George W. Ray and Hurricane Pauline: Difference between pages

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{{dablink|This article is about the Pacific hurricane of 1997; for other storms of the same name, see [[Hurricane Pauline (disambiguation)]].}}
'''George Washington Ray''' (February 3, 1844 - January 10, 1925) was a [[United States Representative]] from [[United States Congressional Delegations from New York|New York]].
{{Infobox Hurricane
| Name=Hurricane Pauline
| Type=hurricane
| Year=1997
| Basin=EPac
| Image location=Hurricane Pauline 08 oct 1997 1849Z.jpg
| Image name=Hurricane Pauline at peak intensity
| Formed=October 5, 1997
| Dissipated=October 10, 1997
| 1-min winds=116
| Pressure=948
| Damages=7500
| Inflated=0
| Fatalities=230–400 direct
| Areas=Southwestern [[Mexico]], especially [[Acapulco]]
| Hurricane season=[[1997 Pacific hurricane season]]
}}
'''Hurricane Pauline''' was one of the strongest and deadliest [[Pacific hurricane]]s to make [[landfall (meteorology)|landfall]] on [[Mexico]]. The sixteenth tropical storm, eighth hurricane, and seventh major hurricane of the [[1997 Pacific hurricane season]], Pauline developed out of a [[tropical wave]] on October 5 about 250 miles (410 km) south-southwest of [[Huatulco]] in the state of [[Oaxaca]]. It initially moved eastward, then turned northwestward and quickly strengthened to reach peak winds of 135 mph (215 km/h). It paralleled the Mexican coastline a short distance offshore before weakening and hitting [[Puerto Escondido, Oaxaca]], on October 9, and dissipated the next day.


Pauline produced torrential rainfall along the [[Mexico|Mexican]] coastline, peaking at 16&nbsp;inches (406&nbsp;mm) in [[Acapulco]]. Intense flooding and mudslides in some of the poorest areas of Mexico killed between 230 to 400&nbsp;people, making it one of the deadliest Eastern Pacific storms in recorded history. The passage of the hurricane destroyed or damaged tens of thousands of houses, leaving around 300,000 homeless and causing $7.5&nbsp;billion in damage (1997&nbsp;USD, 80&nbsp;billion 1997&nbsp;[[MXN]] pesos, $9.3&nbsp;billion (2006&nbsp;USD).<ref name="damage">{{cite web|author=Centro Nacional para la Prevención de Desastres|year=1999|title=Estadisticas sobre los riesgos a atenuar de fenomenos perturbadores|language=Spanish|accessdate=2007-01-09|url=http://www.cofemermir.gob.mx/uploadtests/4054.66.59.1.STAD%C3%8DSTICAS-RIESGOS-ATENUAR.DOC}}</ref> <!--Damage total is 80,000,000,000 pesos-->
Born in [[Otselic, New York|Otselic]], he attended the common schools and [[Norwich Academy]]. During the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] he was a private in Company B, Ninetieth New York Volunteers, and brigade clerk, First Brigade, First Division, Nineteenth Army Corps. He was discharged at the close of the war and studied law, gaining admission to the [[barlaw|bar]] in November 1867. He was chairman of the [[USRepublican|Republican]] county committee of [[Chenango County, New York|Chenango County]] and was a member of the Republican State committee in 1880.


==Meteorological history==
Ray was elected as a Republican to the Forty-eighth Congress, holding office from March 4, 1883 to March 3, 1885. He was a member of the [[board of education]] of Norwich Academy and Union Free School, and was then elected to the Fifty-second and to the five succeeding Congresses, holding office from March 4, 1891 to September 11, 1902; while in the House he was chairman of the Committee on Levees and Improvements of the Mississippi River (Fifty-fourth Congress) and a member of the Committees on Invalid Pensions (Fifty-fifth Congress) and the Judiciary (Fifty-sixth and Fifty-seventh Congresses). He resigned from Congress to accept the [[United States District Court|judgeship]] of the [[United States District Court for the Northern District of New York]], in which capacity he served until his death in [[Norwich, New York|Norwich]] in 1925. Interment was in Mount Hope Cemetery.
{{storm path|Pauline 1997 track.png}}
A [[tropical wave]] exited the coast of Africa on September 16. It traversed steadily westward, with the southern portion of the wave axis moving across northern South America. On September 26 the wave entered the eastern [[Pacific Ocean]] near [[Panama]], and slowly organized. A weak low-level [[trough (meteorology)|trough]] extended from the [[Caribbean Sea]] to south of [[Mexico]], disrupting the normal flow of westward steering currents. On October 3, the tropical wave developed a distinct area of deep convection, and began to drift eastward to the south of Mexico. Two days later a low-level circulation formed, and midday on October 5 the system developed into Tropical Depression Eighteen-E while located about 250&nbsp;miles (410&nbsp;km) south-southwest of [[Huatulco]] in the state of [[Oaxaca]].<ref name="tcr">{{cite web|author=Miles B. Lawrence|year=1997|title=Hurricane Pauline Tropical Cyclone Report|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|accessdate=2007-01-02|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997pauline.html}}</ref>


With an absence of vertical [[wind shear]], the depression drifted just south of due east and steadily organized. The system developed [[rainband|banding features]] and a [[eye (cyclone)#structure|central dense overcast]], and early on October 6 the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Pauline while located about 295&nbsp;miles (475&nbsp;km) south-southeast of [[Salina Cruz|Salina Cruz, Oaxaca]]. A strong [[anticyclone|high pressure system]] eroded the trough over southeastern Mexico, which turned Pauline to the northeast. An [[eye (cyclone)|eye feature]] developed late on October 6, and early the next day Pauline intensified into a hurricane about 265&nbsp;miles (425&nbsp;km) southeast of Salina Cruz after turning to the north and northwest.<ref name="tcr"/>
==References==
* {{CongBio|R000076}}


