Turkic peoples and Jet: Difference between pages

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Difference between pages)
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Undid revision 244872852 by Emilyzilch (talk) referance added
 
m Reverted 1 edit by Kbaker23 identified as vandalism to last revision by Wolfkeeper.
 
Line 1: Line 1:
{{wiktionarypar|jet}}
{{ethnic group|
{{TOCright}}
|image=|image=[[Image:Turkic language map3.PNG|300px|]]
'''Jet''' may refer to:
|group={{Tnavbar-header|Turkic peoples|Turkic ethnicity}}
|poptime= More than 160 million<ref>[http://www.joshuaproject.net/affinity-blocs.php?rop1=A015 Ethnic people groups of the Turkic people]</ref>


==Aerospace==
Indigenous ethnicities and emigrant communities living in:
*[[Jet engine]]
''Turkey, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, People's Republic of China (Xinjiang) , Mongolia, Russia, Iran, Bulgaria, Moldova (Gagauz Autonomous Republic), Iraq, Syria, Greece, Romania, Western Europe (Germany, France, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Belgium, Sweden et al), United States, Canada, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Australia, Finland, Hungary, Poland, Belarus and the Ukraine''.
*[[Jet aircraft]]
|popplace= ''[[Asia Minor]] and the [[Middle East]], the [[Caucasus]], [[Central Asia]], [[Eastern Europe]] and the [[Balkans]], [[Siberia]], [[Xinjiang|Western China]], [[Mongolia|Western Mongolia]]'' and as immigrant communities in ''[[Australia]], [[North America]], and [[Western Europe]]''.
*[[Jet Airways]], an airline based in India serving domestic and international routes
|langs= [[Turkic Languages]], closely related to other [[Altaic languages]]. Academics sometimes claimed relations to the [[Uralic languages]]<ref>http://homepage.univie.ac.at/Johanna.Laakso/am_rev.html#_ftnref4</ref>.
*[[JetLite]], subsidiary of Jet Airways
|rels= [[Islam]] (predominantly), [[Christianity]]<ref>The Gagauz of the Danubian delta, the Chuvash of the Volga region, and the Yakuts and some smaller Turkic people in Siberia are Orthodox Christians</ref>, [[Buddhism]]<ref>The Tuvans of Siberia and the Yellow Uighurs of Gansu Province, China are Buddhists</ref>, [[Judaism]]<ref>The Karaim of eastern Europe are of Jewish faith</ref>, [[Shamanism]], [[Tengriism]], [[Atheism]], [[Agnosticism]] and [[Syncretic]] religion.
*[[JetBlue Airways]], an airline based in New York
*[[Jetstar Airways]], an Australian airline servicing domestic and International routes
*[[Jetsgo]], a Canadian airline


==Mathematics and Science==
}}
*[[Jet (mathematics)]]
*[[Jet bundle]]
*[[Jet (particle physics)]]
*[[Polar jet]], a phenomenon in astronomy, where streams of matter are emitted along the axis of rotation of a compact object.
*[[Relativistic jet]]s are extremely powerful jets of plasma which emerge from the centers of some active galaxies.
*[[Jet (lignite)]], a type of coal used in some jewelry (origin of the adjective jet-black)
*[[Lightning#Blue_jets|Jets]], a type of upper atmosphere lightning phenomena.
*[[Joint European Torus]] Experimental nuclear fusion machine.


==Music==
The '''Turkic peoples''' are [[Eurasian]] peoples residing in northern, central and western [[Eurasia]] who speak languages belonging to the [[Turkic languages|Turkic language family]].<ref>[http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9073847 Turkic people], [[Encyclopædia Britannica]], Online Academic Edition, 2008</ref> They share, to varying degrees, certain cultural traits and historical backgrounds. The term ''Turkic'' represents a broad [[ethno-linguistic group]] of people including existing societies such as the [[Kazakh people|Kazakhs]], [[Uzbeks]], [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]], [[Tatar]], [[Uyghur people|Uyghur]], [[Azerbaijani people| Azerbaijani]], [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] and [[Turkish people]], as well as [[List of Turkic states and empires|past civilizations]] such as the [[Xiongnu]], [[Kipchaks|Cumans]], [[Eurasian Avars|Avars]], [[Bulgars]], [[Huns]], [[Seljuks]], [[Khazars]], [[Ottomans]] and [[Timurid Dynasty|Timurids]].<ref>"[http://www.bartleby.com/65/ti/Timur.html Timur]", The [[Columbia Encyclopedia]], Sixth Edition, 2001-05, [[Columbia University Press]].</ref><ref>[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] article: [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-26937/Islamic-world Consolidation & expansion of the Indo-Timurids], Online Edition, 2007.</ref><ref>[http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9073847 Turkic people], [[Encyclopædia Britannica]], Online Academic Edition, 2008</ref>
*[[Jet (band)]], an Australian rock band
*[[Jet (song)|"Jet" (song)]], a 1973 single by Wings
*[[Jet (UK band)]], a 1970s glam rock band from England
*[[Jet-CD]], a 1998 album by Puffy AmiYumi
*[[The Jets (1980s pop band)]], a 1980s pop, R&B, dance and religious music band from Minneapolis, Minnesota
*[[The Jets (rock band)]], a 1970s rock band from Pekin, Illinois
*[[Jet Records]], a record label
*[[Joan Jett]], American rock guitarist and singer


==Fiction==
Many of the Turkic peoples have their homelands in [[Inner Asia]], where the Turkic peoples originated from, but since then Turkic languages have spread, through migrations and conquests, to other locations including present-day [[Turkey]]. While the term ''[[Turk]]'' may refer to a member of any Turkic people, the term ''Turkish'' usually refers specifically to the people and language of [[Turkey]].
*[[Jet (Wildstorm)]], a character from Wildstorm/DC Comics
*[[Jet (comics)]], a female character in DC comics ''New Guardians''
*[[Jet Jaguar]], a fictional robot from the 1973 film ''Godzilla vs. Megalon''
*The Jets, a gang in the 1957 Broadway musical ''[[West Side Story]]''
*[[List of Avatar: The Last Airbender major secondary characters#Jet|Jet]], a character from the TV series ''[[Avatar: The Last Airbender]]''
*[[Jet (Avatar: The Last Airbender episode)|Jet]], the tenth episode of the first season of the TV series ''[[Avatar: The Last Airbender]]''
*[[List of Cowboy Bebop characters#Jet Black|Jet Black]], a character from the anime ''[[Cowboy Bebop]]''
*[[Jet the Hawk]], a video game character from ''[[Sonic Riders]]''
*Jet, a widely used drug in the ''[[Fallout 2]]'' universe
*Jet Fusion, a cartoon character from ''[[The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius]]''
*Jet Link, who is Cyborg 002, a character from ''[[Cyborg 009]]''
*Jet, one of the elements mentioned in the openings of the british fiction series ''[[Sapphire_and_steel|Sapphire & Steel]]''


==Sports==
==Geographical distribution==
*[[New York Jets]], an American football team
[[Image:Map-TurkicLanguages.png|thumb|right|250px|Countries and autonomous subdivisions where a Turkic language has official status]]
*[[Jet 14]], a class of racing sailboats primarily located from the U.S. Atlantic coast to Ohio
[[Image:TurkicLanguages.png|thumb|right|250px|Number of native speakers in the Turkic language family]]
*[[Delhi Jets]], A [[Cricket]] team from [[Indian Cricket League]]
*[[Winnipeg Jets]], a former professional hockey team
*[[Ipswich Jets]], Australian rugby league team
*Jet, [[Diane Youdale]], one of the stars of ''Gladiators''
*"Jet," or "Jet Terry," nickname of Dallas Maverick [[Jason Terry]]
*Benny "The Jet" Urquidez, A kickboxer, coreographer and actor [[Benny Urquidez]]
*[[Newcastle United Jets]], Champions of a professional football competition in Australia called the A-League.
*[[Newtown Jets]], Australian rugby league team
*Jet, aka Monica Carlson, the Women's Champion of the first season of the 2008 revival of [[American Gladiators]]


