Shanxi and Tomsk: Difference between pages

Coordinates: 56°29′19″N 84°57′8″E / 56.48861°N 84.95222°E / 56.48861; 84.95222
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{{This2|about the Russian city|Tomsk the Womble|The Wombles}}
{{distinguish2|the neighboring province of [[Shaanxi]]}}

{{Infobox PRC province
{{Infobox Russian city
|ChineseName = 山西省
|EnglishName=Tomsk
|Pinyin = Shānxī Shěng
|RussianName=Томск
|EnglishName = Shanxi Province
|Skyline
|Name = Shanxi
|SkylineLegend
|Abbreviation = 晋
|LatDeg=56
|AbbrevPinyin = Jìn
|LatMin=30
|ISOAbbrev = 14
|LatSec
|Map = China Shanxi.svg
|LonDeg=84
|MapSize = 275px
|LonMin=58
|OriginOfName = 山 shān - mountain <br>西 xī - west <br>"west of the [[Taihang Mountains]]"
|LonSec
|AdministrationType = [[Province of China|Province]]
|LocatorMap=RussiaTomsk-Location2007-01.png
|Capital = [[Taiyuan]]
|LocatorMapLegend=Tomsk on the map of Russia
|LargestCity = [[Taiyuan]]
|CoatOfArms=Tomsk city coat of arms.png
|Secretary = [[Zhang Baoshun]] 张宝顺
|Flag=Tomsk city flag.png
|Governor = [[Wang Jun (PRC politician)|Wang Jun]] 王君 (acting)
|CityDay=[[June 7]]
|Area_km2 = 156800
|FederalSubject=[[Tomsk Oblast]]
|AreaRank = 19th
|MunStatus
|PopYear = 2004
|InJurisdictionOf=[[Tomsk Oblast]]
|Pop = 33,350,000
|AdmCtrOf=[[Tomsk Oblast]], [[Tomsky District]]
|PopRank = 19th
|LeaderType=Mayor
|PopDensity_km2 = 213
|LeaderName=[[Alexander Sergeyevich Makarov|Alexander Makarov]]
|PopDensityRank = 19th
|Legislature=[[Duma of Tomsk|Duma]]
|GDPYear = 2007
|Charter=[[Charter of Tomsk]]
|GDP = 569.6 billion
|Area_km2=294.6
|GDPRank = 18th
|AreaRank
|GDPperCapita = 16,835
|Population=487838
|GDPperCapitaRank = 15th
|PopulationRank=34<sup>th</sup>
|HDIYear = 2005
|FoundationDate=[[October 7]], [[1604]]
|HDI = 0.753
|Event1=Town status
|HDIRank = 16th
|Event1Date=1782
|HDICat = <font color="#ffcc00">medium</font>
|PostalCode=634xxx
|Nationalities = [[Han Chinese|Han]] - 99.7%<br />[[Hui people|Hui]] - 0.2%
|DialingCode=3822
|Prefectures = 11
|Website=http://www.admin.tomsk.ru/
|Counties = 119
|Townships = 1388
|Website = [http://www.shanxigov.cn www.shanxigov.cn] ([[Chinese language|Chinese]])
}}
}}
'''{{Audio|zh-Shanxi.ogg|Shanxi}}''' ({{zh-cpw |c=山西 |p=Shānxī |w=Shan-hsi}}; [[Chinese Postal Map Romanization|Postal map spelling]]: ''Shansi'') is a [[political divisions of China|province]] in the [[North China|northern part]] of the [[People's Republic of China]]. Its one-character abbreviation is Jin (晋 [[pinyin]] jìn), after the [[state of Jin]] that existed here during the [[Spring and Autumn Period]].


'''Tomsk''' ({{lang-ru|Томск}}) is a [[types of inhabited localities in Russia|city]] on the [[Tom River]] in the southwest of [[Siberian Federal District]], [[Russia]], the administrative centre of [[Tomsk Oblast]]. One of the oldest towns in Siberia, Tomsk celebrated its 400<sup>th</sup> anniversary in 2004. Population: {{ru-census|p02=487838|p89=501963}} It is served by [[Bogashevo Airport]].
Shanxi's name literally means "mountains' west", which refers to the province's location west of the [[Taihang Mountains]].<ref>{{zh}} [http://www.people.com.cn/GB/shenghuo/1090/2435218.html Origin of the Names of China's Provinces], [[People's Daily Online]].</ref> Shanxi borders [[Hebei]] to the east, [[Henan]] to the south, [[Shaanxi]] to the west, and [[Inner Mongolia]] to the north. The capital of the province is [[Taiyuan]].


== History ==
==Geography==
Tomsk is divided into four city districts: Kirovsky, Leninsky, Oktyabrsky, and Sovetsky. The historical areas of Tomsk include: Voskresenskaya Gora (''Resurrection Hill''), the Swamp, Belozerye, Greater and Lesser Yelany, Zaistochye ([[Tatar]] settlement), the Lakeside, Kashtak, Kirpichi, and Mukhin Mound{{Fact|date=February 2007}}.
Shanxi Province is the birthplace of the world's oldest and greatest nationality and human civilization, the Chinese Nationality and Civilization. Han people, the largest ethnic group in the world with more than 1.3 billions population today, origins from Shanxi Province tens of thousands of years ago on the bank of Yellow River in southern Shanxi. The geat Chinese agricultural civilization origins from the southern Shanxi and spreads to the entire surrounding areas to form the oldest Chinese culture. Small primeval tribes of Han people were united by Huang Di( [[Yellow Emperor]]) and Yan Di to form the first nation on the Eurasia continent around 5000 BC.. During the later thousands of years, people in Shanxi Province migrated to all over China and its civilization predominantly impacted the human society of East Asia, including Japan.


In 2005, the city annexed the settlements of Eushta, Dzerzhinsky, Timiryazevskoye, Zonalny, Loskutovo, Svetly, Kirgizka, and Kopylovo.
Shanxi was the territory of [[state of Jin]] during the [[Spring and Autumn Period]] (722 BC - 403 BC), which underwent a three-way split into the states of [[state of Han|Han]], [[state of Zhao|Zhao]] and [[state of Wei|Wei]] in 403 BC, the traditional date taken as the start of the [[Warring States Period]] (403 BC - 221 BC). By 221 BC all of these states had fallen to the [[state of Qin]], which established the [[Qin Dynasty]] (221 BC - 206 BC).