Pauline [[rapid deepening|rapidly intensified]] after becoming a hurricane with favorable conditions for continued development, and 18&nbsp;hours after becoming a hurricane it attained a peak intensity of 135&nbsp;mph (215&nbsp;km/h). The winds of the hurricane weakened slightly to 115&nbsp;mph (185&nbsp;km/h), but on October 8 Pauline re-strengthened to reach winds of 135&nbsp;mph (215&nbsp;km/h) a short distance off the coast of Mexico. The hurricane turned more to the west-northwest while paralleling the southern coast of Oaxaca, and Pauline quickly weakened due to interaction with the mountainous terrain before [[landfall (meteorology)|landfall]] near [[Puerto Escondido (Oaxaca)|Puerto Escondido]] as a 110&nbsp;mph (175&nbsp;km/h) hurricane early on October 9. The storm continued to weaken as it paralleled the coast a short distance inland, and on October 10 Pauline dissipated over the [[States of Mexico|state]] of [[Jalisco]].<ref name="tcr"/>
{{start box}}

{{USRep succession box |
== Preparations ==
state=New York|
Early forecasts underforecasted the peak intensity of Pauline by 65&nbsp;mph (105&nbsp;km/h). On October 7, about 41&nbsp;hours before landfall, the government of Mexico issued a [[tropical cyclone warnings and watches|hurricane warning]] from [[Tapachula]] in the state of [[Chiapas]] to [[Punta Maldonado]] in the state of [[Guerrero]]. Shortly after it made landfall, the warning was extended northwestward to [[Manzanillo, Colima]], and later to [[Puerto Vallarta|Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco]]. Its turn to the west-northwest near landfall was unexpected, resulting in some experiencing hurricane conditions with only a few hours notice.<ref name="tcr"/>
district=21 |

district_ord=21st |
Officials in [[Puerto Madero]] <!--?lks to Argentina-->closed port facilities to all ships, excluding ships in open seas seeking shelter.<ref name="cnn107">{{cite web|author=CNN|year=1997|title=Powerful Hurricane Pauline churns toward Mexico|accessdate=2007-01-10|url=http://www.cnn.com/WEATHER/9710/07/pauline/index.html}}</ref> Officials ultimately closed six major ports between [[Acapulco]] and Puerto Madero. State authorities in [[Oaxaca]] opened 75&nbsp;emergency shelters<ref name="cnn108">{{cite web|author=CNN|year=1997|title='Dangerous' Hurricane Pauline to hit southwest Mexico|accessdate=2007-01-10|url=http://www.cnn.com/WEATHER/9710/08/pauline/index.html}}</ref> and prepared 50&nbsp;schools to house up to 10,000&nbsp;people.<ref name="cnn108a">{{cite web|author=CNN|year=1997|title=Southern Mexico facing perils of Pauline|accessdate=2007-01-10|url=http://www.cnn.com/WEATHER/9710/08/pauline.update/index.html}}</ref> In preparation, many residents removed light-weighing objects from the outside and taped up their windows.<ref name="cnn108">{{cite web|author=CNN|year=1997|title='Dangerous' Hurricane Pauline to hit southwest Mexico|accessdate=2007-01-10|url=http://www.cnn.com/WEATHER/9710/08/pauline/index.html}}</ref>
before=[[Ferris Jacobs, Jr.]] |

after= [[Frederick A. Johnson]] |
Officials in [[El Salvador]] declared a national state of alert in response to the potential threat from the hurricane. Residents in flood-prone areas were warned of potential [[flash flood]]ing.<ref name="cnn107"/> As the hurricane turned sharply to the northwest, there are no reports of damage or deaths from Pauline in the country.<ref name="tcr"/>
years=1883&ndash;1885

}}
== Impact ==
{{USRep succession box |
{{Deadliest Pacific hurricanes}}
state=New York|
[[Image:Pauline1997filledrainblk.gif|thumb|right|Hurricane Pauline Rainfall in Mexico]]
district=26 |
Few surface observations were taken during the passage of the hurricane, though officials estimate portions of southern Mexico experienced the brunt of the storm. [[Puerto Escondido, Oaxaca]], near where Pauline made landfall, reported a peak wind gust of 70&nbsp;mph (115&nbsp;km/h) several hours before the hurricane moved through the area; no reports were available after that time. An [[anemometer]] in [[Acapulco]] reported a wind gust of 59&nbsp;mph (95&nbsp;km/h) with sustained winds of 46&nbsp;mph (75&nbsp;km/h). However, officials estimate Pauline might have been a hurricane while passing through the area.<ref name="tcr"/>
district_ord=26th |

before=[[Milton De Lano]] |
The hurricane produced heavy rainfall along its path, peaking at 16.2&nbsp;inches (412&nbsp;mm) in a 24&nbsp;hour period at [[Acapulco]] in the state of [[Guerrero]]. Numerous other locations reported over 10&nbsp;inches (255&nbsp;mm) of rain between October 3 and October 10, with a peak of 32.62&nbsp;inches (930&nbsp;mm) at Puente Jula, near Paso Overjas. Roughly 30 ft (9 m) seas were reported along the Oaxaca coastline while the hurricane made landfall.<ref name="cnn108a"/>
after= [[William H. Flack]] |