==Culture==
The Turkic languages constitute a [[language family]] of some 30 languages, spoken across a vast area from [[Eastern Europe]] and the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]], to [[Siberia]] and Western [[China]], and to northern edges of [[South Asia]] and [[Arabia]] (the [[Middle East]]).
*[[Journal of Economic Theory]], an academic journal in the field of economics
*''JETS'', ''[[Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society]]'', a premier theological journal
*[[Jet (magazine)|''Jet'' (magazine)]], an African-American themed magazine
*[[Jet Li]], Chinese martial artist, actor, Wushu champion, and international film star
*[[JET Programme]], the Japan Exchange and Teaching Programme (teaching English)


==Products and business==
Some 180 million people have a Turkic language as their native language;<ref name=distribution>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90010 Turkic Language family tree] entries provide the information on the Turkic-speaking populations and regions.</ref> an additional 20 million people speak a Turkic language as a [[second language]]. The Turkic language with the greatest number of speakers is [[Turkish language|Turkish proper]], or [[Anatolia]]n Turkish, the speakers of which account for about 40% of all Turkic speakers.<ref name="LanguagesOfTheWorld"/> More than one third of these are ethnic [[Turkish people|Turks of Turkey]], dwelling predominantly in [[Turkey]] proper and formerly [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]]-dominated areas of [[Eastern Europe]] and [[West Asia]]; as well as in [[Western Europe]], [[Australia]] and the [[Americas]] as a result of immigration. The remainder of the Turkic people are concentrated in [[Central Asia]], [[Russia]], the [[Caucasus]], [[China]], northern Iraq and northern and [[Azerbaijan (Iran)|northwestern Iran]].
*[[jetAudio]], Multimedia software product
*[[Microsoft Jet Database Engine]], Joint Engine Technology
*[[Java Emitter Templates]], a template engine that is part of the Eclipse EMF project
*[[Matra Djet|Matra Sports Jet]], a [[France|French]] [[sports car]]
*[[Jet (brand)]], a filling station brand name
*[[Japan Entertainment Television|JET TV]], a television station in Singapore and Taiwan in the Jadeworld station group
*[[Pump-jet]], a marine propulsion mechanism for jetskis and other types of boats
*[[Water jet cutter]], a tool for cutting and the machining of engineering materials
*Jet: a tube, nozzle, or passageway in a [[carburetor#Basics| carburetor]]


==Places==
At present, there are six independent Turkic countries: [[Azerbaijan]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Turkey]], and [[Uzbekistan]]. There are also several Turkic national subdivisions<ref>[http://www.sonsoftheconquerors.com/16501.html?*session*id*key*=*session*id*val* Across Central Asia], a New Bond Grows - Iron Curtain's Fall Has
*[[Jet, Oklahoma]], United States of America
Spawned a Convergence for Descendants of Turkic Nomad Hordes</ref> in the [[Russia|Russian Federation]] including [[Bashkortostan]], [[Tatarstan]], [[Chuvashia]], [[Khakassia]], [[Tuva]], [[Sakha Republic|Yakutia]], the [[Altai Republic]], the [[Altai Krai]], [[Kabardino-Balkaria]], and [[Karachayevo-Cherkessiya]]. Each of these subdivisions has its own flag, parliament, laws, and official state language (in addition to [[Russian language|Russian]]).


==Other==
The [[Xinjiang|Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]] in western China and the autonomous region of [[Gagauzia]], located within eastern [[Moldova]] and bordering Ukraine to the north, are two major autonomous Turkic regions. The [[Crimea|Autonomous Republic of Crimea]] within Ukraine is a home of [[Crimean Tatars]]. In addition, there are several Turkic-inhabited regions in [[Iran]], [[Iraq]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Republic of Macedonia|F.Y.R. Macedonia]], [[Greece]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Afghanistan]], and western [[Mongolia]].
*[[Water jet (recreation)]], a personal-use water cannon that can be turned to spray in different directions and is usually found in water parks
*[[Jet of Iada]] A famous German Shepherd Red Cross Rescue dog who saved hundreds of lives in 1940 during the bombings of London, the [[Battle of Britain]] or the [[Blitz]].


{{disambig}}
In the age of nationalism, Turkic speakers were among the first [[Muslim]] people to take up Western ideas of [[liberalism]] and [[secular]] ideologies. [[Pan-Turkism]] first sprang up at the end of the nineteenth century in the [[Russian Empire]] and was advanced by leading Turkic intellectuals like [[Crimean Tatars|Crimean Tatar]] [[İsmail Gaspıralı]], Azerbaijan philosophers like [[Mirza Fatali Akhundov]] and [[Tatars|Tatar]] [[Yusuf Akçura]], as a reaction to [[Panslavism|Panslavist]] and [[Russification]] policies of the Russian Empire. The first fully democratic and secular republics in the Islamic world were Turkic: the ill-fated [[Idel-Ural State]] established in 1917, the [[Azerbaijan Democratic Republic]] in 1918 (both annexed and absorbed by the [[Soviet Union]]), and in 1923 [[Turkey|Republic of Turkey]]. In 1991 Azerbaijan became an independent Azerbaijan Republic.
[[Category:Jet]]


[[ca:Jet]]
The Turks in Turkey are over 55 million<!-- According to a 2008 report prepared for the [[National Security Council (Turkey) of Turkey by academics of three Turkish universities in eastern Anatolia, there were approximately 50 to 55 million ethnic Turks --><ref>{{cite news
[[de:Jet]]
|title = Türkiyedeki Kürtlerin Sayısı! (Number of Kurds in Turkey!)
[[es:Jet]]
|publisher = [[Milliyet]]
[[fr:Jet]]
|date = 2008-06-06
[[ko:제트]]
|accessdate = 2008-06-07
[[id:Jet]]
|language = Turkish
[[it:JET]]
|url = http://www.milliyet.com.tr/default.aspx?aType=SonDakika&Kategori=yasam&ArticleID=873452&Date=07.06.2008&ver=16
[[nl:Jet]]
}}</ref> to 70 million worldwide, while the second largest Turkic people are the [[Azerbaijanis]], numbering 20.5 to 33 million worldwide; most of them live in northwestern Iran ("[[Iranian Azerbaijan]]") and the Republic of Azerbaijan.
[[ja:ジェット]]

[[pl:Jet]]
==Turkic roots==
[[pt:Jet]]
{{See|Xiongnu|Huns}}
[[ru:Струя]]
[[Image:Berg Belucha.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Top of the Belukha, [[Altay Mountains]] are known as Turkic people birthplace]]
[[simple:Jet]]
[[Image:Orkhon tablet 8th century.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Orkhon tablet inscribed in [[Old Turkic script]]]]
[[fi:Jet]]
The first historical text to mention the Turks was from the standpoint of the Chinese, who mentioned trade of Turk tribes with the [[Sogdians]] along the [[Silk Road]].<ref>Etienne de la Vaissiere, [[Encyclopaedia Iranica]] Article:[http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/ot_grp7/ot_sogd_trade_20041201.html Sogdian Trade], 1 December 2004.</ref> The [[Xiongnu]] mentioned in [[Han Dynasty]] records may have been [[Proto-Turkic language|Proto-Turkic]] speakers,<ref>Silk-Road:[http://www.silk-road.com/artl/xiongnu1.shtml Xiongnu]</ref><ref>[http://www.yeniturkiye.com/display.asp?c=6010 Yeni Türkiye]</ref><ref>[http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesFarEast/TurkicIntro.htm The Rise of the Turkic People]</ref><ref>[http://www.geocities.com/cevatturkeli/ctbb-his1.htm Early Turkish History]</ref><ref>[http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/kitaplar/Turkey2005/content/english/110-111.htm An outline of Turkish History until 1923]</ref>
[[sv:Jet]]
followed by the [[Hun]] hordes of [[Attila]] that tried to conquer Europe.<ref>[http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Altera/xiongnu.html Chinese History - The Xiongnu]</ref><ref name="pulleyblank">G. Pulleyblank, The Consonantal System of Old Chinese: Part II, Asia Major n.s. 9 (1963) 206—65</ref> On the other hand, recent genetics research dated 2003<ref>Keyser-Tracqui C., Crubezy E., Ludes B. ''Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA analysis of a 2,000-year-old necropolis in the Egyin Gol Valley of Mongolia'' [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=12858290 American Journal of Human Genetics 2003 August; 73(2): 247–260.]</ref> confirms the studies indicating that the Turkic people originated from the same area and therefore are possibly related with the [[Xiongnu]].<ref>Nancy Touchette [http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/07_03/ancient.shtml Ancient DNA Tells Tales from the Grave] "Skeletons from the most recent graves also contained DNA sequences similar to those in people from present-day Turkey. This supports other studies indicating that [[Turkic]] tribes originated at least in part in Mongolia at the end of the Xiongnu period."</ref>