Tomsk is located about twenty kilometres south-east of the town of [[Seversk]], a major centre of [[plutonium]] production and reprocessing and [[uranium]] enrichment in Russia.
The [[Han Dynasty]] (206 BC - 220 AD) ruled Shanxi as the province (''[[zhou (political division)|zhou]]'') of [[Bingzhou Province|Bingzhou]] (幷州 Bīng Zhōu). During the invasions of northern nomads during the [[Sixteen Kingdoms]] period (304 - 439), what is now Shanxi was controlled one after the other by several regimes, including [[Later Zhao]], [[Former Yan]], [[Former Qin]], and [[Later Yan]]. They were followed by [[Northern Wei Dynasty|Northern Wei]] (386 - 534), a [[Xianbei]] kingdom, which had one of its earlier capitals at present-day [[Datong]] in northern Shanxi, and which went on to rule nearly all of northern China.


==Climate==
The greatest dynasty in Chinese history, Tang Dynasty, origins from Taiyuan, Shanxi Province. In the contemporary time, Chinese people is called Tang Ren globally due to the power and impact of the Tang Dynasty in history. During the [[Tang Dynasty]] (618 - 907) and after, the area was called ''Hédōng'' (河東), or "east of the (Yellow) river".
Scot has a [[continental climate]]. The annual average temperature is {{C to F|-1.3}}. Winters are severe and lengthy, and the lowest recorded temperature was {{C to F|-56}} in January 1996. However, the average temperature in January is between {{C to F|-21}} and {{C to F|-19}}. The average temperature in July is {{C to F|24}}. The total yearly rainfall is 435&nbsp;mm. In 2006 Tomsk experienced what might have been its first hurricane - strong winds that toppled trees and damaged houses.


==History==
During the first part of the [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period]] (907 - 960), Shanxi supplied three of the Five Dynasties, as well as the only one of the Ten Kingdoms to be in northern China. Shanxi was initially home to the ''[[jiedushi]]'' (commander) of Hedong, [[Li Cunxu]], who overthrew the first of the Five Dynasties, [[Later Liang Dynasty]] (907 - 923) to establish the second, [[Later Tang Dynasty]] (923 - 936). Another ''jiedushi'' of Hedong, [[Gaozu of Later Jin|Shi Jingtang]], overthrew Later Tang to establish the third of the Five Dynasties, [[Later Jin Dynasty (Five Dynasties)|Later Jin Dynasty]], and yet another ''jiedushi'' of Hedong, [[Liu Zhiyuan]], established the fourth of the Five Dynasties ([[Later Han Dynasty]]) after the Khitans destroyed Later Jin, the third. Finally, when the fifth of the Five Dynasties ([[Later Zhou Dynasty]]) was established, the ''jiedushi'' of Hedong at the time, [[Liu Chong]], rebelled and established an independent state called [[Northern Han]], one of the Ten Kingdoms, in what is now northern and central Shanxi.
In 1604, Tomsk was established under a decree from [[Tsar]] [[Boris Godunov]]. He sent 200 [[Cossack]]s under the command of [[Vasiliy Tyrkov]] and [[Gavriil Pisemsky]] to construct a fortress on the bank of the [[Tom River]] overlooking what would become the city of Tomsk. A tribal leader, Toyan, accepted Russian control and ceded the land for the fortress to the Tsar.<ref name="gen_commersant">[http://www.kommersant.com/t-72/r_5/n_416/Tomsk_Region/ General Information about Tomsk, Kommersant Daily]</ref>


In 1804, the government selected Tomsk to become the center for a new [[guberniya|governorate]] which would include the modern cities of [[Novosibirsk]], [[Kemerovo]], [[Krasnoyarsk]] and eastern [[Kazakhstan]]. The new status brought development and the city grew quickly.<ref name="gen_commersant" />
[[Shi Jingtang]], founder of the [[Later Jin Dynasty (Five Dynasties)|Later Jin Dynasty]], the third of the Five Dynasties, ceded a large slice of northern China to the [[Khitan people|Khitan]]s in return for military assistance. This territory, called The Sixteen Prefectures of Yanyun, included a part of northern Shanxi. The ceded territory became a major problem for [[China]]'s defense against the Khitans for the next 100 years, because it lies to the south of the [[Great Wall]].


The discovery of gold in 1830 brought further development to Tomsk in the 19<sup>th</sup> century. However, when the [[Trans-Siberian Railroad]] bypassed the city in favor of the village of Novonikolayevka (now [[Novosibirsk]]), development began to move south to connect with the railroad. In time, Novosibirsk would surpass Tomsk in importance.
During the [[Northern Song Dynasty]] (960 - 1127), the sixteen ceded prefectures continued to be an area of hot contention between Song China and the [[Liao Dynasty]]. The [[Southern Song Dynasty]] that came after abandoned all of [[North China]] to the [[Jurchen]] [[Jin Dynasty (1115-1234)]] in 1127, including Shanxi.


In the mid-19<sup>th</sup> century, one-fifth of the city’s residents were exiles. However, within a few years, the city would be reinvented as an educational center in Siberia with the establishment of [[Tomsk State University]] and [[Tomsk Polytechnic University]]. By [[World War II]], every 12<sup>th</sup> resident of the city was a student.<ref name="gen_commersant" /> For this reason, Tomsk has been known as the ''Siberian [[Athens]]''.
The [[Mongol]] [[Yuan Dynasty]] divided China into provinces but did not establish Shanxi as a province. Shanxi was formally established with its present name and approximate borders by the [[Ming Dynasty]] (1368 - 1644). During the [[Qing Dynasty]] (1644 - 1911), Shanxi was extended northwards beyond the Great Wall to include parts of [[Inner Mongolia]], including what is now the city of [[Hohhot]], and overlapped with the jurisdiction of the [[Eight Banners]] and the [[Guihua Tümed]] [[banner (Inner Mongolia)|banner]] in that area.