years=1891&ndash;1902
Hurricane Pauline lightly affected the state of [[Chiapas]], but severely affected [[Oaxaca]] and [[Guerrero]], two of the poorest regions of Mexico. The area most impacted was the region in and around [[Acapulco]].<ref name="rw1">{{cite web|author=Church World Service|year=1997|title=Situation Report Hurricane Pauline|publisher=[[Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|ReliefWeb]]|accessdate=2007-01-09|url=http://wwwnotes.reliefweb.int/w/rwb.nsf/480fa8736b88bbc3c12564f6004c8ad5/3dbfbae1700246fbc125652f002f42bb?OpenDocument}}</ref> The hurricane caused severe damage to the environment; 200&nbsp;square miles (700&nbsp;km²) of low-lying [[rainforest]] and pine and evergreen oak woodlands were greatly damaged in southern Mexico.<ref name="fao">{{cite web|author=North American Forest Commission|year=1998|title=Impact of climatic factors such as El Niño on forests|accessdate=2007-01-10|url=http://www.fao.org/UNFAO/Bodies/NAFC/nafc98/NAFC4-E.HTM}}</ref> Strong waves produced severe beach erosion in some locations. The erosion affected two nesting cycles for the [[Olive Ridley]] turtle,<ref name="turtle">{{cite web|author=Laura Sarti, Juan Díaz, Manuel Garduño, Javier Vasconcelos, Ernesto Albavera, Cuauhtemoc Peñaflores, and
}}
René Márquez M.|year=1998|title=Effect of Hurricane Pauline on the Nesting of Olive Ridley Turtle in Escobilla Beach, Oaxaca, Mexico|publisher=United States Department of Commerce|accessdate=2007-01-10|url=http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/species/turtlesymposium1998.pdf}}</ref> destroying about 40&nbsp;million eggs.<ref name="egg">{{cite web|author=Marine Turtle Newsletter|year=1998|title=United States - Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products|accessdate=2007-01-10|url=http://www.sice.oas.org/DISPUTE/wto/58r00/shrus19e.asp}}</ref> The deadliest and most severe hurricane to hit Mexico since [[1959 Mexico Hurricane|a hurricane in 1959]],<ref name="rw2">{{cite web|author=Action by Churches Together International|title=Alert Mexico Hurricane Pauline|publisher=[[Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|ReliefWeb]]|accessdate=2007-01-09|url=http://wwwnotes.reliefweb.int/w/rwb.nsf/480fa8736b88bbc3c12564f6004c8ad5/d1fa410d4559f30fc125652f00544db9?OpenDocument}}</ref> Hurricane Pauline resulted in $7.5&nbsp;billion (1997&nbsp;USD, 80&nbsp;billion pesos 1997&nbsp;[[MXN]], $9.3&nbsp;billion 2006&nbsp;USD) in damage.<ref name="damage"/>
{{end box}}

The exact death toll is unknown. By one day after the storm, 123&nbsp;deaths were confirmed.<ref name="rw1"/> A report issued by the [[United Nations]] Department of Humanitarian Affairs reported 137&nbsp;deaths by three days after the storm.<ref name="rw4">{{cite web|author=[[United Nations]] Department of Humanitarian Affairs|year=1997|title=Mexico Hurricane Pauline Situation Report No.1|publisher=[[Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|ReliefWeb]]|accessdate=2007-01-09|url=http://wwwnotes.reliefweb.int/w/rwb.nsf/480fa8736b88bbc3c12564f6004c8ad5/6bd520b8a7152d6fc125652f0026ca50?OpenDocument}}</ref> Four days after the passage of the hurricane, a [[Reuters]] news report stated there were 173&nbsp;dead with about 200&nbsp;missing,<ref name="rwplague">{{cite news|author=David Luhnow|date=1997-10-13|title=Plague Fears Mount in Storm-Wrecked Acapulco|publisher=[[Reuters]]|accessdate=2007-01-09|url=http://wwwnotes.reliefweb.int/w/rwb.nsf/480fa8736b88bbc3c12564f6004c8ad5/ba8d97d063e14a11c12565300042fdbd?OpenDocument}}</ref> while the government of Mexico issued a statement reporting 149&nbsp;deaths.<ref name="rw5">{{cite web|author=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|year=1997|title=Survivors of Mexican hurricane facing shortages of food and water|accessdate=2007-01-09|url=http://wwwnotes.reliefweb.int/w/rwb.nsf/480fa8736b88bbc3c12564f6004c8ad5/eeaf6f69881dc467c125652f002b27d5?OpenDocument}}</ref> Ultimately, media reports indicated a death toll of at least 230&nbsp;people, and the Mexican [[Red Cross]] estimated 400&nbsp;dead<ref name="tcr"/> and at least 1,900&nbsp;missing. The [[Church World Service]] estimated at least 500&nbsp;people were killed.<ref name="rw1016">{{cite web|author=Church World Service|year=1997|title=Situation Report Hurricane Pauline|accessdate=2007-01-10|url=http://wwwnotes.reliefweb.int/w/RWB.NSF/480fa8736b88bbc3c12564f6004c8ad5/c18304c69c7d102ec12565330028138e?OpenDocument}}</ref>