The rock art of the [[Yinshan]] and [[Helanshan]] is dated from the [[9th millennium BC]] to 19th century. It consists mainly of engraved signs (petroglyphs) and only minimally of painted images.<ref>Paola Demattè [http://faculty.risd.edu/faculty/pdematte/web/MyResearch/RA%20paper.htm Writing the Landscape: the Petroglyphs of Inner Mongolia and Ningxia Province (China).] (Paper presented at the First International Conference of Eurasian Archaeology, University of Chicago, 3 May-4 May 2002.)</ref> Ma Liqing compared the petroglyphs (which he presumed to be the sole extant example of possible Xiongnu writings), and the [[Orkhon script]] (the earliest known [[Old Turkic|Turkic]] alphabet) recently, and argued a new connection between both of them.<ref>MA Li-qing [http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/qikan/periodical.Articles/kgyww/kgyw2004/0402/040208.htm On the new evidence on Xiongnu's writings. ](Wanfang Data: Digital Periodicals, 2004)</ref>

Excavations conducted between 1924–1925, in [[Noin-Ula]] kurgans located in [[Selenga]] River in the northern [[Mongolia]]n hills north of [[Ulan Bator]], produced objects with over twenty carved characters, which were either identical or very similar to that of to the runic letters of the [[Turkic]] [[Orkhon script]] discovered in the [[Orkhon Valley]].<ref>N. Ishjatms, "Nomads In Eastern Central Asia", in the "History of civilizations of Central Asia", Volume 2, Fig 6, p. 166, UNESCO Publishing, 1996, ISBN 92-3-102846-4</ref>
The first recorded use of "Turk" as a political name is a sixth-century reference to the word now pronounced in Modern Chinese as [[Tujue]]. It is believed that some Turkic tribes, such as [[Khazars]] and [[Pechenegs]], probably lived as nomads for many years before establishing a political state ([[Göktürk]] empire).
Turkic peoples originally used their own alphabets, like Orkhon and Yenisey runiform, and later the [[Uyghur alphabet]]. The oldest inscription was found near the [[Issyk river]] in [[Kyrgyzstan]] and has been dated to 500 BC. The traditional national and cultural symbols of the Turkic peoples include the [[star and crescent]], used as a symbol of Turks since pre-Islamic times<ref>[http://islam.about.com/od/history/a/crescent_moon.htm The Crescent Moon]</ref> when they practised [[Shamanism]]; wolves, a part of Turkic mythology and tradition; as well as the color blue, iron, and fire.

Four hundred years after the collapse of northern [[Xiongnu]] power in [[Inner Asia]], leadership of the Turkic peoples was taken over by the Göktürks. Formerly an element of the Xiongnu nomadic confederation, the Göktürks inherited their traditions and administrative experience. From 552 to 745, Göktürk leadership bound together the [[nomad]]ic Turkic tribes into an empire, which eventually collapsed due to a series of dynastic conflicts. The great difference between the Göktürk Khanate and its Xiongnu predecessor was that the Göktürks' temporary ''[[Khan (title)|khans]]'' from the [[Ashina]] clan were ''subordinate'' to a [[sovereignty|sovereign]] authority that was left in the hands of a council of tribal chiefs. The [[Khanate]] received missionaries from the [[Buddhist]]s, [[Manichean]]s, and [[Nestorian Christian]]s, but retained their original [[Shamanism|shamanistic]] religion, [[Tengriism]]. The Göktürks were the first Turkic people to write [[Old Turkic|their language]] in a [[Orkhon script|runic script]].

==Migrations==
{{main|Turkic migrations}}
The Turkic peoples and the related groups migrated west towards [[Eastern Europe]], [[Iranian plateau]] and [[Anatolia]].<ref>Josh Burk, "The Middle East and Its Origins" p.45"</ref> Turks or Turkish people are among those who migrated early from what is known today as [[Mongolia]] to modern Turkey but also among the late-arrival peoples; they also participated in the Crusades.<ref>Moses Parkson, "Ottoman Empire and its past life" p.98</ref> After many battles they established their own state and later created the Ottoman Empire; their tactics were all-out sieges and invasions.<ref>Johnson, Mark "Turkic roots its origins" p.43</ref>

==Nomenclature==
The first known mention of the term ''Turk'' applied to a Turkic group was in reference to the [[Göktürks]] in the sixth century. A letter by the [[Chinese Emperor]] written to a Göktürk Khan named [[Ishbara]] in 585 described him as "the Great Turk Khan." The [[Orkhon inscriptions|Orhun inscriptions]] (AD 735) use the terms ''Turk'' and ''Turuk''.

Previous use of similar terms are of unknown significance, although some strongly feel that they are evidence of the historical continuity of the term and the people as a linguistic unit since early times. This includes a Chinese record of 1328 BC referring to a neighbouring people as ''Tu-Kiu''.

In modern Turkey, a distinction is made between "Turks" and the "Turkic peoples" in loosely speaking: the term ''Türk'' corresponds specifically to the "Turkish-speaking" people (in this context, "Turkish-speaking" is considered the same as "Turkic-speaking"), while the term ''Türki'' refers generally to the people of modern "Turkic Republics" (''Türki Cumhuriyetler'' or ''Türk Cumhuriyetleri''). However, the proper usage of the term is based on [[Turkic languages|the linguistic classification]] in order to avoid any [[political]] sense. In short, the term Turkic can be used for Turk or vice versa.<ref> Jean-Paul Roux, "''Historie des Turks - Deux mille ans du Pacifique á la Méditerranée''". [[Fayard|Librairie Arthème Fayard]], 2000.</ref>

==Traditions about nomenclature==

[[Image:Kashgari map.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Map from Kashgari's ''Diwan'', showing the distribution of Turkic tribes.]]
[[Image:ScythianC14AsiaEuropeFig6SketchEn.gif|thumb|right|150px|Timeline of Scythian kurgans in Asia and Europe (Per Fig.6 of Alekseev, A. Yu. et al., "Chronology of Eurasian Scythian Antiquities" <ref>Alekseev A.Yu. et al., ''"Chronology of Eurasian Scythian Antiquities Born by New Archaeological and 14C Data"'', © 2001 by the Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona, ''Radiocarbon'', Vol .43, No 2B, 2001, p 1085-1107</ref>]].
According to [[Mahmud al-Kashgari|Mahmud of Kashgar]], an eleventh century Turkic scholar, and various other traditional Islamic scholars and historians, the name "Turk" stems from Tur, one of the sons of Japheth, and comes from the same lineage as Gomer (Cimmerians) and Ashkenaz (Scythians, Ishkuz) who, according to tradition, were some of the earliest Turks. For millennia, a long string of historical references specifically linked Herodotus’ Scythians with various Türkic tribes, such as the Huns, Türks, Mongols, Khazars etc. <ref>G. Moravcsik, ''"Byzantinoturcica"'' II, p. 236-39</ref>. Between 400 CE and the 16th century the Byzantine sources use the name Σκΰθαι in reference to twelve different Türkic peoples <ref>G. Moravcsik, ''"Byzantinoturcica"'' II, p. 236-39</ref> (most modern scholars believe these tribes to have been Iranian). A similar name, Dur, appears in mediaeval [[Hungary|Hungarian]] legend as a legendary chieftain of the Caucasian [[Alans]] (Arran, Iron) whose daughters supposedly bred with the Magyar ancestors [[Hunor and Magor]].