After the [[Russian Revolution (1917)|Russian Revolution]] the city was a notable centre of the [[White movement]], led by [[Anatoly Pepelyayev]] and [[Maria Bochkareva]], among others. After the town’s capture by the [[Red Army]], Tomsk was incorporated into the West Siberia region and later into the Novosibirsk Region.
During most of the [[Republic of China]]'s period of rule over mainland China (1912-1949), Shanxi was held by warlord [[Yen Hsi-shan]], regardless of the frequent political upheavals that shook the rest of China. During the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]], Japan occupied much of the province after defeating China in the [[Battle of Taiyuan]]. Shanxi was also a major battlefield between the Japanese and the Chinese communist guerrillas of the [[Eighth Route Army]] during the war.


As in many Siberian cities, Tomsk found many factories relocated there to protect them from the [[Operation Barbarossa|Nazi invasion]]. The Soviet government then established [[Tomsk Oblast]] with Tomsk as the center.<ref name="gen_commersant" /> The city of Tomsk was closed to foreigners until 1991. When it opened, the first American to enter the city, Gary Barnes, was arrested and expelled after only five days for unspecified violations of the city criminal code. It was three years before another American was admitted to the city legally. Although, others came to the city in the interim.
After the defeat of Japan, much of the Shanxi countryside became important bases for the communist [[People's Liberation Army]] in the ensuing [[Chinese Civil War]]. Yen had incorporated thousands of former Japanese soldiers among his own forces, and these soldiers became part of his failed defense of Taiyuan against the People's Liberation Army in early 1949.


<gallery>
For centuries Shanxi was the center of [[trade]] and [[bank]]ing, and the term "Shanxi Merchant" (晋商 jìnshāng) was once synonymous with wealth; the well-preserved city of [[Pingyao]], in Shanxi, also shows many signs of its former dominance as a center of trade and banking.Due to Shanxi's geographic location in the Great China and its natural environment, Shanxi was the richest province in Zhongyuan or Center China. In the Qing Dynasty, Pingyao was the centre of Chinese banking industry, a county in contemporary time famous for its UNESCO ancient city walls and ancient China's Wall Street for its financial importance in history. In modern times, the mining of [[coal]] is important in Shanxi's economy.
Image:Tomsk Privokzalnaya square 1.jpg|Main railway station in Tomsk.

Image:TSU-2004-19924.jpg|[[Tomsk State University]] main building.
== Geography ==
Image:Tomsk-university-cliniques.jpg|University cliniques in Tomsk in the early 1900s.
Shanxi is located on a plateau, which is in turn made up of higher ground to the east ([[Taihang Mountains]]) and the west ([[Lüliang Mountains]]), and a series of valleys in the center through which the [[Fen River]] runs. The highest peak is [[Mount Wutai]] (Wutai Shan) in northeastern Shanxi at an altitude of 3058 m. The [[Great Wall of China]] forms most of the northern border of Shanxi with [[Inner Mongolia]].
Image:Trinity tomsk.jpg|The Trinity Cathedral (1845–1900), designed by [[Konstantin Thon]], used to be a replica of the [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Moscow)|Christ the Saviour Cathedral]] in [[Moscow]].

Image:TomskCoin.jpg|Silver three-rouble coin, 2004.
The [[Huang He]] (Yellow River) forms the western border of Shanxi with [[Shaanxi]]. The [[Fen River|Fen]] and [[Qin He|Qin]] rivers, tributaries of the Huang He, run north-to-south through the province, and [[drainage basin|drain]] much of its area. The north of the province is drained by tributaries of the [[Hai River]], such as [[Sanggan River|Sanggan]] and [[Hutuo River|Hutuo]] rivers. The largest natural lake in Shanxi is [[Xiechi Lake]], a salt lake near [[Yuncheng]] in southwestern Shanxi.
Image:Tomsk 1898.jpg|Map from 1898.

</gallery>
Shanxi has a [[Continental climate|continental]] [[monsoon]] climate, and is rather arid. Average January temperatures are below 0 [[°C]], while average July temperatures are around 21 - 26 [[°C]]. Winters are long, dry, sunny and cold, while summer is warm and humid. Spring is bone dry and prone to dust storms. Shanxi is one of the sunniest parts of China; early summer heat waves are common. Annual precipitation averages around 350-700 mm, with 60% of it concentrated between June and August. [http://www.shanxigov.cn/gb/zgsx/sq/sqgl/zrdl/index.html]

Major cities:
* [[Taiyuan]]
* [[Datong]]
* [[Changzhi]]
* [[Yangquan]]

== Administrative divisions ==
Shanxi is divided into eleven [[Political divisions of China#Prefecture-level|prefecture-level divisions]], all of them [[prefecture-level cities]]:

* [[Changzhi]] (长治市 Chángzhì Shì)
* [[Datong]] (大同市 Dàtóng Shì)
* [[Jincheng]] (晋城市 Jìnchéng Shì)
* [[Jinzhong]] (晋中市 Jìnzhōng Shì)
* [[Linfen]] (临汾市 Línfén Shì)
* [[Lüliang]] (吕梁市 Lǚliáng Shì)
* [[Shuozhou]] (朔州市 Shuòzhōu Shì)
* [[Taiyuan]] ([[Simplified Chinese]]: 太原市, [[Hanyu Pinyin]]: Tàiyuán Shì)
* [[Xinzhou]] (忻州市 Xīnzhōu Shì)
* [[Yangquan]] (阳泉市 Yángquán Shì)
* [[Yuncheng]] (运城市 Yùnchéng Shì)

The 11 [[Political divisions of China#Prefecture-level|prefecture-level divisions]] of Shanxi are subdivided into 119 [[Political divisions of China#County-level|county-level divisions]] (23 [[District of China|district]]s, 11 [[county-level cities]], and 85 [[County of China|counties]]). Those are in turn divided into 1388 [[Political divisions of China#Township-level|township-level divisions]] (561 [[town of China|town]]s, 634 [[township of China|township]]s, and 193 [[subdistrict]]s).

See '''[[List of administrative divisions of Shanxi]]''' for a complete list of [[Political divisions of China#County-level|county-level divisions]].


==Politics==
==Politics==
[[Image:Tomsk LeninSquare.jpg|thumb|265px|The statue of [[Lenin]] in Tomsk]]
{{main|Politics of Shanxi}}
The Politics of Shanxi Province is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China.

The [[Governor of Shanxi]] (山西省省长) is the highest ranking official in the People's Government of Shanxi. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor has less power than the Shanxi [[Communist Party of China]] Provincial Committee Secretary (山西省委书记), colloquially termed the "Shanxi [[CPC Party Chief]]".

