of different styles, the most common of which are called clawhammer (or "claw-hammer") and frailing, characterised by the use of a downward rather than upward motion when striking the strings with the fingers. Banjo picks are usually inserted onto the fingers for a smoother playing. Frailing techniques use the thumb to catch the fifth string for a drone after each strum or twice in each action ("double thumbing"), or to pick out additional melody notes in what is known as "drop-thumb." Pete Seeger popularised a folk style by combining clawhammer with "up picking", usually without the use of fingerpicks.

Adrienne Young's banjo at Little Grill Collective June 27, 2008 in Harrisonburg, Virginia.

Bluegrass music, which uses the five-string resonator banjo almost exclusively, is played in several common styles. These include Scruggs style, named after Earl Scruggs; melodic, or Keith style; and three-finger style with single string work, also called Reno style after Don Reno, legendary father of Don Wayne Reno. In these styles the emphasis is on arpeggiated figures played in a continuous eighth-note rhythm. All of these styles are typically played with fingerpicks.

Many tunings are used for the five-string banjo. Probably the most common, particularly in bluegrass, is the open G tuning (gDGBd). In earlier times, the tuning gCGBd was commonly used instead. Other tunings common in old-time music include double C (gCGcd), sawmill or mountain minor (gDGcd) also called Modal or Mountain Modal, old-time A (aDAde) a step up from double C, often played with a violin accompaniment, and open D (f#DF#Ad). These tunings are often taken up a tone, either by tuning up or using a capo.

The fifth (drone) string is the same gauge as the first, but it is generally five frets shorter, three quarters the length of the rest. One notable exception is the long necked Pete Seeger model, where the additional three frets are not added to the fifth string. The short fifth string means that unlike many string instruments, the strings on a five string banjo do not go in order from lowest to highest from one side of the neck to the other. Instead, in order from low to high the strings are the fourth, third, second, first, and then fifth.

The short fifth string presents special problems for using a capo to change the pitch of the instrument. For small changes (going up or down one or two semitones, for example) it is possible simply to retune the fifth string. Otherwise various devices, known as fifth string capos, are available effectively to shorten the string. Many banjo players favour the use of model railroad spikes or titanium spikes (usually installed at the seventh fret and sometimes at others), under which the string can be hooked to keep it pressed down on the fret.

While the five-string banjo has been used in classical music since the turn of the century, contemporary and modern works have been written for the instrument by Béla Fleck, Tim Lake, George Crumb,Modest Mouse, Jo Kondo, Paul Elwood, Hans Werner Henze (notably in his Sixth Symphony), Beck, J.P. Pickens, Peggy Honeywell, Norfolk & Western, and Sufjan Stevens.

Petite variations on the 5-string banjo have been available since the 1890s. S.S. Stewart introduced the banjeaurine, tuned one fourth above a standard five-string. Piccolo banjos are smaller, and tuned one octave above a standard banjo.

Four-string banjo

Four-string banjo
Plectrum banjo from Gold Tone
Irish tenor banjo from Gold Tone
Cello banjo from Gold Tone

The plectrum banjo has four strings, lacking the shorter fifth drone string, and around 22 frets; it is usually tuned CGBd. As the name suggests, it is usually played with a guitar-style pick (that is, a single one held between thumb and forefinger), unlike the five-string banjo, which is either played with a thumbpick and two fingerpicks, or with bare fingers. The plectrum banjo evolved out of the five-string banjo, to cater to styles of music involving strummed chords. Eddie Peabody was possibly the greatest exponent of the plectrum banjo style in the early to mid twentieth century.

A further development is the tenor banjo, which also has four strings and is also typically played with a plectrum. It has a shorter neck with around 19 frets and a scale length of 21 3/4" - 23" on shorter models, and 25 1/2" to 26 3/4" on longer ones. It is usually tuned CGda, like a mandola, but has also been tuned Gdae′ like an octave mandolin which produces a more mellow tone. Tenor Banjos also come in short scale with 17 frets and are used by players who use fiddle fingering, in the Gdae′ tuning. These tunings became popular around the turn of the century due to the growing popularity of the mandolin. Another alternative, called "Chicago" tuning is DGBe (like the first four strings of a guitar) which is now regaining popularity due to the number of guitarists who double on banjo. The tenor banjo has become a standard instrument for Irish traditional music.

The tenor banjo was also a common rhythm instrument in early jazz and dance bands throughout the 1920s and 1930s. Its volume and timbre suited early jazz (and jazz-influenced popular music styles) and could both compete with other instruments (such as brass instruments and saxophones) and be heard clearly on acoustic recordings. However, as the guitar gained in popularity in the 1930s, the tenor banjo moved out of mainstream jazz and popular music finding a place in traditional jazz and Dixieland jazz.