Alp Er Tunga is a mythical hero in Turkic tradition; the Göktürks of the sixth century carried on the tradition of Alp Er Tunga and they too had a myth according to which they themselves were descendants of a wolf.

==History==
{{main|History of the Turkic peoples}}
[[Image:Tyurki.jpg|thumb|250px|Göktürk [[petroglyph]]s from [[Mongolia]].]]

It is generally believed that the first Turkic people were native to a region extending from [[Central Asia]] to [[Siberia]]. Some scholars contend that the [[Huns]] were one of the earlier Turkic tribes, while others support [[Mongolic]] origin for the Huns.<ref>[http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesEurope/BarbarianHuns.htm The Origins of the Huns]</ref> Otto Maenchen-Helfen's [[linguistic]] studies also support a Turkic origin for the Huns. <ref>Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen. The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture. University of California Press, 1973</ref><ref>[http://www.kroraina.com/huns/mh/mh_6.html Otto Maenchen-Helfen, Language of Huns]</ref> The main migration of Turks, who were among the ancient inhabitants of [[Turkestan]], occurred in medieval times, when they spread across most of [[Asia]] and into [[Europe]] and the [[Middle East]].<ref name="Carter V. Findley">Carter V. Findley, The Turks in World History, (Oxford University Press, October 2004) ISBN 0-19-517726-6</ref>

The precise date of the initial expansion from the early homeland remains unknown. The first state known as "Turk", giving its name to many states and peoples afterwards, was that of the [[Göktürks]] (''gog'' = "blue" or "celestial") in the sixth century AD. The head of the ''Asena'' clan led his people from Li-jien (modern Zhelai Zhai) to the [[Juan Juan]] seeking inclusion in their confederacy and protection from China. His tribe were famed metal smiths and were granted land near a mountain quarry which looked like a helmet, from which they were said to have gotten their name 突厥(tūjué). A century later their power had increased such that they conquered the Juan Juan and set about establishing their Gök Empire.<ref name="Carter V. Findley"/>

Later Turkic peoples include the [[Karluks]] (mainly eighth century), [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]], [[Kyrgyz]], [[Oghuz Turks|Oghuz]] (or Ğuz) Turks, and [[Turkmen people|Turkmens]]. As these peoples were founding states in the area between [[Mongolia]] and [[Transoxiana]], they came into contact with Muslims, and most gradually adopted [[Islam]]. However, there were also (and still are) small groups of Turkic people belonging to other religions, including [[Christianity|Christians]], [[Jew]]s ([[Khazars]]), [[Buddhism|Buddhists]], and [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrians]].

Turkic soldiers in the army of the [[Abbasids|Abbasid]] [[Caliphate|caliphs]] emerged as the de facto rulers of most of the Muslim Middle East (apart from [[Syria]] and [[Egypt]]), particularly after the tenth century. The Oghuz and other tribes captured and dominated various countries under the leadership of the [[Seljuk Turks|Seljuk dynasty]] and eventually captured the territories of the Abbasid dynasty and the [[Byzantine Empire]].<ref name="Carter V. Findley"/>

Meanwhile, the Kyrgyz and Uyghurs were struggling with one another and with the [[Chinese Empire]]. The Kyrgyz people ultimately settled in the region now referred to as [[Kyrgyzstan]]. The [[Tatar peoples]] conquered the [[Volga Bulgars]] in what is today [[Tatarstan]], following the westward sweep of the [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] under [[Genghis Khan]] in the thirteenth century. The Bulgars were thus mistakenly called Tatars by the Russians. Native Tatars live only in Asia; European "Tatars" are in fact Bulgars. Other Bulgars settled in Europe in the seventh-8th centuries, and were assimilated into the [[Slavs|Slavic]] population after adopting what eventually became the Slavic [[Bulgarian language]]. Everywhere, Turkic groups mixed with the local populations to varying degrees.<ref name="Carter V. Findley"/>
[[Image:OttomanEmpireIn1683.png|thumb|left|200px|The [[Ottoman Empire]] c. 1683]]
As the [[Seljuk Empire]] declined following the [[Mongol invasions|Mongol invasion]], the [[Ottoman Empire]] emerged as the new important Turkic state, that came to dominate not only the Middle East, but even southeastern Europe, parts of southwestern Russia, and northern Africa.<ref name="Carter V. Findley"/>

The [[Mughal Empire]] was a Muslim empire that, at its greatest territorial extent, ruled most of the [[Indian subcontinent]], then known as [[Hindustan]], and parts of what is now [[Afghanistan]] and [[Pakistan]] from the early 16th to the mid-18th century. The Mughal dynasty was founded by a [[Chagatai]] Turkic prince named [[Babur]] (reigned 1526–30), who was descended from the Turkic conqueror [[Timur]] (Tamerlane) on his father's side and from Chagatai, second son of the [[Mongol]] ruler [[Genghis Khan]], on his mother's side.<ref>[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] Article:[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9054153/Mughal-Dynasty Mughal Dynasty]</ref><ref>[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] Article:[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9011614/Babur Babur]</ref> The Mughal dynasty was notable for the ability of its rulers, who through seven generations maintained a record of unusual talent, and for its administrative organization. A further distinction was the attempt of the Mughals to integrate Hindus and Muslims into a united Indian state.<ref>[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] Article:[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9054153/Mughal-Dynasty Mughal Dynasty]</ref><ref>[http://www.pbs.org/treasuresoftheworld/taj_mahal/tlevel_1/t1_mughal.html the Mughal dynasty]</ref><ref>[http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/mogul/ When the Moguls Ruled India...]</ref><ref>Babur: Encyclopædia Britannica [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9011614/Babur Article]</ref>

The Ottoman Empire gradually grew weaker in the face of maladministration, repeated wars with [[Imperial Russia|Russia]] and [[Austro-Hungary]], and the emergence of nationalist movements in the [[Balkans]], and it finally gave way after [[World War I]] to the present-day republic of [[Turkey]].<ref name="Carter V. Findley"/>

==Language==
{{main|Turkic languages}}
{{see|Turkic alphabets}}

[[Image:Orkhon script 8th century wt.jpg|thumb|150px|The '''[[Orkhon script]]''' is the alphabet used by the [[Göktürk]]s from the 8th century to record the [[Old Turkic language]]. It was later used by the [[Uyghur people|Uyghur Empire]]; a [[Yenisei]] variant is known from 9th-century [[Kyrgyz]] inscriptions, and it has likely cousins in the [[Talas Valley]] of [[Turkestan]] and the [[Old Hungarian script]] of the 10th century.]]

The '''Turkic alphabets''' are sets of related alphabets with letters (formerly known as [[runes]]), used for writing mostly [[Turkic languages]]. Inscriptions in Turkic alphabets were found from [[Mongolia]] and [[Eastern Turkestan]] in the east to [[Balkans]] in the west. Most of the preserved inscriptions were dated to between 8th and 10th centuries AD.
The earliest positively dated and read Turkic inscriptions date from ca. 150, and the alphabets were generally replaced by the [[Uyghur]] alphabet in the [[Central Asia]], Arabic script in the Middle and Western [[Asia]], Greek-derived [[Cyrillic]] in [[Eastern Europe]] and in the Balkans, and [[Latin alphabet]] in [[Central Europe]]. The latest recorded use of [[Turkic alphabet]] was recorded in [[Central Europe]]'s [[Hungary]] in 1699 AD.
The Turkic [[runiform]] scripts, unlike other typologically close scripts of the world, do not have a uniform [[palaeography]] as, for example, have the [[Gothic language|Gothic]] runes, noted for the exceptional uniformity of its language and paleography. <ref>Vasiliev D.D. Graphical fund of Turkic runiform writing monuments in Asian areal, М., 1983, p. 44</ref> The Turkic alphabets are divided into four groups, the best known of them is the [[Orkhon]] version of the Enisei group.