The province went through significant political instability in 2008 when the CPC party chief and Governor resigned, and the provincial Political Consultative Conference died of a car accident.


Tomsk is governed by a mayor and a 33-member city [[Duma]]. The current mayor is [[Alexander Sergeyevich Makarov]] (who was arrested in 2006) and the current Duma chairman is Nikolay Nikolaychuk, both members of [[United Russia]]. Mayor Makarov is currently suspended from his post pending the outcome of criminal proceedings against him. [http://www.vesti70.ru/news/full/?id=10537 in russian] Of the 33 members, 16 are elected from the eight [[Plurality voting system|double mandate]] districts while 17 are chosen from [[Party-list proportional representation|party lists]].
== Economy ==
The GDP per capita of Shanxi is below national average. Compared to the provinces in East China, Shanxi is less developped for many factors. The geographic location is a key factor since it constrains Shanxi's participation in the Global Trading which mostly involves eastern provinces of China. Important crops in Shanxi include [[wheat]], [[maize]], [[millet]], [[legume]]s, and [[potato]]es. Agriculture in Shanxi is greatly limited by Shanxi's arid climate and dwindling water resources. [http://www.shanxigov.cn/gb/zgsx/sq/jjgk/ny/index.html]


In the October 2005 local elections, United Russia was expected to cruise to a solid victory; however, the [[Russian Pensioners’ Party|Pensioners Party]] put up a strong showing. The final count was:
Shanxi contains 260 billion metric tons of known [[coal deposits]], about one third of China's total. As a result, Shanxi is a leading producer of coal in China, with annual production exceeding 300 million metric tonnes. The Datong (大同), Ningwu (宁武), Xishan (西山), Hedong (河东), Qinshui (沁水), and Huoxi (霍西) coalfields are some of the most important in Shanxi. Shanxi also contains about 500 million tonnes of [[bauxite]] deposits, about one third of total Chinese bauxite reserves.


=====Proportional representation=====
Industry in Shanxi is centered around heavy industries such as coal and chemical production, power generation, and metal [[refining]]. There are countless military-related industries in Shanxi Province due to its geographic location and history when it is used to be the base of Chinese Communist Party and People's Liberation Army. Taiyuan Satellite Launch Centre, one of the three staellite launch centers of China, is located in the middle of Shanxi Province with the largest stockpile Nuclear Missiles of People's Rebublic of China.
*19.42%—'''5 seats'''—Pensioners Party
*17.85%—'''5 seats'''—United Russia
*9.95%—'''3 seats'''—[[Communist Party of the Russian Federation|Communist Party]]
*8.57%—'''2 seats'''—[[Union of Right Forces]]/[[Yabloko]] coalition
*7.77%—'''2 seats'''—[[Liberal Democratic Party of Russia]]—
*14.67%—Against all candidates


=====Double mandates=====
Many private corporations joint with the state-owned mining corporations have invested billions of dollars in the Mining Industry of Shanxi Province. [[Li Ka Shing]], the most influential merchant in China has made one of his largest investment ever in China on exploiting coal gas in Shanxi. Foreign investors include mining companies from British Columbia(CA), Alberta(CA), Colorado(US), Texas(US), Japan, Britain, Germany and Italy.
*'''10 seats'''—No party affiliation
*'''4 seats'''—United Russia
*'''1 seat'''—Pensioners Party
*'''1 seat'''—Liberal Democratic Party of Russia


==Education==
The mining related companies include Daqin Railway Co. Ltd., which runs one of the busiest and most technologically advanced railway in China connecting [[Datong]] and [[Qinhuangdao]] and exclusively for coal shipping. The revenue of Daqin Railway Co. Ltd. is among the highest in Shanxi Province's companies due to its exporting of coal to Japan, Korea, and Southeast Asia.
{{Main|Education in Siberia}}


Tomsk has a number of prominent universities:
Shanxi's nominal GDP in 2007 was 569.62 billion yuan (US$74.9 billion), ranked eighteenth in China. Its per-capita GDP was 16,835 yuan (US$2,213).
*[[Tomsk State University]] is the first [[university]] in [[Siberia]] (founded in 1878, opened in 1888). The prominent Tomsk State University library book reserve is considered to be among the richest in [[Russia]].
*[[Tomsk Polytechnic University]] which opened in 1900 is the first technical university in Siberia.
*[[Siberian State Medical University]], one of the oldest and highest rated medical schools in Russia.
*[[Tomsk State Pedagogical University]]
*[[Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building]]
*[[Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics]]
*[[Tomsk Economics and Law University]]
*[[Tomsk Institute of Business]]


Thanks to its strong university presence, Tomsk has become a center of the IT industry in Russia. Internet connection in Tomsk was available even in early 1990-s due to grants received by the universities and scientific cooperation.
Shanxi is infamous for bad working conditions in coal mining and other heavy industries. Thousands of workers have died every year in those industries. Cases of child labor abuse were discovered recently.


==Culture==
Contrast to its poverty, Shanxi is known for its wealthy mine owners in China. Consortiums of mine owners from Shanxi have influences in Beijing's real estate market because of their speculation. The only other wealth group in China having the same influence is the enterpnuers from Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province which is the center of light industry of China and the world.
[[Image:Tomsk Lenin 75.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Tomsk Regional Studies Museum and the Organ Hall of the Philarmony]]


Tomsk has many local cultural institutions including drama theaters, a children’s theater and a puppet theater. One can find music at the city concert hall, home of the local orchestra, or the [[Sports Palace]] where pop and rock stars perform. The city also has centers of [[Germany|German]], [[Poland|Polish]] and [[Tatar]] culture where residents can study languages or learn about other countries.
== Demographics ==
The population is mostly [[Han Chinese]] with [[List of Chinese ethnic groups|minorities]] of [[Mongol]], [[Manchu]], and [[Hui people|Hui]].