Harry Reser was arguably the best tenor banjoist of the early twentieth century and wrote a large number of works for tenor banjo as well as instructional material.

The tenor banjo is regaining popularity as Dixieland jazz finds its way back into experimental improvisational music. Its rise to popularity is being supported by the recent manufacturing of tenors at a working musicians price.

Rarer than either the tenor or plectrum banjo is the cello banjo. Normally tuned CGDA, one octave below the tenor banjo, it matches the cello and mandocello in range. It played a role in banjo orchestras in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Bass banjos have been produced in both upright bass formats and with standard, horizontally-carried banjo bodies.

Four-string banjo playing (in addition to rhythm playing) can include single string playing, chord melody (in which a succession of chords are played where the highest note forms a melody), a tremolo style (both of chords and single strings) and a complicated technique called duo style which combines single string tremolo and rhythm chords.

Roy Smeck was an influential performer on many fretted instruments including banjo. He also wrote a number of solos and instructional books. Johnny Biar and Buddy Wachter are prominent four-string banjoists currently working professionally.

Banjo variants

Old 6-string zither banjo

A British innovation was the 6-string banjo, developed by William Temlett, one of England's earliest banjo makers, who opened his shop in London in 1846. American Alfred Davis Cammeyer (1862-1949), a young violinist-turned banjo concert player, devised the 5-string zither-banjo around 1880, which had a wood resonator and metal "wire" strings (the 1st and 2nd melody strings and 5th "thumb" string; the 3rd melody string was gut and the 4th was silk covered) as well as frets and guitar-style tuning machines. British opera diva Adelina Patti advised Cammeyer that the zither-banjo might be popular with English audiences, and Cammeyer went to London in 1888. After convincing the British that banjos could be used for more sophisticated music than was normally played by blackface minstrels, he was soon performing for London society, where he met Sir Arthur Sullivan, who recommended that Cammeyer progress from writing banjo arrangements of music to composing his own music.

(Interesting to note that, supposedly unbeknownst to Cammeyer, William Temlett had patented a 7-string closed back banjo in 1869, and was already marketing it as a "zither-banjo.")

The first 5-string electric solid-body banjo was developed by Charles (Buck) Wilburn Trent, Harold "Shot" Jackson, and David Jackson in 1960.

The six-string or guitar-banjo was the instrument of the early jazz great Johnny St. Cyr, as well as of jazzmen Django Reinhardt, Danny Barker, Papa Charlie Jackson and Clancy Hayes, as well as the blues and gospel singer The Reverend Gary Davis. Nowadays, it sometimes appears under such names as guitanjo, guitjo, ganjo, or banjitar.

A number of hybrid instruments exist, crossing the banjo with other stringed instruments. Most of these use the body of a banjo, often with a resonator, and the neck of the other instrument. Examples include the banjo mandolin; the Banjolin; and the banjo ukulele or banjolele. These were especially popular in the early decades of the twentieth century, and were probably a result of a desire either to allow players of other instruments to jump on the banjo bandwagon at the height of its popularity, or to get the natural amplification benefits of the banjo resonator in an age before electric amplification.

Instruments using the five-string banjo neck on a wooden body (for example, that of a bouzouki or resonator guitar) have also been made, such as the banjola. A 20th-Century Turkish instrument very similar to the banjo is called Cümbüs.

Rhythm guitarist Dave Day of 1960's proto-punks The Monks replaced his guitar with a six-string, gut-strung banjo upon which he played guitar chords. This instrument sounds much more metallic, scratchy and wiry than a standard electric guitar, due to its amplification via a small microphone stuck inside the banjo's body.

References

  1. ^ [http://www.ibma.org/about.bluegrass/history/index.asp Bluegrass Music: The Root." IBMA. Retrieved on 2006-08-25
  2. ^ Iformation on the banjo and development of the Zither-banjo
  3. ^ Winship, David."The African American Music Tradition in Country Music." BCMA, Birthplace of Country Music Alliance. Retrieved 02-08-2007.
  4. ^ Conway, Cecelia (2005). African Banjo Echoes in Appalachia. The University of Tennessee Press. p. 424.
  5. ^ "Old-time (oldtimey) Music What is it?." TML, A Traditional Music Library. Retrieved 02-08-2007.