=== Oaxaca ===
{{Costliest Pacific hurricanes}}
A state of emergency was declared for the state of [[Oaxaca]] shortly after Pauline made landfall.<ref name="cnn109">{{cite web|author=CNN|year=1997|title=Pauline hits Mexico's Pacific coast resorts|accessdate=2007-01-10|url=http://www.cnn.com/WEATHER/9710/09/pauline/}}</ref> Abundant rainfall caused the [[River Los Perros]] to overflow its capacity, flooding 50&nbsp;[[Municipalities of Oaxaca|municipalities]] in Oaxaca. The flooding damaged 12&nbsp;bridges,<ref name="rw4"/> of which two were destroyed,<ref name="rw1013">{{cite web|author=UN Department of Public Information|year=1997|title=Mexican states of Oaxaca and Guerrero ask UNICEF for assistance following destruction by hurricane Pauline|accessdate=2007-01-10|url=http://wwwnotes.reliefweb.int/w/RWB.NSF/480fa8736b88bbc3c12564f6004c8ad5/3af67ce5d0ae2afac1256530002d7466?OpenDocument}}</ref> and cut off some areas of electricity, drinking water, and telecommunications for several days.<ref name="rw4"/> The passage of the hurricane affected thousands of houses, leaving roughly 250,000&nbsp;homeless in the state.<ref name="table">{{cite web|author=National Drought Mitigation Center|accessdate=2007-01-10|url=http://drought.unl.edu/risk/world/table2.pdf|year=1997|title=Reported Effects of the 1997-98 El Niño}}</ref> At least 110&nbsp;people died in the state, with hundreds of thousands of residents and 1,278&nbsp;communities being affected.<ref name="rw1016"/>

Strong winds from the hurricane downed trees and power lines throughout southern Oaxaca. The storm temporarily isolated [[Puerto Ángel|Puerto Ángel, Oaxaca]] and a navy base there by cutting off communications from the rest of Mexico. In [[Huatulco]], the winds blew down antennas at the local television station and destroyed at least 30&nbsp;cardboard houses.<ref name="cnn108a"/> A community near the airport of the city was hit hard, with several people left homeless. Heavy rainfall from the storm caused severe flooding in portions of Oaxaca and neighboring [[Chiapas]].<ref name="cnn109"/> A total of about 500&nbsp;entire communities were destroyed in Oaxaca; the areas worst affected were [[Zapotecos]], [[Chatino]], and [[Mixtecos]].<ref name="rw1016"/>

=== Guerrero ===
[[Image:Hurr-pauline-vis1.gif|right|thumb|Hurricane Pauline off the Mexican coast on October 7]]
Heavy rainfall led to severe mudslides and flooding throughout southern [[Guerrero]]. Entire communities were nearly destroyed, with some remaining flooded for a week after the hurricane. The flooding washed out or destroyed thousands of acres of crops, and killed thousands of cattle. The flooding and mudslides isolated more than 45,000&nbsp;people from the outside world.<ref name="rw1016"/> The passage of the hurricane resulted in damage to houses, bridges, and electrical and water supply. According to one preliminary estimate, 123&nbsp;people died in Guerrero,<ref name="rw4"/> primarily in [[Acapulco]]. Over 200&nbsp;were missing by four days after the hurricane due to being washed out to sea or buried in mudslides.<ref name="rw5"/> 50,000&nbsp;people were left homeless across the state.<ref name="table"/>

Striking the week after [[1997 Pacific hurricane season#Tropical Storm Olaf|Tropical Storm Olaf]], previously wet grounds combined with heavy rainfall from Pauline resulted in severe mudslides and [[flash flood]]ing in [[shanty town]]s around [[Acapulco Bay]].<ref name="rw3">{{cite web|author=[[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement]]|year=1997|title=Mexico Hurricane Pauline Information Bulletin No.1|publisher=[[Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|ReliefWeb]]|accessdate=2007-01-09|url=http://wwwnotes.reliefweb.int/w/rwb.nsf/480fa8736b88bbc3c12564f6004c8ad5/0eb810441809da44c12565390053d195?OpenDocument}}</ref> There, around 5,000&nbsp;homes were destroyed with another 25,000&nbsp;damaged,<ref name="rw1016"/> with 10,000&nbsp;people left homeless in and around the city.<ref name="rw1"/> The luxury resort hotels near the beach were largely unaffected by the hurricane, though residents in the shanty towns lost what little they had. Much of the city was covered in mud, and 70&nbsp;percent of Acapulco was without water as a result of the hurricane.<ref name="rwplague"/> Most of the city's one million residents were also left without power or telephone, as well.<ref name="rw1"/>

== Aftermath ==
Volunteers from the [[Mexico|Mexican]] [[Red Cross]] quickly went to disaster areas with search and rescue teams,<ref name="rw3"/> including using specially trained dogs to search for hurricane victims trapped under muddy areas of Acapulco. By four days after the storm each team was finding one or two corpses per day, with officials stating the search could take weeks.<ref name="rwplague"/> In [[Guerrero]], the teams rescued a total of 35&nbsp;people from hazard.<ref name="rw4"/> Hours after the hurricane passed through the area, relief works traveled by boat through flooded areas to assist the worst-hit areas. The Red Cross provided food, water, clothing, blankets, water purification supplies, milk powder and other non-perishable foods, and medical supplies to those staying in government shelters in [[Oaxaca]], [[Guerrero]], and [[Chiapas]]. The Mexican Red Cross also set up shelters to house and feed hundreds of displaced people, and by four days after the storm, the Red Cross distributed 100 [[tonnes]] of relief supplies to hurricane victims. Medical workers were also deployed to the area to aid the injured.<ref name="rw3"/>

Officials set up emergency water purification plants in [[Acapulco]], though water remained largely unavailable. Water trucks were sent to the city, with thousands standing in line for fresh water. Tourists in luxury hotels of Acapulco, for the most part generally unaffected by the hurricane,<ref name="rwplague"/> were forced to use bottled water and ration their available water to as little as possible to provide water for the rest of the city.<ref name="reuters1015">{{cite news|author=David Luhnow|date=1997-10-15|title=Mexico Storm Victims Desperate for Food, Water|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=2007-01-10|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/OCHA-64BKES?OpenDocument&rc=2&emid=ST-1997-0243-MEX}}</ref> Severe [[price gouging]] occurred in the city following the hurricane, with one consumer protection official reporting shopkeepers charging 200&nbsp;percent more for milk, 500&nbsp;percent more for tortillas, and 1000&nbsp;percent more than usual for water.<ref name="rw5"/> The government set up 39&nbsp;aid centers for Acapulco citizens, though some residents were unable to get food and water. Some residents suspected officials of [[President of Mexico|President]] [[Ernesto Zedillo]] in the [[Institutional Revolutionary Party]] of taking aid supplies for their own purposes. The president promised to seek charges and decided to close aid centers in favor of opening soup kitchens. Despite having the food, the Mexican army did not set up the kitchens, nor was aid distributed at the aid centers.<ref name="reuters1015"/>