Unfortunately, one of Tomsk’s theaters was destroyed in an act of [[terrorism]] in 1905. The [[Korolevskii Theater]] (built in 1884–85) was being used by a group of [[communist]] revolutionaries one evening, when members of the [[Black Hundred]] struck. The Black Hundred was a hardline organ of the [[tsar]] and brutally stamped out opposition. The theater was set on fire with Black Hundred members shooting those who tried to escape the flames. Estimates of casualties ranged from 200 to 1000 people.
{| class="wikitable"
! align=center colspan=3 | Ethnic groups in Shanxi, 2000 census
|-
! [[Nationalities of China|Nationality]] !! Population !! Percentage
|-
| [[Han Chinese]] || 32,368,083 || 99.68%
|-
| [[Hui people|Hui]] || 61,690 || 0.19%
|-
| [[Manchu]] || 13,665 || 0.042%
|-
| [[Mongol]] || 9,446 || 0.029%
|}
Excludes members of the [[People's Liberation Army]] in active service.<br/>
Source: Department of Population, Social, Science and Technology Statistics of the National Bureau of Statistics of China (国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司) and Department of Economic Development of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission of China (国家民族事务委员会经济发展司), eds. ''Tabulation on Nationalities of 2000 Population Census of China'' (《2000年人口普查中国民族人口资料》). 2 vols. Beijing: Nationalities Publishing House (民族出版社), 2003. (ISBN 7-105-05425-5)


There are a number of museums in Tomsk including those devoted to art, local history and wood carving. Tomsk State University has a number of small museums with exhibits on [[archaeology]], [[paleontology]], [[zoology]] as well as a [[herbarium]] and [[botanical garden]].
In 2004, the [[birth rate]] was 12.36 births/1000 population, while the [[death rate]] was 6.11 deaths/1000 population. The [[human sex ratio|sex ratio]] was 105.5 males/100 females. [http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/ndtjgb/dfndtjgb/t20050322_402237103.htm]
[[Image:Tomsk Lenin square 7.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The Epiphany Cathedral at the Lenin square]]


As in many other cities in the former [[Soviet Union]], the government destroyed a number of old churches in the city including two that had existed since the 17<sup>th</sup> century. However, Tomsk managed to retain some of its churches by creating alternative uses for them such as machine shops, warehouses, archives, and even residences. Since the end of communism, some of the churches have been renovated and handed back to their congregations.
== Culture ==
[[Image:The Fugong Temple Wooden Pagoda.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The [[Pagoda of Fogong Temple]], Ying County, built in the year 1056.]]
People in most regions of Shanxi speak dialects of [[Jin Chinese|Jin]], a subdivision of spoken Chinese. However, dialects in the southwest, near the border with Henan and Shaanxi, are classified as part of the [[Zhongyuan Mandarin]] subdivision of the [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] group rather than Jin. In terms of characteristics, Jin dialects are generally distinguished by their retention of the [[entering tone]] from Middle Chinese. In this respect they are unique in all of northern China, as most of the surrounding Mandarin dialects (spoken over the remainder of northern China) have lost it. (In central and southern China, it is much more common for the entering tone to be kept.) Jin is also noted for extremely complex [[tone sandhi]] systems.


Tomsk is well-known for its (gingerbread) carved wooden houses. The quantity of these wooden houses is constantly decreasing due to fire and new construction.
[[Shanxi cuisine]] is most well known for its extensive use of [[vinegar]] as a condiment and for its [[noodles]]. A dish originating from [[Taiyuan]], the provincial capital, is the [[Taiyuan Tounao]] (太原头脑, literally "Taiyuan Head"). It is a soup brewed using mutton, ''[[shanyao]]'' (山药, Chinese wild yam), lotus roots, ''[[astragalus]] membranaceus'' (黄芪, membranous milk vetch), tuber onions, as well as cooking liquor for additional aroma. It can be enjoyed by dipping pieces of unleavened cake into the soup, and is reputed to have medicinal properties.


[[Trud Stadium (Tomsk)|Trud (Labor) Stadium]], in central Tomsk, plays host to [[FC Tom Tomsk|FC Tom’ Tomsk]], the city’s [[soccer]] team. Thanks to the team’s promotion to the [[Russian Premier League]] in 2005, local fans have the opportunity to see Russia’s best soccer teams when they visit each year.
[[Shanxi Opera]] (晋剧 ''Jinju'') is a popular form of [[Chinese opera]] in Shanxi. It was popularized during the late Qing Dynasty, with the help of the then-ubiquitous Shanxi merchants who were active across parts of China. Also called ''Zhonglu Bangzi'' (中路梆子), it is a type of ''bangzi'' opera (梆子), a group of operas generally distinguished by their use of wooden clappers for rhythm and by a more energetic singing style; Shanxi opera is also complemented by ''quzi'' (曲子), a blanket term for more melodic styles from further south. [[Puzhou Opera]] (蒲剧 ''Puju''), from southern Shanxi, is a more ancient type of ''bangzi'' that makes use of very wide linear [[interval (music)|interval]]s.


Tomsk does have many local media outlets including a television station [[TV2]], radio stations ([[Radio Siberia]] and [[Echo Moscow]]—Tomsk) and newspapers ([[Tomskii Vestnik]], [[Tomskaya Nedelya]], [[Krasnoye Znamya]] and [[Vechernii Tomsk]]).
[[Shanxi merchants]] (晋商 ''Jinshang'') constituted a historical phenomenon that lasted for centuries from the Song to the Qing Dynasty. Shanxi merchants ranged far and wide from Central Asia to the coast of eastern China; by the Qing Dynasty they were conducting trade across both sides of the Great Wall. During the late Qing Dynasty, a new development occurred: the creation of ''piaohao'' (票号), which were essentially [[bank]]s that provided services like money transfers and transactions, deposits, and loans. After the establishment of the first ''piaohao'' in [[Pingyao]], the bankers in Shanxi dominated China's financial market for centuries until the collapse of Qing Dynasty and the coming of British banks.


Tomsk received international attention thanks to a major economic cooperation summit, held in Tomsk between [[President of Russia|Russian President]] [[Vladimir Putin]] and [[German Chancellor]] [[Angela Merkel]] in April 2006.
== Tourism ==
[[Image:PingYaoCity.jpg|thumb|280px|A [[Pingyao]] street.]]


