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{{Short description|Autonomous vehicle service in Rotterdam, the Netherlands}}
[[File:Parkshuttle.jpg|thumb|Parkshuttle]]
{{Infobox rail line
|name = Parkshuttle
|color =
|logo =
|logo_width =
|image = Parkshuttle.jpg
|image_width = 280px
|caption = Parkshuttle II vehicle outside Kralingse Zoom station during testing in 2005
|type = [[People Mover]], [[self-driving bus]]
|system =
|status =
|locale = [[Rotterdam]]
|start = [[Kralingse Zoom metro station]]
|end = Rivium Business Park
|stations = 5
|routes = 1
|daily_ridership = 1,200 (2018)
|open = 1999
|close =
|owner = [[Rotterdam-The Hague metropolitan area]]
|operator = [[Connexxion]]
|character =
|stock = 6
|linelength = {{convert|1.8|km|mi}}
|tracklength =
|tracks = 2 lanes (except bridge over N210 and underpass below A16, single lane)
|gauge =
|electrification =
|speed = {{convert|32|kph|mph}}
|elevation =
|map = {{ParkShuttle}}
|map_state = collapsed
}}


The '''ParkShuttle''' is an electric driven [[autonomous]] shuttle service, which runs between metro station [[Kralingse Zoom metro station|Kralingse Zoom]] in [[Rotterdam]] to business park Rivium in [[Capelle aan den IJssel]]. The system has 3 stops at Rivium (Rivium 1st, 2nd and 4th street) and an additional stop that serves both the residential area Fascinatio (Capelle aan den IJssel) as business park Brainpark III (Rotterdam). Since the end of 2006, the ParkShuttle has been operational every business day between 6 am and 9 pm - at rush hour with a frequency of once every 2,5 minutes, otherwise at least once every 6 minutes.
The '''ParkShuttle''' is an electrically-driven, [[Autonomous vehicle|autonomous]] shuttle service that runs between [[Kralingse Zoom metro station]] in [[Rotterdam]] to the Rivium [[business park]] in [[Capelle aan den IJssel]]. The system first opened 1999 and has been extended since. It has three stops in Rivium (at the 4th, 2nd and 1st streets), a stop Fascinatio (serving the residential area in Capelle aan den IJssel and the Brainpark III business park) and finally at [[Kralingse Zoom metro station]]. In 2022 six vehicles of the third generation entered service.


The route is closed for other traffic, but it does have ground level crossings with cars, cyclists and pedestrians. The route is double-lane, with the exception of the crossings at the Interstate A16 and Highway N 210.
Parkshuttle is owned by the [[Rotterdam-The Hague metropolitan area]] (MRDH) and operated by the [[Connexxion]] bus company. The route lies on its own [[Right-of-way (transportation)|right-of-way]], but it does have [[level crossing]]s with cars, cyclists and pedestrians. It is double-lane throughout except for a bridge over the N210 "Abraham van Rijckevorselweg" highway and an underpass below the [[A16 motorway (Netherlands)|A16 motorway]] to connect to the railway station.

On weekdays, the Shuttle runs between 06:00 and 21:00. During rush hour a shuttle runs every 2.5 minutes. Outside rush hours, the shuttle runs on demand with passengers pressing a button at the station to summon a vehicle.<ref>{{cite web |title=Park shuttle |url=https://www.connexxion.nl/reizen/1190/parkshuttle/238 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503042447/https://www.connexxion.nl/reizen/1190/parkshuttle/238 |archive-date=3 May 2018 |access-date=17 July 2021}}</ref>

In 2018 it was unique as the only operational automated road vehicle in Europe in permanent (revenue generating) service.<ref name="2018KobePaper">{{cite journal |title=Driverless electric vehicles at Businesspark Rivium near Rotterdam (the Netherlands): from operation on dedicated track since 2005 to public roads in 2020 |journal=Conference: EVS31At: Kobe, Japan |date=October 2018 |pages=7 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329782024 |access-date=17 July 2021}}</ref> Since 2015 a number of similar [[Vehicular automation#Shared autonomous vehicles|shared autonomous vehicle]] systems have been developed and trialed in routes shared with other vehicles or pedestrians. The ParkShuttle was trialed in 2019 at both [[Brussels Airport]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Self-driving people mover makes its maiden trip at brussels airport |url=https://www.2getthere.eu/news/maiden-trip-at-brussels-airport/ |access-date=28 June 2021}}</ref> and at [[Nanyang Technological University]] in Singapore.<ref>{{cite web |title=NTU Singapore to test autonomous vehicles on the NTU Smart Campus |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-04/ntu-nst041618.php |access-date=28 June 2021}}</ref> Some other systems are in operation on private roads (such as around factories). {{As of|2021}} some revenue systems are being trialed.