The floodwaters from the hurricane combined with raw sewage in many poor areas of southwestern Mexico, leading to a widespread threat for a spread of tropical diseases. As a result, government health workers opened vaccination centers in several cities along the [[Guerrero]] and [[Oaxaca]] coasts. Thousands were inoculated for [[typhoid fever]] and [[tetanus]]. Officials noted a potential threat for [[dengue]] and [[cholera]] as a result of the spoiled water. Health workers also stated [[mosquito]]s possessing [[malaria]] and [[dengue fever]] were likely to breed in large areas of leftover water. In Acapulco, about two days after the hurricane passed, the first day of sun in a week evaporated the areas of leftover water, spreading dust across the region with the deadly diseases. Residents were warned to boil their food and water for 30&nbsp;minutes due to the threat for contamination by the dust.<ref name="rwplague"/> At least twenty cases of cholera<ref name="nytimes119">{{cite news|author=Julia Preston|date=1997-11-19|title=Acapulco Tourist Areas Are Open After Storm|publisher=New York Times|accessdate=2007-01-10|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=travel&res=9B02EED81130F93AA35752C1A961958260}}</ref> and at least six cases of dengue fever were reported.<ref name="reuters1014">{{cite web|author=David Luhnow|date=1997-10-14|title=Cholera Breaks Out in Acapulco|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=2007-01-10|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/OCHA-64DANJ?OpenDocument&rc=2&emid=ST-1997-0243-MEX}}</ref> Army soldiers distributed [[chlorine]] tablets to disinfect water pools and wheelbarrows to remove rotting mud and sewage from their damaged homes. Two [[C-130 Hercules]] planes and twenty helicopters airlifted food and water to smaller villages south of Acapulco that were stranded for nearly a week after the hurricane.<ref name="reuters1015"/>

Most of Acapulco remained closed for at least a week after the hurricane.<ref name="reuters1015"/> Initially, authorities around Acapulco gave preference to clean up tourist areas, which resulted in the scenic highway from the hotels to the airport being quickly fixed. Tourism greatly decreased following the hurricane, causing some hotels to charge 40&nbsp;percent less than normal in an attempt to bring people back. One airline offered two plane tickets for the price of one from [[Mexico City]] to Acapulco. Most hotels were almost completely back to normal around a month after the hurricane.<ref name="nytimes119"/>

The governments of Oaxaca and Guerrero asked [[United Nations Children's Fund|UNICEF]] for assistance, specifically water tanks, water pumps, and construction material.<ref name="rw4"/> International aid initially focused almost solely on the damage in Acapulco. By a week after the hurricane, 500&nbsp;communities in Oaxaca remained isolated and without assistance, with several large communities in Guerrero not receiving any material aid by a week after the hurricane.<ref name="rw1016"/> The [[Adventist Development and Relief Agency]] organized about 7&nbsp;tons of food and clothing, and sent a bus of 40&nbsp;people to help isolated villages in southern Mexico.<ref name="adra">{{cite web|author=Adventist Development and Relief Agency International|year=1997|title=Relief continues for hurricane survivors|accessdate=2007-01-10|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/OCHA-64D42X?OpenDocument&rc=2&emid=ST-1997-0243-MEX}}</ref> Around ten days after the hurricane struck, 20,000&nbsp;people were still isolated from emergency crews and relief works, causing the president to suspect people could begin starving to death. Helicopters were initially sent to the remote areas, though severe fog and heavy rainfall after the hurricane grounded the operations. The government worked to bring food to remote mountain communities, though officials noted the serious risk in doing so.<ref name="abc1019">{{cite web|author=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|date=1997-10-19|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/OCHA-64C9PG?OpenDocument&rc=2&emid=ST-1997-0243-MEX|title=People in Mexico's Pacific mountains face starvation after hurricane|accessdate=2007-01-10}}</ref>

Three days after the hurricane, the [[American Red Cross]] sent an initial donation of $25,000 (1997&nbsp;USD), and also sent plastic sheets for temporary roofing and cleaning supplies such as mops, brooms, buckets, sponges, bleach, and cleaning chemicals.<ref name="rw3"/> Local chapters also offered assistance. The chapter in [[San Antonio, Texas]] sent cleaning kits, and the chapter in [[Los Angeles]] delivered 2,000&nbsp;comfort kits containing hygiene supplies and crossword puzzles for children.<ref name="arc">{{Cite web|author=American Red Cross|year=1997|title=Hard Work Continues in the Wake of Hurricane Pauline|accessdate=2007-01-10|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/OCHA-64D527?OpenDocument&rc=2&emid=ST-1997-0243-MEX}}</ref> The German Red Cross also offered assistance.<ref name="rw3"/>