==Famous people==
* Jinci in Taiyuan, famous for its temples and Song Dynasty paitings and architectures.
[[Image:Anton Chekhov in Tomsk.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Ironical monument to [[Anton Chekhov]] who visited Tomsk on the way to [[Sakhalin]] and mentioned it in his diary unfavourably]]


*[[Mikhail Bakunin]]—anarchist
* Zuoquan County, famous for its China Communist Party battlefield sites.
*[[Nikolai Burdenko]]—surgeon, the first president of the USSR’s Academy of Medical Science
*[[Edison Denisov]]—composer, musicologist, public servant
*[[Nikolai Erdman]]—[[dramatist]]
*[[Abram Petrovich Gannibal]]—famous as “The Negro of [[Peter the Great]]” and great-grandfather of [[Alexander Pushkin]], lived in Tomsk from December 1729 to February 1730
*[[Leonid Govorov]]—[[Marshal of the Soviet Union]]
*[[Nikolay Kamov]]—chief engineer of the [[Kamov]] helicopter
*[[Sasha Kaun]]—[[University of Kansas]] basketball player
*[[Sergei Kirov]]—revolutionary
*[[Nikolai Klyuev]]—poet
*[[Vladimir Korolenko]]—writer
*[[Valerian Kuybyshev]]—revolutionary
*[[Yegor Ligachev]]—second in command to [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] (name pronounced “Ligachyov”)
*[[Mikhail Mil]]—helicopter engineer
*[[Nikolai Nikitin]]—scientist involved in [[oblast’]] creation
*[[Vladimir Obruchev]]—[[geologist]], [[geographer]], writer, [[academic]]
*[[Anatoly Pepelyayev]]—[[White Russian]] general
*[[Grigory Potanin]]—geographer, [[ethnographer]], [[publicist]], [[folklorist]], oblast supporter
*[[Alexander Radishchev]]—writer, philosopher
*[[Nikolai Rukavishnikov]]—cosmonaut
*[[Gustav Shpet]]—philosopher
*[[Konstantin Staniukovich]]—writer
*[[Kanysh Satpayev]]—Soviet geologist
*[[Mikhail Usov]]—geologist, academic
*[[Alexandr Volkov]]—writer
*[[Lyubov Yegorova]]—six-time [[Winter Olympic Games|Olympic]] [[cross-country ski]] champion
*[[Yakov Yurovsky]]—Bolshevik, chief executioner of the last [[Romanov]]s


==Economics==
* The Ancient City of [[Pingyao]] is a [[World Heritage Site]] near [[Taiyuan]]. Once a great financial center of China, it is noted for its preservation of many features of northern [[Han Chinese]] culture, architecture, and way of life during the [[Ming Dynasty|Ming]] and [[Qing Dynasty|Qing]] Dynasties.
===Energetics===
The Tomsk [[energy]] system is the oldest in [[Siberia]]. There are three [[power station]]s in the city:
#TEC-1 (started on [[January 1]], [[1896]])
#GRES-2 (started on [[May 28]], [[1945]])
#TEC-3 (started on [[October 29]], [[1988]])


Tomsk consumes more electric energy than it produces. Main volume of electric and thermal energy is produced by GRES-2 (281 MWt) and TEC-3 (140 MWt) that belong to Tomskenergo Inc. Tomsk also uses energy that is produced in [[Seversk]] (this energy is called “far heat”).
* The [[Yungang Grottoes]], a [[World Heritage Site]] in [[Datong]], consist of 252 caves noted for their collection of 5th and 6th century [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] grotto sculptures and reliefs.


===Transport===
* [[Mount Wutai]] (Wutai Shan) is the highest point in the province. It is known as the residence of the [[bodhisattva]] [[Manjusri]], and as a result is also a major [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] pilgrimage destination, with many temples and natural sights. Points of interest include [[Tang Dynasty]] (618&ndash;907) era timber halls located at [[Nanchan Temple]] and [[Foguang Temple]], as well as a [[Sarira Stupa of Tayuan Temple|giant white stupa at Tayuan Temple]] built during the [[Ming Dynasty]] (1368&ndash;1644).
[[Road]]s:
*northern branch of [[M 53]] federal road;
*road R 398 to [[Kolpashevo]];
*road R 400 to [[Mariinsk]];
*Northern latitude highway [[Perm]]—[[Surgut]]—Tomsk (under construction).


[[Port]] on the [[Tom River]]. [[Bogashevo Airport]].
* [[Mount Heng (Shanxi)|Mount Hengshan]] (Heng Shan), in [[Hunyuan]] County, is one of the "Five Great Peaks" of China, and is also a major [[Taoism|Taoist]] site. Not far from Heng Shan, the [[Hanging Temple]] is located on the side of a cliff and has survived for 1400 years despite earthquakes in the area.


====Railways====
* [[Pagoda of Fugong Temple]], in [[Ying County]], is a pagoda built in 1056 during the [[Liao Dynasty]]. It is octagonal with nine levels (five are visible from outside), and at 67 m (220 ft) in height, it is currently the tallest wooden pagoda in the world. It is also the oldest fully-wooden pagoda in China, although many no-longer-existing wooden pagodas have preceded it, and many existing stone and brick pagodas predate it by centuries.
Tomsk is a small railway center that is situated on the [[Tayga]] (Тайга&#769;)—[[Bely Yar]] line ([[Tomsk branch]]) that connects Tomsk to the [[Trans-Siberian railway]].


The Trans-Siberian railway (Transsib) was build in 1896 and bypasses Tomsk, which remains 50 km to the north of it. Access from Tomsk to the Trans-Siberian railway is available via the town of [[Taiga]]. A [[regional rail]] links Tomsk with Taiga.
* [[Hukou Waterfall]] is located in the [[Yellow River]] on the Shanxi-[[Shaanxi]] border. At 50 meters high it is the second highest waterfall in China.


The [[Tomsk Railway]] existed until 1961. At the present time, the Tomsk line belongs to the [[West-Siberian Railway]], branch of [[Russian Railways Corp.]]. Trains link Tomsk to [[Anapa]], [[Asino]], [[Barnaul]], [[Bely Yar]], [[Moscow]], [[Novokuznetsk]], [[Novosibirsk]], [[Sochi]] and [[Taiga]].
* [[Dazhai]] is a village in [[Xiyang]] County. Situated in hilly, difficult terrain, it was a holy site during the [[Cultural Revolution]], when it was set out to the entire nation as exemplary of the hardiness of the [[proletariat]], especially [[peasant]]s.


====City transport====
* The Cloud Ridge Caves are shallow caves near [[Datong]]. There are over 50,000 carved images and statues of Buddhas and Boddhisatvas within these [[grottoes]], ranging from 4 [[centimeter]]s to 7 [[meter]]s tall.
The main part of inner-city and suburban transportations is provided by mini[[bus]]es (so-called [[Marshrutka|marshrutnye]] taksi, about 1.000, mainly [[Pavlovo Bus Factory|PAZ]]), serving about 40 bus [[route]]s.