==Features==
==Features==
The system, a hybrid between a [[personal rapid transit]] and an automated [[people mover]], works like a horizontal [[elevator]]. A shuttle can be manually called at the stop, and there are buttons in the shuttle to [[request stop|request each stop]] individually (compared to a regular [[bus]] service, where stops must be requested at the appropriate time and location).


{{As of|2018}}, the route is {{convert|1.8|km|mi}} long and uses six shuttle vehicles numbered 1 through 6 (administratively numbered 5801 to 5806).
The system works like a horizontal elevator. A shuttle can be called at the stop and there is a button in the shuttle for each stop to indicate that you want to get off, like an elevator (easier than in a regular bus, where you have to pay attention when you press the button).


⚫
The vehicles are fully automatic and follow a [[Guided bus|virtual route]] where their positions are checked based on artificial reference points (in the form of [[Magnetic guidance|small magnets in the road surface]]). They stop at fixed positions at the stations, most of which can fit two shuttles, one behind another. They were originally [[Uni-directional vehicle|uni-directional]] (with front-wheel steering) and reversed direction at [[turning loop]]s at both ends of the route, though they can also go in reverse as of [[ParkShuttle#Generation III|Generation III]]. There is an automatic [[charging station]] at the Kralingse Zoom metro station where the batteries of the shuttles are charged every day.
In 2018 the route is 1800 meters long. There are 6 shuttles with the numbers 1-6 (administrative numbered 5801-5806). Every shuttle has 12 seats and 10 standees and drives on business days from 6 am till 9 pm. If it is not rush hour, the shuttle drives with a frequency of at least once every 6 minutes, so that some vehicles can be charged.


⚫
The shuttles are designated as line 500 in [[public transport timetable|timetables]], but this is not indicated on the shuttles. The service was [[Free public transport|free of charge]] to use until the end of 2011, due to the lack of [[ticket machine]]s and [[validator]]s (later replaced by [[OV-chipkaart|OV-chipcard]] readers) along with supervisors. Since the end of 2011, OV-chipcard readers are installed at the stops and no paper tickets are sold. As OV-chipcards can only be bought at the metro station proper (not the shuttle stop), passengers must have an OV chipcard on hand when boarding at other stops.
⚫
The vehicle if fully automatic and follows a [[Virtual reality|virtual route]] where the position is checked based on reference points in the area. (small magnets in the road surface) The shuttles stop at a fixed location at the stops. Most stops are suitable for two shuttles behind each other. They are one-way vehicles and at both end stops they turn through an endstop loop. There is an automatic charging station [[charging station]] at metro station Kralingse Zoom. Here the batteries of the shuttles are charged every day.


==Experimental phase==
⚫
The shuttles drive like line 500 according to the timetable, but that is not indicated on the shuttles. The shuttle was free of charge until the end of 2011, due to the lack of a ticket machine and a stamping machine, later called OV chip card reader [[OV-chipkaart|OV-chipcard]] and the lack of any supervisors. Since the end of 2011, OV chip card readers have been installed at the stops. No paper tickets are sold and OV chip cards can only be bought at the Kralingse Zoom metro station (at the station itself, not the shuttle stop), so that passengers must have an OV chip card already when boarding other stops.
An experimental phase started in 1997 with a vehicle that drove without any passengers for the first three months. The next three months test passengers rode the vehicle and crossing traffic was simulated. During the experimental phase a steward was in the vehicle. Eventually regular passengers were able to use the vehicle and the steward was no longer needed in the vehicle.<ref name=2018KobePaper/>


==Generation I==
The client is the Metropolitan area Rotterdam-The Hague (MRDH) and the operator of the ParkShuttle is bus company Connexxion. The current vehicles have Connexxion green upholstery and are also Connexxion green on the outside.
The first version of the Parkshuttle ran from February 1999 to 2001 between [[Rotterdam]] and [[Capelle aan den IJssel]]. An evaluation showed that the new vehicle needed to be able to move more passengers and the waiting time had to be reduced. Furthermore, there was a need for a reliable system and better travel information.