The '''Turkic language family''' is traditionally considered to be part of the proposed [[Altaic languages|Altaic language family]].<ref name="Ethnologue Altaic">{{cite web|author=Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.)|authorlink=Ethnologue|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90009|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Language Family Trees - Altaic|format=HTML|accessdate = 2007-03-18|date=2005}}</ref><ref>Georg, S., Michalove, P.A., Manaster Ramer, A., Sidwell, P.J.: "Telling general linguists about Altaic", ''Journal of Linguistics'' 35 (1999): 65-98 [http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=17033 Online abstract and link to free pdf]</ref><ref>[http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9073847 Turkic peoples], [[Encyclopædia Britannica]], Online Academic Edition, 2008</ref><ref name="LanguagesOfTheWorld">{{cite book|last=Katzner|first=Kenneth|title=Languages of the World, Third Edition|publisher=Routledge, an imprint of Taylor & Francis Books Ltd.|year=2002|month=March|isbn=978-0415250047}}</ref> The Altaic [[Language families and languages|language family]] includes 66 [[language]]s<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90009 Language Family Trees: Altaic]</ref> spoken by about 348 million people, mostly in and around [[Central Asia]] and northeast Asia.<ref name="Ethnologue Altaic"/><ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90009 Altaic Language Family Tree] ''Ethnologue report for Altaic''.</ref><ref>[http://www.hunmagyar.org/turan/ethno.html Ethnographic maps]</ref>

The various Turkic languages are usually considered in geographical groupings: the [[Oghuz languages|Oghuz]] (or Southwestern) languages, the [[Kipchaks|Kypchak]] (or Northwestern) languages, the Eastern languages (like [[Uyghur language|Uygur]]), the Northern languages (like [[Altay language|Altay]] and [[Yakut language|Yakut]]), and divergent languages (like [[Chuvash language|Chuvash]]). The high mobility and intermixing of Turkic peoples in history makes an exact classification extremely difficult.

The [[Turkish language]] belongs to the Oghuz subfamily of Turkic. It is for the most part mutually intelligible with the other Oghuz languages, which include [[Azeri language|Azeri]], [[Gagauz language|Gagauz]], [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] and [[Urum language|Urum]], and to a varying extent with the other Turkic languages.

==Mythology==
{{Unreferencedsection|date=December 2007}}

'''Turkic mythology''' is the [[mythology]] of the Turkic peoples that spoke [[Turkic languages]] which are a subfamily of the [[Altaic languages|Altaic language family]]. [[Tengriism]] and other [[Shaman]]istic religions had been the dominant religion for most of history.

In one tradition, described in the ancient [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]] text called the ''Zend-Avesta'' &mdash; similar to the biblical story of [[Noah]] &mdash; the Turkic peoples are descendants of "Tur" or "Tura", a grandson of Yima, who was the sole survivor of a catastrophe that depopulated the Earth.

===Animals===
The [[Gray Wolf|Wolf]] symbolizes honour and is also considered the father of most Turkic peoples. [[Asena]] (Ashina Tuwu) is the wolf mother of [[Tumen Il-Qağan]], the first Khan of the [[Göktürks]].

The [[Horse]] is also one of the main figures of Turkic mythology. Türks consider the horse an extension of the human, one creature.

The [[Dragon]], also expressed as a [[Snake]] or [[Lizard]], is the symbol of might and power. It is believed, especially in mountainous [[Central Asia]], that dragons still live in the mountains of [[Tian-Shan]] (Tangri Tagh) and [[Altay Mountains|Altay]]. Dragons also symbolize the god [[Tengri]] (Tanrı) in ancient Turkic tradition, although dragons themselves aren't worshipped as gods.

===Personalities===

[[Geser]] (Ges'r, Kesar) is a Tibetan/Mongolian religious epic about ''''Geser'''' (also known as ''''Bukhe Beligte'''') a Turkic prophet who taught Türks the new monotheistic religion [[Tengriism]]. It is unknown when he lived, and there are not many historical documents that mention him. Tengriism isn't approved by most Muslim scholars, but [[sura]] 108 of the Quran has the name [[Al-Kawthar]],in which the word ''kawthar'' could potentially be read as 'Käusar', which may be an Arabisation of the Turkic name 'Geser'. The name of this sura is conventionally interpreted as "all goods" or "abundance", but this is not certain and many scholars have different opinions on this sura.

The legend of [[Timur]] (Temir) is the most ancient and well-known. Timur found a strange stone that fell from the sky, an [[iron]] ore [[meteorite]]. He was a smith and decided to make a sword of it. Few knew about iron in Asia before then. He tried to make a sword from it by using the usual [[bronze]] [[sword making]] process. He mentioned that this material, iron, was very easy to change and manipulate, though it was even stronger than bronze.
Today, the word "temir" or "timur" means "iron". The melting process was known before in [[Egypt]], but it wasn't used that widely in Asia, because of the very high iron price (much higher than [[gold]]) in the Mediterranian and Europe at that time.

[[Bai-Ulgan]] (Bai-Ulgen, Ulgen, Ülgen, Ulgan) is a Turkic and Mongolian creator-deity.

In the Bible, [[Togarmah]], son of [[Gomer]], was ancestor of the Turkic-speaking peoples. His sons Ujur (Uyghur: Mongol-Turks), Tauris, Avar, Uauz (Oghuz Turks), Bizal, Tarna, [[Khazar]], Janur, [[Bulgar]], and Sawir ([[Sabir]], a Turkic people, probably of Hunnic origin) are the mythical founders of tribes that once lived around the Black and Caspian Seas.

==Religion==
{{main|Islam in Azerbaijan|Zoroastrianism in Azerbaijan|Islam in Uzbekistan|Islam in Turkmenistan|Islam in Turkey|Islam in Cyprus|Islam in Kazakhstan|Islam in Russia}}
[[Image:Kyzyl Shaman.jpg|thumb|150px|right|A shaman doctor of [[Kyzyl]].]]
[[Image:Shamans Drum.jpg|thumb|left|150px|A diagram of the Tengriist World view on a Shaman's Drum. The ''World-tree'' is growing in the centre and connecting the three Worlds [[Underworld]], ''Middleworld'' and ''Upperworld'']]
[[Image:Pavlodar-Moschea.JPG|thumb|left|150px|[[Mosque]] in [[Kazakhstan]].]]

Various pre-Islamic Turkic civilizations of the sixth century adhered to [[Shamanism|shamanist]] and [[Tengriism|Tengriist]] traditions. The Shamanist religion is based on spiritual and natural elements of earth. Tengriism involves belief in [[Tengri]] as the god who ruled over the skies. {{lang-tr|Tanrı}} and {{lang-az|Tanrı}} remain in use by speakers of those languages as a term for God regardless of their faith.

Today, most Turks are [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] Muslims. These include the majority of Balkan Turks, Balkars, Bashkorts, Crimean Tatars, Karachay, Kazaks, Kumuk, Kyrgyz, Nogay, Tatars (Kazan Tatars), Turkmens, Turks of Turkey, Uygurs, and Uzbeks. The Azerbaijanis of the [[Azerbaijan|Republic of Azerbaijan]] and [[Azerbaijan (Iran)|Iranian Azerbaijan]] are the only major Turkic-speaking people that traditionally adhere to the [[Shia Islam|Shī‘ah]] sect of Islam. The [[Qashqay]] nomads and [[Khorasani Turks]] as well as various Turkic tribes spread across Iran are also Shī‘ah. The [[Alevi]]s of Turkey are the largest religious minority in the country. Their belief system is a branch of [[Twelver Shi`ism|Twelver]] Shī‘ah theology.

The major Christian-Turkic peoples are the [[Chuvash]] of [[Chuvashia]] and the [[Gagauz]] (''Gökoğuz'') of [[Moldova]]. Many [[Karaim]] Turks of Eastern Europe are [[Jewish]], and there are Turks of Jewish backgrounds who live in major cities such as Istanbul, Ankara and Baku. In the Siberian region, the Altay, some [[Tuvan]] and [[Hakas]] are Tengriist, having kept the original religion of Turkic peoples.{{Fact|date=January 2008}} The Yakuts of Yakutia in northeastern Siberia are traditionally Shamanists, yet many have converted to Christianity. The [[Yugur|Sari Uygurs]] "Yellow Yughurs" of Western China, as well as the Tuvans of Russia are the only remaining Buddhist Turkic peoples. In addition, there are small scattered populations of Turks belonging to other religions such as the [[Bahá'í Faith]] and Zoroastrianism.