In addition, city [[bus]]es (11 routes), [[trolleybus]]es (since 1967, 8 routes), [[tram]]s (since 1949, 5 routes) and [[Taxicab|taxi]]s are available forms of public transport.
== Education ==
Major Post-Secondary institutes in Shanxi include:
* [[Changzhi College]] (长治学院)
* [[Changzhi Medical College]] (长治医学院)
* [[Datong University]] (山西大同大学)
* [[Jinzhong College]] (晋中学院)
* [[Lishi District#Education_in_Lishi|Lvliang Higher College]]
* [[North China University of Science and Technology]] (华北工学院)
* [[Shanxi Agricultural University]] (山西农业大学)
* [[Shanxi College of Traditional Chinese Medicine]] (山西中医学院)
* [[Shanxi Medical University]] (山西医科大学)
* [[Shanxi Teachers University]] also called Shanxi Normal University (山西师范大学)
* [[Shanxi University]] (山西大学)
* [[Shanxi University of Finance and Economics]] (山西财经大学)
* [[North China University]] (中北大学)
* [[Taiyuan Normal University]] (太原师范学院)
* [[Taiyuan University of Science and Technology]] (太原科技大学)
* [[Taiyuan University of Technology]] (太原理工大学)
* [[Xinzhou Teachers University]] (忻州师范学院)
* [[Yuncheng University]] (运城学院)


==Tomsk Sister Cities==
*{{flagicon|Michigan}} [[Monroe, Michigan|Monroe]] ([[Michigan]], [[USA]])
*{{flagicon|Georgia (country)}} [[Tbilisi]] ([[Georgia (country)|Georgia]])
*{{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Ulsan]] ([[South Korea]])


==References==
Major Seconday Schools in Shanxi include:
<div class="references-small">
* [[Shanxi Experimental Secondary School]](山西省实验中学)
<references />
</div>


==External links==
All of the above universities are under the authority of the provincial government. Institutions not offering full-time bachelor programs are not listed.
{{Commonscat|Tomsk}}


* [http://www.admin.tomsk.ru/ Tomsk City Administration]
==Notes==
* [http://album.tomsk.ru/ Fotoalbum to the 400<sup>th</sup> anniversary of Tomsk]
{{Reflist}}
* [http://flickr.com/search/?q=tomsk The Pictures of Tomsk on Flickr.com]
* [http://www.catalog.tomsk.ru Tomsk Site Catalog]
* [http://T-sk.ru/ T-sk.ru Tomsk Search Engine]


{{Cities and towns in Tomsk Oblast}}
== External links ==
{{commons|Shanxi}}
* [http://www.shanxi.gov.cn Shanxi Government website]
* {{wikitravel}}


[[Category:Tomsk| ]]
{{Province-level divisions of the People's Republic of China}}
[[Category:Cities and towns in Tomsk Oblast]]
{{Shanxi}}
[[Category:Settlements established in 1604]]
{{coord|38|00|N|112|00|E|region:CN_type:country|display=title}}


{{link FA|ru}}
[[Category:Shanxi| ]]
{{Link FA|ru}}
[[Category:Provinces of the People's Republic of China]]


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Revision as of 06:59, 13 October 2008

Template:This2

Tomsk
Flag of Tomsk
Flag
Coat of arms of Tomsk
Coat of arms
Location of Tomsk
Map
Tomsk is located in Russia
Tomsk
Tomsk
Location of Tomsk
Coordinates: 56°29′19″N 84°57′8″E / 56.48861°N 84.95222°E / 56.48861; 84.95222
CountryRussia
Federal subjectTomsk Oblast
Founded1604Edit this on Wikidata
Elevation
80 m (260 ft)
Population
 • Estimate 
(2018)[1]
574,002
Time zoneUTC+7 (MSK+4 Edit this on Wikidata[2])
Postal code(s)[3]
634000–634999Edit this on Wikidata
OKTMO ID69701000001

Tomsk (Russian: Томск) is a city on the Tom River in the southwest of Siberian Federal District, Russia, the administrative centre of Tomsk Oblast. One of the oldest towns in Siberia, Tomsk celebrated its 400th anniversary in 2004. Population: 487,838 (2002 Census);[4] 501,963 (1989 Soviet census).[5] It is served by Bogashevo Airport.

Geography

Tomsk is divided into four city districts: Kirovsky, Leninsky, Oktyabrsky, and Sovetsky. The historical areas of Tomsk include: Voskresenskaya Gora (Resurrection Hill), the Swamp, Belozerye, Greater and Lesser Yelany, Zaistochye (Tatar settlement), the Lakeside, Kashtak, Kirpichi, and Mukhin Mound[citation needed].

In 2005, the city annexed the settlements of Eushta, Dzerzhinsky, Timiryazevskoye, Zonalny, Loskutovo, Svetly, Kirgizka, and Kopylovo.

Tomsk is located about twenty kilometres south-east of the town of Seversk, a major centre of plutonium production and reprocessing and uranium enrichment in Russia.

Climate

Scot has a continental climate. The annual average temperature is Template:C to F. Winters are severe and lengthy, and the lowest recorded temperature was Template:C to F in January 1996. However, the average temperature in January is between Template:C to F and Template:C to F. The average temperature in July is Template:C to F. The total yearly rainfall is 435 mm. In 2006 Tomsk experienced what might have been its first hurricane - strong winds that toppled trees and damaged houses.

History

In 1604, Tomsk was established under a decree from Tsar Boris Godunov. He sent 200 Cossacks under the command of Vasiliy Tyrkov and Gavriil Pisemsky to construct a fortress on the bank of the Tom River overlooking what would become the city of Tomsk. A tribal leader, Toyan, accepted Russian control and ceded the land for the fortress to the Tsar.[6]

In 1804, the government selected Tomsk to become the center for a new governorate which would include the modern cities of Novosibirsk, Kemerovo, Krasnoyarsk and eastern Kazakhstan. The new status brought development and the city grew quickly.[6]

The discovery of gold in 1830 brought further development to Tomsk in the 19th century. However, when the Trans-Siberian Railroad bypassed the city in favor of the village of Novonikolayevka (now Novosibirsk), development began to move south to connect with the railroad. In time, Novosibirsk would surpass Tomsk in importance.