==Generation II==
==Generation II==
[[File:ParkShuttle Map OpenStreetMap.png|thumb|right|Map of ParkShuttle route in Rivium]]
⚫
For ParkShuttle II the route was extended and became dual lane. New vehicles were introduced with more transport capacity: ParkShuttle II can carry a maximum of 22 passengers. The system and the vehicles were supplied by 2getthere,<ref>[https://www.2getthere.eu/ 2getthere]</ref> where [[Spijkstaal]]<ref>[https://www.peinemann.nl/en/spijkstaal/about-spijkstaal/ About Spijkstaal]</ref> supplied the chassis and drive system and the design was made by Duvedec.<ref>http://www.duvedec.com/start.html?route=nl/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527040055/http://www.duvedec.com/start.html?route=nl%2F |date=2018-05-27 }} Duvedec</ref>


⚫
On 1 December 2006 ParkShuttle II was officially inaugurated by Prime Minister [[Jan Peter Balkenende]]. A day later the ParkShuttle was open to the public. Prior to that, concessionaire [[Connexxion]] had been granted a concession for the period 2006-2011. In 2011, after a new tender, the concession for a further period of 5 years was awarded to Connexxion. In 2016 the concession was extended by 2 years until December 2018.
⚫
The first version of the Parkshuttle ran from February 1999 till January 1, 2002 between [[Rotterdam]] and [[Capelle aan den IJssel]]. For ParkShuttle II the route was extended, the lane became was made into a two-lane road and new vehicles were introduced with more transport capacity: ParkShuttle II can carry a maximum of 22 passengers. The system and the vehicles are supplied by 2getthere,<ref>[https://www.2getthere.eu/ 2getthere]</ref> where Spijkstaal <ref>http://www.spijkstaal.nl/ Spijkstaal</ref> supplied the body and the design was made by Duvedec.<ref>http://www.duvedec.com/start.html?route=nl/ Duvedec</ref>

⚫
On December 1, 2006, ParkShuttle II was officially inaugurated by Prime Minister Jan Peter Balkenende. A day later the ParkShuttle was in service for public transport. Prior to that, concessionaire Connexxion had been granted a concession for the period 2006-2011. In 2011 after a new tender, the concession for a further period of 5 years was awarded to Connexxion. This concession was extended by 2 years in 2016 until December 2018.


Shortly after the system was put into operation, a collision occurred between two vehicles (without a driver) during start-up. The analysis of the incident showed that, after loss of communication at start-up of the system and after removal of the vehicle, an error was made by the supervisor as a result of which two other vehicles were allowed to enter the single lane section from different sides. The obstacle detection system did go into effect, but could not prevent the collision. In addition, one vehicle was damaged by a fire in the storage of the vehicles.
Shortly after the system was put into operation, a collision occurred between two vehicles (without a driver) during start-up. The analysis of the incident showed that, after loss of communication at start-up of the system and after removal of the vehicle, an error was made by the supervisor as a result of which two other vehicles were allowed to enter the single lane section from different sides. The obstacle detection system did react, but could not prevent the collision. In addition, one vehicle was damaged by a fire in the storage of the vehicles.


After repairing the vehicles, the ParkShuttle has been running without any significant problems ever since.
After repairing the vehicles, the ParkShuttle has been running without any significant problems ever since.


During the period of April 2011 to December 2011, the system was out of service due to the construction of a parking garage at the Kralingse Zoom station. The ParkShuttle could not be used, because the lane was blocked. A replacement bus service was used during this period. This bus service also runs in case of emergencies and drives on a lane next to the ParkShuttle, which also has emergencies stops.
During the period of April 2011 to December 2011, the system was out of service due to the construction of a parking garage at the Kralingse Zoom station. The ParkShuttle could not be used because the lane was blocked. A replacement bus service was used during this period. This bus service also runs in case of emergencies and drives on a lane next to the ParkShuttle.


The Metropolitan region Rotterdam-The Hague and the municipality of Capelle aan den IJssel have done major maintenance on the existing ParkShuttle lane at the beginning of 2017.
The Metropolitan region Rotterdam-The Hague and the municipality of Capelle aan den IJssel undertook major maintenance on the existing ParkShuttle lane at the beginning of 2017.


==Generation III==
==Generation III==
⚫
On 7 March 2018 the MRDH granted Connexxion a new concession for 15 years, for the period December 2018 to December 2033.<ref>https://www.connexxion.nl/reizen/1190/mrdh-verleent-concessie-parkshuttle-aan-connexxion/5055/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507221620/https://www.connexxion.nl/reizen/1190/mrdh-verleent-concessie-parkshuttle-aan-connexxion/5055/ |date=2018-05-07 }} Connexxion</ref>
⚫
This concession includes an extension of the route, renewal of the fleet of shuttles and driving in mixed traffic on some parts of the route. The supplier of the system is again [http://www.2getthere.eu 2getthere], who has worked together with the municipality of Capelle aan den IJssel for this purpose. Together they have submitted a proposal for the replacement and extension with the Marketplace for Infrastructure of the 'Verkeersonderneming', which was granted early 2017. With this, the 'Verkeersonderneming' is responsible for 50% of the costs of realization.