See also

Further reading

Banjo history

  • Conway, Cecelia (1995). African Banjo Echoes in Appalachia: A Study of Folk Traditions, University of Tennessee Press. Paper: ISBN 0-87049-893-2; cloth: ISBN 0-87049-892-4. A study of the influence of African Americans on banjo playing throughout U.S. history.
  • Gura, Philip F. and James F. Bollman (1999). America's Instrument: The Banjo in the Nineteenth Century. The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-2484-4. The definitive history of the banjo, focusing on the instrument's development in the 1800s.
  • Katonah Museum of Art (2003). The Birth of the Banjo. Katonah Museum of Art, Katonah, New York. ISBN 0-915171-64-3.
  • Linn, Karen (1994). That Half-Barbaric Twang: The Banjo in American Popular Culture. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-06433-X. Scholarly cultural history of the banjo, focusing on how its image has evolved over the years.
  • Tsumura, Akira (1984). Banjos: The Tsumura Collection. Kodansha International Ltd. ISBN 0-87011-605-3. An illustrated history of the banjo featuring the world's premier collection.
  • Webb, Robert Lloyd (1996). Ring the Banjar!. 2nd edition. Centerstream Publishing. ISBN 1-57424-016-1. A short history of the banjo, with pictures from an exhibition at the MIT Museum.

Instructional (5-String Banjo)

  • Bailey, Jay. "Historical Origin and Stylistic Development of the Five-String Banjo." The Journal of American Folklore 85.335 (1972): 58-65.
  • Costello, Patrick (2003). The How and the Tao of Old Time Banjo. Pik-Ware Publishing. ISBN 0-9744190-0-1. Instruction in frailing banjo. Available online under a Creative Commons license on several web sites including ezfolk.
  • Richards, Tobe A. The Bluegrass Banjo Chord Bible: Open G Tuning 2,160 Chords. Cabot Books (2008) ISBN 978-1-906207-08-3. Comprehesive chord dictionary featuring 2,160 chords, moveable shapes, slash chords, tuning diagrams, historical factfile etc. 94 pages.
  • Scruggs, Earl. "Earl Scruggs and the 5-String Banjo". Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 0-634-06042-2. Instruction in Scruggs or 3 finger style 5 string banjo.
  • Seeger, Mike (2005). "Old-Time Banjo Styles". Homespun Tapes. OCLC 32193876. Seeger teaches several old-time picking techniques - clawhammer, two-finger, three-finger, up-picking and others.
  • Seeger, Pete (1969). How to Play the 5-String Banjo. 3rd edition. Music Sales Corporation. ISBN 0-8256-0024-3. The seminal instruction book, still in print decades later. Seeger has since recorded an instruction video, available on DVD.
  • Wernick, Pete (1985 DVD). Beginning Bluegrass Banjo. Full course in the basics of Scruggs style.
  • Wernick, Pete & Trischka, Tony (2000). Masters of the Five-String Banjo. Acutab Publications. ISBN 0-7866-5939-4. 70 banjo pieces from Scruggs, Reno, Osborne and Crowe to Fleck, Munde, and Cloud. Technique, improvising, set-up, learning, backup, favorite banjos, practice tips, equipment.
  • Winans, Robert B. "The Folk, the Stage, and the Five-String Banjo in the Nineteenth Century." The Journal of American Folklore 89. 354 (1976): 407-37. 14 Sep. 2006.

Instructional (Tenor Banjo)

  • Bay, Mel (1990). Complete Tenor Banjo Method. Porcupine Press. ISBN 1-56222-018-7. An instructional guide.
  • Bay, Mel (1973). Deluxe Encyclopedia of Tenor Banjo Chords. Porcupine Press. ISBN 0-87166-877-7. A comprehensive chord dictionary for CGDA or standard tuning.
  • Nichols, Fox (1985). "I Do Declare That Tenors Are Cool: But They are for Chumps". Grill Books. ISBN 0-756842-445-1. A comprehensive guide for dislikement of tenors.
  • O'Connor, Gerry. 50 solos for Irish tenor banjo: (featuring jigs, reels and hornpipes arranged for E, A, D, G and A, D, G, C tuning). Soodlum, Waltons Mfg. Ltd. ISBN 978-1857201482.
  • Richards, Tobe A. (2006). The Tenor Banjo Chord Bible: CGDA Standard Jazz Tuning 1,728 Chords. Cabot Books. ISBN 0-9553944-4-9. A comprehensive chord dictionary in standard jazz tuning.
  • Richards, Tobe A. (2006). The Irish Tenor Banjo Chord Bible: GDAE Irish Tuning 1,728 Chords. Cabot Books. ISBN 0-9553944-6-5. A comprehensive chord dictionary in Irish tuning.
  • Wachter, Buddy (2005). Learning Tenor Banjo. Homespun. ISBN 1-59773-078-5. An instructional guide.

Instructional (Plectrum Banjo)

  • Richards, Tobe A. (2007). The Plectrum Banjo Chord Bible: CGBD Standard Tuning 1,728 Chords. Cabot Books. ISBN 978-1-906207-07-6. A comprehensive chord dictionary in standard tuning.

External links

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