===Retirement===
Because of the damage and deaths in Mexico, the name Pauline was retired in the spring of 1998 by the [[World Meteorological Organization]] and will never again used as a [[Pacific hurricane]]. It was replaced by Patricia for the [[2003 Pacific hurricane season]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Gary Padgett, Jack Beven, and James Lewis Free|title=Subject: B3) What names have been retired in the Atlantic and East Pacific basin?|year=|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Hurricane Research Division|accessdate=2008-10-13|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/B3.html}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{tcportal}}
* [[List of Pacific hurricanes]]
* [[List of retired Pacific hurricane names]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{commonscat|Hurricane Pauline}}
* [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997pauline.html NHC Pauline Report]
* [http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/pauline1997.html HPC Pauline Rainfall Page]
* [http://www.weather.unisys.com/hurricane/e_pacific/1997/PAULINE/track.gif Storm Path]

{{Retired Pacific hurricanes}}
{{1997 Pacific hurricane season buttons}}

[[Category:1997 Pacific hurricane season|Pauline]]
[[Category:1997 in Mexico]]
[[Category:Category 4 Pacific hurricanes|Pauline]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Chiapas|Pauline]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Guerrero|Pauline]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Jalisco|Pauline]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Mexico|Pauline]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Oaxaca|Pauline]]
[[Category:Retired Pacific hurricanes|Pauline]]


[[de:Hurrikan Pauline (1997)]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ray, George}}
[[Category:1844 births]]
[[es:Huracán Paulina]]
[[Category:1925 deaths]]
[[pt:Furacão Pauline]]
[[Category:Judges of the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York]]
[[Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from New York]]
[[Category:New York Republicans]]
[[Category:New York lawyers]]
[[Category:People from Chenango County, New York]]
[[Category:People from Norwich, New York]]
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This article is about the Pacific hurricane of 1997; for other storms of the same name, see Hurricane Pauline (disambiguation).
Hurricane Pauline
Category 4 major hurricane (SSHWS/NWS)
Hurricane Pauline at peak intensity
FormedOctober 5, 1997
DissipatedOctober 10, 1997
Highest winds1-minute sustained: 135 mph (215 km/h)
Lowest pressure948 mbar (hPa); 27.99 inHg
Fatalities230–400 direct
Damage$7.5 billion (1997 USD)
Areas affectedSouthwestern Mexico, especially Acapulco
Part of the 1997 Pacific hurricane season

Hurricane Pauline was one of the strongest and deadliest Pacific hurricanes to make landfall on Mexico. The sixteenth tropical storm, eighth hurricane, and seventh major hurricane of the 1997 Pacific hurricane season, Pauline developed out of a tropical wave on October 5 about 250 miles (410 km) south-southwest of Huatulco in the state of Oaxaca. It initially moved eastward, then turned northwestward and quickly strengthened to reach peak winds of 135 mph (215 km/h). It paralleled the Mexican coastline a short distance offshore before weakening and hitting Puerto Escondido, Oaxaca, on October 9, and dissipated the next day.

Pauline produced torrential rainfall along the Mexican coastline, peaking at 16 inches (406 mm) in Acapulco. Intense flooding and mudslides in some of the poorest areas of Mexico killed between 230 to 400 people, making it one of the deadliest Eastern Pacific storms in recorded history. The passage of the hurricane destroyed or damaged tens of thousands of houses, leaving around 300,000 homeless and causing $7.5 billion in damage (1997 USD, 80 billion 1997 MXN pesos, $9.3 billion (2006 USD).[1]

Meteorological history

Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

A tropical wave exited the coast of Africa on September 16. It traversed steadily westward, with the southern portion of the wave axis moving across northern South America. On September 26 the wave entered the eastern Pacific Ocean near Panama, and slowly organized. A weak low-level trough extended from the Caribbean Sea to south of Mexico, disrupting the normal flow of westward steering currents. On October 3, the tropical wave developed a distinct area of deep convection, and began to drift eastward to the south of Mexico. Two days later a low-level circulation formed, and midday on October 5 the system developed into Tropical Depression Eighteen-E while located about 250 miles (410 km) south-southwest of Huatulco in the state of Oaxaca.[2]

With an absence of vertical wind shear, the depression drifted just south of due east and steadily organized. The system developed banding features and a central dense overcast, and early on October 6 the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Pauline while located about 295 miles (475 km) south-southeast of Salina Cruz, Oaxaca. A strong high pressure system eroded the trough over southeastern Mexico, which turned Pauline to the northeast. An eye feature developed late on October 6, and early the next day Pauline intensified into a hurricane about 265 miles (425 km) southeast of Salina Cruz after turning to the north and northwest.[2]

Pauline rapidly intensified after becoming a hurricane with favorable conditions for continued development, and 18 hours after becoming a hurricane it attained a peak intensity of 135 mph (215 km/h). The winds of the hurricane weakened slightly to 115 mph (185 km/h), but on October 8 Pauline re-strengthened to reach winds of 135 mph (215 km/h) a short distance off the coast of Mexico. The hurricane turned more to the west-northwest while paralleling the southern coast of Oaxaca, and Pauline quickly weakened due to interaction with the mountainous terrain before landfall near Puerto Escondido as a 110 mph (175 km/h) hurricane early on October 9. The storm continued to weaken as it paralleled the coast a short distance inland, and on October 10 Pauline dissipated over the state of Jalisco.[2]

Preparations

Early forecasts underforecasted the peak intensity of Pauline by 65 mph (105 km/h). On October 7, about 41 hours before landfall, the government of Mexico issued a hurricane warning from Tapachula in the state of Chiapas to Punta Maldonado in the state of Guerrero. Shortly after it made landfall, the warning was extended northwestward to Manzanillo, Colima, and later to Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco. Its turn to the west-northwest near landfall was unexpected, resulting in some experiencing hurricane conditions with only a few hours notice.[2]