Even though many Turkic peoples became [[Islam|Muslims]] under the influence of [[Sufi]]s, often of Shī‘ah persuasion, most Turkic people today are [[Sunni]] Muslims, although a significant number in Turkey are [[Alevi]]s. Alevi Turks, who were once primarily dwelling in eastern Anatolia, are today concentrated in major urban centers in western Turkey with the increased urbanism.

The traditional religion of the [[Chuvash]] of Russia, while containing many ancient Turkic concepts, also shares some elements with [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Khazar]] Judaism, and Islam. The Chuvash religious calendar cycle and the agrarian cult that it was based on combined ancestor worship and worship of earth, water and vegetation. The Chuvash converted to [[Eastern Orthodox Christianity]] for the most part in the second half of the nineteenth century. As a result, festivals and rites were made to coincide with Orthodox feasts, and Christian rites replaced their traditional counterparts. A minority of the Chuvash still profess their traditional faith.<ref>Guide to Russia:[http://russiatoday.strana.ru/en/profile/people/nat/1482.html Chuvash]</ref>

Some Turkic peoples (particularly in the Russian autonomous regions and republics of [[Altay Republic|Altay]], [[Khakassia]] and [[Tuva]]) are largely Tengriists. Tengriism was the predominant religion of the different Turkic branches prior to the eighth century, when the majority accepted Islam.

The Gagauz of [[Moldova]] are largely Christians. There are also Turkic-speaking Jews such as the [[Crimean Karaites]]. There are also a few Buddhist (e.g. [[Tuvans]]), Zoroastrian and Bahá'í Turkic peoples today.

Traditional [[Inner Asia]]n cults, commonly referred to as shamanism, survive in many places, often submerged in other religions. In post-Soviet Siberia, 300 years after their forced conversion, the [[Yakuts]] (Sakha) and others have completely rejected [[Orthodox Christianity]] in favor of a revived shamanism.<ref>A.M. Khazanov, ''After the USSR: Ethnicity, Nationalism, and Politics in the Commonwealth of Independent States.'', pp.184-89, 1995, University of Wisconsin Press</ref>

==Ethnic subdivisions==
{{see also| List of Turkic groups}}

The distribution of peoples of Turkic cultural background ranges from [[Siberia]], where the [[Yakuts]] reside, across Central Asia, to Eastern Europe. Presently, the largest groups of Turkic people live throughout Central Asia—[[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Uzbekistan]], and [[Azerbaijan]], in addition to [[Turkey]]. Additionally, Turkic peoples are found within [[Crimea]], the [[Xinjiang]] region of western [[China]], northern [[Iraq]], [[Iran]], [[Israel]], [[Russia]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Pakistan]], [[Cyprus]], and the [[Balkans]]: [[Moldova]], [[Greece]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Romania]], and former [[Yugoslavia]]. A small number of Turkic people also live in [[Vilnius]], the capital of [[Lithuania]]. There is also a small number in eastern [[Poland]]. There are also considerable populations of Turkic people (originating mostly from [[Turkey]]) in [[Germany]], [[United States]], and [[Australia]], largely because of migrations during the twentieth century.

[[Image:Sabihagokcen.JPG|thumb|[[Atatürk]] with his adopted daughter [[Sabiha Gökçen]], the world's first female combat pilot, from the archive of [[Turkish Air Force]].]]
[[Image:Tschingis Ajtmatow.jpg|thumb|[[Chinghiz Aitmatov]]]]

An exact line between the different Turkic peoples cannot easily be drawn. The following is a non-comprehensive list of the major groups:

*[[Altay people|Altays]] (Oirots)
*[[Azerbaijanis]]
*[[Balkars]] (along with Karachays, speakers of the [[Karachay-Balkar language]])
*[[Bashkirs]]
*[[Bulgars]]
*[[Chulyms]]
*[[Chuvash people|Chuvashs]]
*[[Crimean Tatars]]
*[[Dolgans]]
*[[Gagauz]]
*[[Iraqi Turkmen]]
*[[Karachays]] (along with [[Balkars]], speakers of the [[Karachay-Balkar language]])
*[[Crimean Karaites]]
*[[Karakalpaks]]
*[[Karapapak]]
*[[Kazakhs]]
*[[Khakas]]
*[[Khazars]]
*[[Kipchaks]] (Cumans)
*[[Kizilbash]]s (Descendants of the 7 Turkic tribes who formed the Kizilbash-army)
*[[Krymchak]]s (speak a modified form of Crimean Tatar)
*[[Kumyks]]
*[[Kyrgyz]]
*[[Meskhetian Turks]]
*[[Mohajirs]] (Only some of them)
*[[Nogais]]
*[[Qashqai]]
*[[Salar]]
*[[Tatars]]
**[[Volga Tatars]] (or [[Kazan]] Tatars, or simply Tatars)
**Crimean Tatars
***[[Nağaybäklär]]
***[[Baltic Tatars]]
**[[Siberian Tatars]]
**[[Lipka Tatars]]
*[[Tofalar]]s
*[[Turkmen people|Turkmens]]
*[[Turkish people|Turks of Turkey]] (see also [[Ottoman Turks]] or [[Seljuk Turk]])
**[[Turkish Cypriots]]
*[[Tuvans]]
*[[Uyghur people|Uyghur]]
*[[Uzbeks]]
*[[Yakuts]]
*[[Yörük]]s
*[[Yugur]]

Sometimes the above list is grouped into six branches: the [[Oghuz Turks]], [[Kipchaks|Kipchak]], [[Qarluq|Karluk]], [[Siberia]]n, [[Chuvash people|Chuvash]], and [[Sakha language|Sakha/Yakut]] branches. The Oghuz have been termed Western Turks, while the remaining five, in such a classificatory scheme, are called Eastern Turks.

One of the major difficulties perceived by many who try to classify the various Turkic languages and dialects is the impact [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and particularly [[Stalin]]ist nationality policies—the creation of new national demarcations, suppression of languages and writing scripts, and mass deportations—had on the ethnic mix in previously multicultural regions like [[Khwarezm]], the [[Fergana Valley]], and [[Caucasia]]. Many of the above-mentioned classifications are therefore by no means universally accepted, either in detail or in general. Another aspect often debated is the influence of [[Pan-Turkism]], and the emerging [[nationalism]] in the newly independent Central Asian republics, on the perception of ethnic divisions.