In the mid-19th century, one-fifth of the city’s residents were exiles. However, within a few years, the city would be reinvented as an educational center in Siberia with the establishment of Tomsk State University and Tomsk Polytechnic University. By World War II, every 12th resident of the city was a student.[6] For this reason, Tomsk has been known as the Siberian Athens.

After the Russian Revolution the city was a notable centre of the White movement, led by Anatoly Pepelyayev and Maria Bochkareva, among others. After the town’s capture by the Red Army, Tomsk was incorporated into the West Siberia region and later into the Novosibirsk Region.

As in many Siberian cities, Tomsk found many factories relocated there to protect them from the Nazi invasion. The Soviet government then established Tomsk Oblast with Tomsk as the center.[6] The city of Tomsk was closed to foreigners until 1991. When it opened, the first American to enter the city, Gary Barnes, was arrested and expelled after only five days for unspecified violations of the city criminal code. It was three years before another American was admitted to the city legally. Although, others came to the city in the interim.

Politics

The statue of Lenin in Tomsk

Tomsk is governed by a mayor and a 33-member city Duma. The current mayor is Alexander Sergeyevich Makarov (who was arrested in 2006) and the current Duma chairman is Nikolay Nikolaychuk, both members of United Russia. Mayor Makarov is currently suspended from his post pending the outcome of criminal proceedings against him. in russian Of the 33 members, 16 are elected from the eight double mandate districts while 17 are chosen from party lists.

In the October 2005 local elections, United Russia was expected to cruise to a solid victory; however, the Pensioners Party put up a strong showing. The final count was:

Proportional representation
Double mandates
  • 10 seats—No party affiliation
  • 4 seats—United Russia
  • 1 seat—Pensioners Party
  • 1 seat—Liberal Democratic Party of Russia

Education

Main article: Education in Siberia

Tomsk has a number of prominent universities:

Thanks to its strong university presence, Tomsk has become a center of the IT industry in Russia. Internet connection in Tomsk was available even in early 1990-s due to grants received by the universities and scientific cooperation.

Culture

Tomsk Regional Studies Museum and the Organ Hall of the Philarmony

Tomsk has many local cultural institutions including drama theaters, a children’s theater and a puppet theater. One can find music at the city concert hall, home of the local orchestra, or the Sports Palace where pop and rock stars perform. The city also has centers of German, Polish and Tatar culture where residents can study languages or learn about other countries.

Unfortunately, one of Tomsk’s theaters was destroyed in an act of terrorism in 1905. The Korolevskii Theater (built in 1884–85) was being used by a group of communist revolutionaries one evening, when members of the Black Hundred struck. The Black Hundred was a hardline organ of the tsar and brutally stamped out opposition. The theater was set on fire with Black Hundred members shooting those who tried to escape the flames. Estimates of casualties ranged from 200 to 1000 people.

There are a number of museums in Tomsk including those devoted to art, local history and wood carving. Tomsk State University has a number of small museums with exhibits on archaeology, paleontology, zoology as well as a herbarium and botanical garden.

The Epiphany Cathedral at the Lenin square

As in many other cities in the former Soviet Union, the government destroyed a number of old churches in the city including two that had existed since the 17th century. However, Tomsk managed to retain some of its churches by creating alternative uses for them such as machine shops, warehouses, archives, and even residences. Since the end of communism, some of the churches have been renovated and handed back to their congregations.

Tomsk is well-known for its (gingerbread) carved wooden houses. The quantity of these wooden houses is constantly decreasing due to fire and new construction.

Trud (Labor) Stadium, in central Tomsk, plays host to FC Tom’ Tomsk, the city’s soccer team. Thanks to the team’s promotion to the Russian Premier League in 2005, local fans have the opportunity to see Russia’s best soccer teams when they visit each year.

Tomsk does have many local media outlets including a television station TV2, radio stations (Radio Siberia and Echo Moscow—Tomsk) and newspapers (Tomskii Vestnik, Tomskaya Nedelya, Krasnoye Znamya and Vechernii Tomsk).

Tomsk received international attention thanks to a major economic cooperation summit, held in Tomsk between Russian President Vladimir Putin and German Chancellor Angela Merkel in April 2006.

Famous people

File:Anton Chekhov in Tomsk.jpg
Ironical monument to Anton Chekhov who visited Tomsk on the way to Sakhalin and mentioned it in his diary unfavourably

Economics

Energetics

The Tomsk energy system is the oldest in Siberia. There are three power stations in the city:

  1. TEC-1 (started on January 1, 1896)
  2. GRES-2 (started on May 28, 1945)
  3. TEC-3 (started on October 29, 1988)

Tomsk consumes more electric energy than it produces. Main volume of electric and thermal energy is produced by GRES-2 (281 MWt) and TEC-3 (140 MWt) that belong to Tomskenergo Inc. Tomsk also uses energy that is produced in Seversk (this energy is called “far heat”).

Transport

Roads:

Port on the Tom River. Bogashevo Airport.

Railways

Tomsk is a small railway center that is situated on the Tayga (Тайга́)—Bely Yar line (Tomsk branch) that connects Tomsk to the Trans-Siberian railway.

The Trans-Siberian railway (Transsib) was build in 1896 and bypasses Tomsk, which remains 50 km to the north of it. Access from Tomsk to the Trans-Siberian railway is available via the town of Taiga. A regional rail links Tomsk with Taiga.

The Tomsk Railway existed until 1961. At the present time, the Tomsk line belongs to the West-Siberian Railway, branch of Russian Railways Corp.. Trains link Tomsk to Anapa, Asino, Barnaul, Bely Yar, Moscow, Novokuznetsk, Novosibirsk, Sochi and Taiga.

City transport

The main part of inner-city and suburban transportations is provided by minibuses (so-called marshrutnye taksi, about 1.000, mainly PAZ), serving about 40 bus routes.

In addition, city buses (11 routes), trolleybuses (since 1967, 8 routes), trams (since 1949, 5 routes) and taxis are available forms of public transport.

Tomsk Sister Cities

References

  1. ^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  2. ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). 3 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  3. ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
  4. ^ Federal State Statistics Service (21 May 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
  5. ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
  6. ^ a b c d General Information about Tomsk, Kommersant Daily

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tomsk.

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