Officials in Puerto Madero closed port facilities to all ships, excluding ships in open seas seeking shelter.[3] Officials ultimately closed six major ports between Acapulco and Puerto Madero. State authorities in Oaxaca opened 75 emergency shelters[4] and prepared 50 schools to house up to 10,000 people.[5] In preparation, many residents removed light-weighing objects from the outside and taped up their windows.[4]

Officials in El Salvador declared a national state of alert in response to the potential threat from the hurricane. Residents in flood-prone areas were warned of potential flash flooding.[3] As the hurricane turned sharply to the northwest, there are no reports of damage or deaths from Pauline in the country.[2]

Impact

Known Pacific hurricanes that have killed at least 100 people
Hurricane Season Fatalities Ref.
"Mexico" 1959 1,800 [6]
Paul 1982 1,625 [7][8][9][10]
Liza 1976 1,263 [11][12][13]
Tara 1961 436 [14]
Pauline 1997 230–400 [15]
Agatha 2010 204 [16][17]
Manuel 2013 169 [18]
Tico 1983 141 [19][20]
Ismael 1995 116 [21]
"Lower California" 1931 110 [22][23]
"Mazatlán" 1943 100 [24]
Lidia 1981 100 [17]
Hurricane Pauline Rainfall in Mexico

Few surface observations were taken during the passage of the hurricane, though officials estimate portions of southern Mexico experienced the brunt of the storm. Puerto Escondido, Oaxaca, near where Pauline made landfall, reported a peak wind gust of 70 mph (115 km/h) several hours before the hurricane moved through the area; no reports were available after that time. An anemometer in Acapulco reported a wind gust of 59 mph (95 km/h) with sustained winds of 46 mph (75 km/h). However, officials estimate Pauline might have been a hurricane while passing through the area.[2]

The hurricane produced heavy rainfall along its path, peaking at 16.2 inches (412 mm) in a 24 hour period at Acapulco in the state of Guerrero. Numerous other locations reported over 10 inches (255 mm) of rain between October 3 and October 10, with a peak of 32.62 inches (930 mm) at Puente Jula, near Paso Overjas. Roughly 30 ft (9 m) seas were reported along the Oaxaca coastline while the hurricane made landfall.[5]

Hurricane Pauline lightly affected the state of Chiapas, but severely affected Oaxaca and Guerrero, two of the poorest regions of Mexico. The area most impacted was the region in and around Acapulco.[25] The hurricane caused severe damage to the environment; 200 square miles (700 km²) of low-lying rainforest and pine and evergreen oak woodlands were greatly damaged in southern Mexico.[26] Strong waves produced severe beach erosion in some locations. The erosion affected two nesting cycles for the Olive Ridley turtle,[27] destroying about 40 million eggs.[28] The deadliest and most severe hurricane to hit Mexico since a hurricane in 1959,[29] Hurricane Pauline resulted in $7.5 billion (1997 USD, 80 billion pesos 1997 MXN, $9.3 billion 2006 USD) in damage.[1]

The exact death toll is unknown. By one day after the storm, 123 deaths were confirmed.[25] A report issued by the United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs reported 137 deaths by three days after the storm.[30] Four days after the passage of the hurricane, a Reuters news report stated there were 173 dead with about 200 missing,[31] while the government of Mexico issued a statement reporting 149 deaths.[32] Ultimately, media reports indicated a death toll of at least 230 people, and the Mexican Red Cross estimated 400 dead[2] and at least 1,900 missing. The Church World Service estimated at least 500 people were killed.[33]

Oaxaca

Pacific hurricanes with at least US$500 million in damage without adjusting for inflation
Storm Season Damage (USD) Ref.
Otis 2023 $12–16 billion [34]
Manuel 2013 $4.2 billion [35]
Iniki 1992 $3.1 billion [36]
Odile 2014 $1.25 billion [37]
Agatha 2010 $1.1 billion [38]
Hilary 2023 $915 million [39]
Willa 2018 $825 million [40]
Madeline 1998 $750 million [41]
Rosa 1994 $700 million [42]
Paul 1982 $520 million [43][44][45]
Octave 1983 $512.5 million [46][47]

A state of emergency was declared for the state of Oaxaca shortly after Pauline made landfall.[48] Abundant rainfall caused the River Los Perros to overflow its capacity, flooding 50 municipalities in Oaxaca. The flooding damaged 12 bridges,[30] of which two were destroyed,[49] and cut off some areas of electricity, drinking water, and telecommunications for several days.[30] The passage of the hurricane affected thousands of houses, leaving roughly 250,000 homeless in the state.[50] At least 110 people died in the state, with hundreds of thousands of residents and 1,278 communities being affected.[33]

Strong winds from the hurricane downed trees and power lines throughout southern Oaxaca. The storm temporarily isolated Puerto Ángel, Oaxaca and a navy base there by cutting off communications from the rest of Mexico. In Huatulco, the winds blew down antennas at the local television station and destroyed at least 30 cardboard houses.[5] A community near the airport of the city was hit hard, with several people left homeless. Heavy rainfall from the storm caused severe flooding in portions of Oaxaca and neighboring Chiapas.[48] A total of about 500 entire communities were destroyed in Oaxaca; the areas worst affected were Zapotecos, Chatino, and Mixtecos.[33]

Guerrero

Hurricane Pauline off the Mexican coast on October 7

Heavy rainfall led to severe mudslides and flooding throughout southern Guerrero. Entire communities were nearly destroyed, with some remaining flooded for a week after the hurricane. The flooding washed out or destroyed thousands of acres of crops, and killed thousands of cattle. The flooding and mudslides isolated more than 45,000 people from the outside world.[33] The passage of the hurricane resulted in damage to houses, bridges, and electrical and water supply. According to one preliminary estimate, 123 people died in Guerrero,[30] primarily in Acapulco. Over 200 were missing by four days after the hurricane due to being washed out to sea or buried in mudslides.[32] 50,000 people were left homeless across the state.[50]