==Physical appearance==

The Turkic peoples display a great variety of ethnic types.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/609972/Turkic-people#tab=active~checked%2Citems~checked&title=Turkic%20people%20--%20Britannica%20Online%20Encyclopedia Turkic people, Encyclopædia Britannica, Online Edition, 2008]</ref> They possess physical features ranging from [[Caucasoid]] to [[Northern Mongoloid]] in every Turkic country. In western Turkic lands, such as Turkey and Azerbaijan people look Caucasian. In Turkey, people with light-coloured eyes such as blue, green, hazel, or gray and blond or brown hair are common. Mongoloid and Caucasoid facial structure is common among many Turkic groups, such as [[Chuvash people]], [[Tatars]], [[Kazakhs]], [[Uzbeks]] and [[Bashkirs]]. There has been much debate about the [[Race (classification of human beings)|racial]] nature of the original Turkic-speaking ancestors, with some in the past presuming a "Ural-Altaic race" with Caucasoid features at one end of the spectrum and Mongoloid features at the other.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Flag of Eastern Turkistan.svg|The "Kokbayraq" flag. This flag is used by [[Uyghurs]] as a symbol of the [[East Turkestan independence movement]]. It is almost identical to the flag of Turkey except with a blue background. The [[People's Republic of China|Chinese government]] prohibits using the flag in the country.
Image:Fig6Ishjamts_p166R1.gif|2nd century BC - 2nd century AD, characters of [[Hsiung-nu|Hun]]- [[Xianbei|Syanbi]] script (Mongolia and Inner Mongolia), N. Ishjatms, "Nomads In Eastern Central Asia", in the "History of civilizations of Central Asia", Volume 2, Fig 5, p. 166, UNESCO Publishing, 1996, ISBN 92-3-102846-4
Image:Fig5Ishjamts p166R2.gif|2nd century BC - 2nd century AD, characters of [[Hsiung-nu|Hun]]- [[Xianbei|Syr-Tardush (Syanbi)]] script (Mongolia and Inner Mongolia), N. Ishjatms, "Nomads In Eastern Central Asia", in the "History of civilizations of Central Asia", Volume 2, Fig 5, p. 166, UNESCO Publishing, 1996, ISBN 92-3-102846-4
Image:ToyokAndRjukokuAlphabets.gif|Oldest known Turkic alphabet listings, Rjukoku and Toyok manuscripts. Toyok manuscript transliterates Turkic alphabet into the [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]] alphabet. Per I.L. Kyzlasov, ''Runic Scripts of Eurasian Steppes'', Moscow, Eastern Literature, 1994, ISBN 5-02-017741-5.
Image:Göktürk Epigraph Copy in Gazi University Ankara.JPG|A copy of [[Göktürk]] ([[Orkhon script|Orkhon]]) Epigraph in [[Ankara]]
Image:Kyzyl orkhon inscription.jpg|Inscription in [[Kyzyl]] using [[Orkhon script]]
Image:Tokhtamysh.jpg|[[Golden Horde]] invasion of Russia in 1382.
Image:Benjamin-Constant-The Entry of Mahomet II into Constantinople-1876.jpg|The entry of [[Mehmet II]] into [[Constantinople]].
Image:Sattar Khan.jpg|[[Sattar Khan]] (1868-1914) was a major revolutionary figure in the late [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar]] period in Iran.
Image:Ataturk13.JPG|[[Mustafa Kemal Ataturk]] with his soldiers at Anafartalar, [[Çanakkale]], 1915.
Image:Armed students in Gökçeada.jpg|Armed students of "''[[Gökçeada (district)|Gökçeada]] Öğretmen Okulu''" against to a possible attack of [[Greece]] to the island, 03.12.1967.
Image:Samad Behrangi.JPG|[[Samad Behrangi]] (1939-1969) was an [[Iranian Azeri]] socialist writer famous for his books for children.
Image:Gfdfgd.jpg|[[Karachays|Karachay]] patriarchs in the nineteenth century
Image:Whirlingdervishes.JPG|[[Whirling dervishes]] in Turkey
Image:Qashqai caravan halt.jpg|[[Qashqai]] caravan halt in Iran
Image:Tatar woman XVIII century.jpg|Kazan Tatar woman, 18th century
Image:Taniec tatarski.jpg|[[Crimean Tatar]] soldier fighting with the soldier of the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]]
Image:Chlebowski-Bajazyt w niewoli.jpg|Sultan [[Bayezid I|Bayezid]] captured by [[Timur]] after the [[Battle of Ankara]]
Image:EmperorSuleiman.jpg|[[Suleiman the Magnificent]]
Image:Babur.jpg| [[Babur]], founder of the [[Mughal dynasty]].

</gallery>
===People===
<gallery>
Image:Mehmet_Scholl.jpg|[[Turkish]] football player
Image:Azerigirls.JPG|[[Azerbaijani people|Azerbaijani]] girls ([[Azerbaijan]])
Image:Karachay_national_dance.jpg|[[Karachay]] national dance ([[Russia]])
Image:Qashqai women spinning.jpg|[[Qashqai]] women spinning ([[Iran]])
Image:UzbekStudents.jpg|[[Uzbek]] students ([[Uzbekistan]])
Image:Turkman girl in national dress.jpg|[[Turkmen]] girl ([[Turkmenistan]])
Image:Aitys.jpg|[[Kazakh]] people (performing traditional music) ([[Kazakhistan]])
Image:Kyrgyz Manaschi, Karakol.jpg|[[Kyrgyz]] man performing epic poem ([[Kyrgyzstan]])
Image:Khotan-melikawat-chicas-d03.jpg|[[Uyghur]] girl ([[China]])
Image:Khotan-mercado-chicas-d01.jpg|[[Uyghur]] children ([[China]])
Image:Tuvan Family.jpg|[[Tuvan]] family in traditional clothing ([[Russia]])
Image:Azeri 7.jpg|Performing [[Azerbaijani people|Azeri]] musicians
Image:MinusinskTatars.jpg|[[Minusinsk]] Tatars ([[Russia]])
Image:Gagauz-children.jpg|[[Gagauz people]] in traditional clothing ([[Moldova]])
Image:Uzbeki_girl.jpg| A [[Uzbek]] girl with traditional headdress. ([[Uzbekistan]])
Image:Yoruks.jpg| A [[Yörük]] couple near [[Eğirdir]], [[Turkey]]
Image:Alash-5x5-300dpi.jpg|[[Throat singing]] Ensemble [[Alash]] from ([[Tuva]],[[Russia]])
Image:Yakut.jpg|A [[Yakut]] family in 1911. ([[Yakutia]], [[Russia]])

</gallery>

Turkic republics flags

<gallery>
Image:Flag of Altai Republic.svg|Flag of [[Altai Republic]]
Image:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg|Flag of [[Azerbaijan]]
Image:Flag of Bashkortostan.svg|Flag of [[Bashkortostan]]
Image:Flag_of_Chuvashia.svg|Flag of [[Chuvashia]]
Image:Flag of Gagauzia.svg|Flag of [[Gagauzia]]
Image:Flag of Kabardino-Balkaria.svg|Flag of [[Kabardino-Balkaria]]
Image:Flag of Karachay-Cherkessia.svg|Flag of [[Karachay-Cherkessia]]
Image:Flag of Karakalpakstan.svg|Flag of [[Karakalpakstan]]
Image:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg|Flag of [[Kazakhstan]]
Image:Flag of Khakassia.svg|Flag of [[Khakassia]]
Image:Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg|Flag of [[Kyrgyzstan]]
Image:Flag of Sakha.svg|Flag of [[Sakha]]
Image:Flag of Tatarstan.svg|Flag of [[Tatarstan]]
Image:Flag of Turkey.svg|Flag of [[Turkey]]
Image:Flag of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.svg|Flag of the [[Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus]]
Image:Flag of Turkmenistan.svg|Flag of [[Turkmenistan]]
Image:Flag of Tuva.svg|Flag of [[Tuva]]
Image:Flag of Uzbekistan.svg|Flag of [[Uzbekistan]]
Image:Flag of Eastern Turkistan.svg|Outlawed flag of the [[East Turkestan independence movement]]
Image:Wappen Gagausien 01 01.png|Unofficial [[Gagauzia]] flag.
</gallery>

{{Turkic topics}}

==Notes and references ==
{{Reflist}}

<div class="references-small">
*Golden, Peter B. "''Some Thoughts on the Origins of the Turks and the Shaping of the Turkic Peoples''". (2006) In: ''Contact and Exchange in the Ancient World''. Ed. Victor H. Mair. University of Hawai'i Press. Pp. 136-157. ISBN-13: ISBN 978-0-8248-2884-4; ISBN-10: ISBN 0-8248-2884-4</div>