Striking the week after Tropical Storm Olaf, previously wet grounds combined with heavy rainfall from Pauline resulted in severe mudslides and flash flooding in shanty towns around Acapulco Bay.[51] There, around 5,000 homes were destroyed with another 25,000 damaged,[33] with 10,000 people left homeless in and around the city.[25] The luxury resort hotels near the beach were largely unaffected by the hurricane, though residents in the shanty towns lost what little they had. Much of the city was covered in mud, and 70 percent of Acapulco was without water as a result of the hurricane.[31] Most of the city's one million residents were also left without power or telephone, as well.[25]

Aftermath

Volunteers from the Mexican Red Cross quickly went to disaster areas with search and rescue teams,[51] including using specially trained dogs to search for hurricane victims trapped under muddy areas of Acapulco. By four days after the storm each team was finding one or two corpses per day, with officials stating the search could take weeks.[31] In Guerrero, the teams rescued a total of 35 people from hazard.[30] Hours after the hurricane passed through the area, relief works traveled by boat through flooded areas to assist the worst-hit areas. The Red Cross provided food, water, clothing, blankets, water purification supplies, milk powder and other non-perishable foods, and medical supplies to those staying in government shelters in Oaxaca, Guerrero, and Chiapas. The Mexican Red Cross also set up shelters to house and feed hundreds of displaced people, and by four days after the storm, the Red Cross distributed 100 tonnes of relief supplies to hurricane victims. Medical workers were also deployed to the area to aid the injured.[51]

Officials set up emergency water purification plants in Acapulco, though water remained largely unavailable. Water trucks were sent to the city, with thousands standing in line for fresh water. Tourists in luxury hotels of Acapulco, for the most part generally unaffected by the hurricane,[31] were forced to use bottled water and ration their available water to as little as possible to provide water for the rest of the city.[52] Severe price gouging occurred in the city following the hurricane, with one consumer protection official reporting shopkeepers charging 200 percent more for milk, 500 percent more for tortillas, and 1000 percent more than usual for water.[32] The government set up 39 aid centers for Acapulco citizens, though some residents were unable to get food and water. Some residents suspected officials of President Ernesto Zedillo in the Institutional Revolutionary Party of taking aid supplies for their own purposes. The president promised to seek charges and decided to close aid centers in favor of opening soup kitchens. Despite having the food, the Mexican army did not set up the kitchens, nor was aid distributed at the aid centers.[52]

The floodwaters from the hurricane combined with raw sewage in many poor areas of southwestern Mexico, leading to a widespread threat for a spread of tropical diseases. As a result, government health workers opened vaccination centers in several cities along the Guerrero and Oaxaca coasts. Thousands were inoculated for typhoid fever and tetanus. Officials noted a potential threat for dengue and cholera as a result of the spoiled water. Health workers also stated mosquitos possessing malaria and dengue fever were likely to breed in large areas of leftover water. In Acapulco, about two days after the hurricane passed, the first day of sun in a week evaporated the areas of leftover water, spreading dust across the region with the deadly diseases. Residents were warned to boil their food and water for 30 minutes due to the threat for contamination by the dust.[31] At least twenty cases of cholera[53] and at least six cases of dengue fever were reported.[54] Army soldiers distributed chlorine tablets to disinfect water pools and wheelbarrows to remove rotting mud and sewage from their damaged homes. Two C-130 Hercules planes and twenty helicopters airlifted food and water to smaller villages south of Acapulco that were stranded for nearly a week after the hurricane.[52]

Most of Acapulco remained closed for at least a week after the hurricane.[52] Initially, authorities around Acapulco gave preference to clean up tourist areas, which resulted in the scenic highway from the hotels to the airport being quickly fixed. Tourism greatly decreased following the hurricane, causing some hotels to charge 40 percent less than normal in an attempt to bring people back. One airline offered two plane tickets for the price of one from Mexico City to Acapulco. Most hotels were almost completely back to normal around a month after the hurricane.[53]

The governments of Oaxaca and Guerrero asked UNICEF for assistance, specifically water tanks, water pumps, and construction material.[30] International aid initially focused almost solely on the damage in Acapulco. By a week after the hurricane, 500 communities in Oaxaca remained isolated and without assistance, with several large communities in Guerrero not receiving any material aid by a week after the hurricane.[33] The Adventist Development and Relief Agency organized about 7 tons of food and clothing, and sent a bus of 40 people to help isolated villages in southern Mexico.[55] Around ten days after the hurricane struck, 20,000 people were still isolated from emergency crews and relief works, causing the president to suspect people could begin starving to death. Helicopters were initially sent to the remote areas, though severe fog and heavy rainfall after the hurricane grounded the operations. The government worked to bring food to remote mountain communities, though officials noted the serious risk in doing so.[56]

Three days after the hurricane, the American Red Cross sent an initial donation of $25,000 (1997 USD), and also sent plastic sheets for temporary roofing and cleaning supplies such as mops, brooms, buckets, sponges, bleach, and cleaning chemicals.[51] Local chapters also offered assistance. The chapter in San Antonio, Texas sent cleaning kits, and the chapter in Los Angeles delivered 2,000 comfort kits containing hygiene supplies and crossword puzzles for children.[57] The German Red Cross also offered assistance.[51]

Retirement

Because of the damage and deaths in Mexico, the name Pauline was retired in the spring of 1998 by the World Meteorological Organization and will never again used as a Pacific hurricane. It was replaced by Patricia for the 2003 Pacific hurricane season.[58]

See also

Template:Tcportal

References

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External links

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