==Further reading and references==
* Chavannes, Édouard (1900): ''Documents sur les Tou-kiue (Turcs) occidentaux.'' Paris, Librairie d’Amérique et d’Orient. Reprint: Taipei. Cheng Wen Publishing Co. 1969.
* Findley, Carter Vaughn. 2005. ''The Turks in World History''. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516770-8; 0-19-517726-6 (pbk.)
* Charles Warren Hostler, ''The Turks of Central Asia'', (Greenwood Press, November 1993), ISBN 0-275-93931-6
* H.B. Paksoy ALPAMYSH: [http://vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/paksoy-1/ Central Asian Identity under Russian Rule] (Hartford: AACAR, 1989)
* Peter B. Golden, ''An introduction to the history of the Turkic peoples: Ethnogenesis and state-formation in medieval and early modern Eurasia and the Middle East'', (Otto Harrassowitz (Wiesbaden) 1992) ISBN 3-447-03274-X
* Colin Heywood, ''The Turks (The Peoples of Europe)'', (Blackwell 2005), ISBN 978-0631158974
* Baskakov, N.A. 1962, 1969. ''Introduction to the study of the Turkic languages''. Moscow. (In Russian)
* Boeschoten, Hendrik & Lars Johanson. 2006. ''Turkic languages in contact''. Turcologica, Bd. 61. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3447052120
* Clausen, Gerard. 1972. ''An etymological dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* Deny, Jean et al. 1959-1964. ''Philologiae Turcicae Fundamenta''. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
* Johanson, Lars & Éva Agnes Csató (ed.). 1998. ''The Turkic languages''. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-08200-5.
* Johanson, Lars. 1998. "The history of Turkic." In: Johanson & Csató, pp. 81-125. [http://www.turkiclanguages.com/www/classification.html Classification of Turkic languages]
* Johanson, Lars. 1998. "Turkic languages." In: ''Encyclopaedia Britannica''. CD 98. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online, 5 September. 2007. [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-80003/Turkic-languages Turkic languages: Linguistic history]
* Menges, K. H. 1968. ''The Turkic languages and peoples: An introduction to Turkic studies''. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
* Öztopçu, Kurtuluş. 1996. Dictionary of the Turkic languages: English, Azerbaijani, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tatar, Turkish, Turkmen, Uighur, Uzbek. London: Routledge. ISBN 0415141982
* Samoilovich, A. N. 1922. ''Some additions to the classification of the Turkish languages''. Petrograd. [http://s155239215.onlinehome.us/turkic/40_Language/LangClassificationEn.htm Classification of Türkic languages]
* Schönig, Claus. 1997-1998. "A new attempt to classify the Turkic languages I-III." ''Turkic Languages'' 1:1.117–133, 1:2.262–277, 2:1.130–151.
* Voegelin, C.F. & F.M. Voegelin. 1977. ''Classification and index of the World's languages''. New York: Elsevier.
*Amanjolov A.S., "History of тhe Ancient Turkic Script", Almaty, "Mektep", 2003, ISBN 9965-16-204-2
*Baichorov S.Ya., "Ancient Turkic runic monuments of the Europe", Stavropol, 1989 (In Russian)
*Ishjatms N., "Nomads In Eastern Central Asia", in the "History of civilizations of Central Asia", Volume 2, UNESCO Publishing, 1996, ISBN 92-3-102846-4
*Kyzlasov I.L., "Runic Scripts of Eurasian Steppes", Moscow, Eastern Literature, 1994, ISBN 5-02-017741-5
*Malov S.E., "Monuments of the ancient Turkic inscriptions. Texts and research", M.-L., 1951 (In Russian)
*Mukhamadiev A., "Turanian Writing", in "Problems Of Lingo-Ethno-History Of The Tatar People", Kazan, 1995, ISBN 5-201-08300 (Азгар Мухамадиев, "Туранская Письменность", "Проблемы лингвоэтноистории татарского народа", Казань, 1995. с.38, ISBN 5-201-08300, (In Russian)
*Vasiliev D.D. Graphical fund of Turkic runiform writing monuments in Asian areal. М., 1983, (In Russian)
*Vasiliev D.D. Corpus of Turkic runiform monuments in the basin of Enisei. М., 1983, (In Russian)

==See also==
*[[Chigils|Chigils Turks]]
*[[Shatuo Turks]]
*[[Pan-Turanism]]
*[[Pan-Turkism]]
*[[Turkic European]]
*[[Turkic languages]]
*[[Turkic migrations]]
*[[Turkic states and empires]]
*[[Turko-Iranian]]
*[[Turko-Persian tradition]]
*[[Turkology]]
*[[List of ethnic groups]]
*[[European ethnic groups]]
*[[Peoples of the Caucasus]]
*[[Altaic people]]

==External links==
*[http://www.umich.edu/~turkish/turkic.html Turkic Republics, Regions, and Peoples: Resources - University of Michigan]
* [http://www.turkicfest.org Turkic Cultures and Children's Festival, Turkic Fest]
* [http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/TUM_VAN/TURKS.html Encyclopedia Britanica 1911 Edition]
* [http://www.turkicworld.org turkicworld]
* [http://www.hunmagyar.org/turan/ethno.html Ethnographic maps]
* [http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/newspot/2002/mar_apr/n5.htm International Turcology and Turkish History Research Symposium]
* [http://eng.iku.edu.tr/iku_eng_department.asp?department=turklang Istanbul Kültür University]
* [http://www.turkishitems.com Examples of traditional Turkish and Ottoman Clothing]
* [http://users.pandora.be/orientaal/links.html Türkçekent Orientaal's links for Turkish Language Learning]
* [http://users.pandora.be/orientaal/turkcestan.html Türkçestan Orientaal's links to Turkic languages]
* [http://users.cwnet.com/millenia/UAETY.html Ural-Altaic-Sumerian Etymological Dictionary]
* [http://www.tatar.net Crimean Tatar Internet Resources]
* [http://www.vatankirim.net Crimean Tatar Web Site]
* [http://www.kirimtatar.net Kemal's Crimean Tatar Web Site with Crimean Tatar Language Resources]
* [http://www.adji.ru/main_en.html Murad Adji's site] Contains books in English
'''New DNA Results'''
*[http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=0003-4800&date=2000&volume=64&issue=2&spage=145 "Probable ancestors of Hungarian ethnic groups: an admixture analysis"C. R. GUGLIELMINO1, A. DE SILVESTRI2 and J. BERES]
*[http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v8/n5/abs/5200468a.html MtDNA and Y chromosome polymorphisms in Hungary: inferences from the Palaeolithic, Neolithic and Uralic influences on the modern Hungarian gene pool]
*[http://www.bookrags.com/history/worldhistory/dastan-turkic-ema-02/ World History Study Guide'': "Dastan Turkic" at BookRsgs.com]
*[http://web.umr.edu/~gdoty/poems/altaic/ The ''Altaic Epic'']

{{Turkic States}}
{{Modern Turkic states}}
{{Turkic topics}}

[[Category:Turkic peoples| ]]
[[Category:Eurasian nomads]]
[[Category:Central Asian people]]

[[ba:Төрки телле халыҡтар]]
[[bs:Turski narodi]]
[[bg:Тюркски народи]]
[[cs:Turkické národy]]
[[de:Turkvölker]]
[[el:Τουρκικά φύλα]]
[[es:Pueblos túrquicos]]
[[eo:Tjurkaj popoloj]]
[[fr:Peuples turcs]]
[[ko:터키인]]
[[hr:Turski narodi]]
[[id:Bangsa Turkik]]
[[it:Turchi]]
[[he:עמים טורקיים]]
[[mk:Турски народи]]
[[nl:Turkse volkeren]]
[[ja:テュルク]]
[[no:Tyrkere]]
[[uz:Turkiy xalqlar]]
[[pl:Ludy tureckie]]
[[pt:Povos turcos]]
[[ro:Popor turcic]]
[[ru:Тюрки]]
[[sk:Turkické národy]]
[[fi:Turkkilaiset kansat]]
[[sv:Turkfolk]]
[[tt:Törki xalıqlar]]
[[tr:Türk halkları]]
[[uk:Тюрки]]
[[zh:突厥]]

Revision as of 13:46, 13 October 2008

Look up jet in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Jet may refer to:

Aerospace

Mathematics and Science

Music

Fiction

Sports

Culture

Products and business

Places

Other

  • Water jet (recreation), a personal-use water cannon that can be turned to spray in different directions and is usually found in water parks
  • Jet of Iada A famous German Shepherd Red Cross Rescue dog who saved hundreds of lives in 1940 during the bombings of London, the Battle of Britain or the Blitz.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turkic_peoples&oldid=244988017"