In 2019 the vehicles were due to be replaced and the route extended to the [[Nieuwe Maas]] waterway, where passengers can change to the [[Watertaxi|Waterbus]] at the [[Van Brienenoordbrug]] stop. In November 2022, after some delays due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the new third generation shuttles went into operation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Reizigers kunnen vanaf 5 december weer mee met de ParkShuttle |publisher=Transdev |url=https://www.wijzijntransdev.nl/nl/nieuws/nieuwsberichten/nieuwsberichten/reizigers-kunnen-vanaf-5-december-weer-mee-met-de-parkshuttle | date=2022-12-05 |access-date=2022-12-05}}</ref> The new vehicles are lighter than before, have air-conditioning and can drive in two directions which means the turning loops at the termini are no longer be needed.
⚫
On March 7, 2018, the MRDH granted Connexxion a new concession for 15 years, for the period December 2018-December 2033.<ref>https://www.connexxion.nl/reizen/1190/mrdh-verleent-concessie-parkshuttle-aan-connexxion/5055/ Connexxion</ref>
⚫
This concession includes an extension of the route, renewal of the fleet of shuttles and driving in mixed traffic on some parts of the route. The supplier of the system is again [http://www.2getthere.eu www.2getthere.eu] 2getthere, who has worked together with the municipality of Capelle aan den IJssel for this purpose. Together they have submitted a proposal for the replacement and extension with the Marketplace for Infrastructure of the Traffic Company, which was granted early 2017. With this, the Traffic Company is responsible for 50% of the costs of realization.


It is foreseen to extend the existing route towards the waterfront where a stop for the Waterbus will be created. On the extended route, the ParkShuttle will autonomously drive on the public road in mixed traffic.<ref>{{cite web |title=RIVIUM 3.0 |publisher=2getthere |url=https://www.2getthere.eu/projects/rivium/rivium-3-0/ | date=2022-12-05 |access-date=2022-12-05}}</ref>
In 2019 the vehicles will be replaced and the route will be extended till the [[Nieuwe Maas]], where passengers can change to the [[Watertaxi|Waterbus]] at the [[Van Brienenoordbrug]] stop. The ParkShuttle will be a unique connection between the Waterbus and the metro network of Rotterdam. Besides, with the re-development of the business park Rivium, where residency is allowed, the ParkShuttle also offers access to public transport to the residents. On the new route, the ParkShuttle will autonomously drive on the public road. This will be the third generation of self-driving vehicles which can drive through mixed traffic. The vehicles are lighter then before, have air-conditioning and can drive in two directions, so no turning loops are needed.


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Personal Rapid Transit]]
* [[Personal Rapid Transit]]
* [[Vehicular automation|Autonomous vehicles]]
* [[Vehicular automation#Shared autonomous vehicles]]


==References==
==References==
Line 48: Line 89:
{{commons category|ParkShuttle}}
{{commons category|ParkShuttle}}


* [http://www.2getthere.eu/technology/grt-vehicle-specifications/ Vehicle specifications, see 2getthere]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170224230106/http://www.2getthere.eu/technology/grt-vehicle-specifications/ Vehicle specifications, see 2getthere]
* [https://www.connexxion.nl/reizen/1190/parkshuttle/238 Information ParkShuttle on Connexxion website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180503042447/https://www.connexxion.nl/reizen/1190/parkshuttle/238 Information ParkShuttle on Connexxion website]
* [https://www.2getthere.eu/first-autonomous-system/ first autonomous system, Capelle aan den IJssel]
* [https://www.2getthere.eu/first-autonomous-system/ first autonomous system, Capelle aan den IJssel]{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [https://www.connexxion.nl/reizen/1190/mrdh-verleent-concessie-parkshuttle-aan-connexxion/5055/ Concession awarded for further period of 5 years]
* [https://www.connexxion.nl/reizen/1190/mrdh-verleent-concessie-parkshuttle-aan-connexxion/5055/ Concession awarded for further period of 5 years] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507221620/https://www.connexxion.nl/reizen/1190/mrdh-verleent-concessie-parkshuttle-aan-connexxion/5055/ |date=2018-05-07 }}


{{Autonomous cars and enabling technologies}}
{{Autonomous cars and enabling technologies}}


[[Category:Unmanned ground vehicles]]
[[Category:Self-driving cars]]

Latest revision as of 17:34, 20 February 2024

Parkshuttle
Parkshuttle II vehicle outside Kralingse Zoom station during testing in 2005
Overview
OwnerRotterdam-The Hague metropolitan area
LocaleRotterdam
Termini
Stations5
Service
TypePeople Mover, self-driving bus
Services1
Operator(s)Connexxion
Rolling stock6
Daily ridership1,200 (2018)
History
Opened1999
Technical
Line length1.8 kilometres (1.1 mi)
Number of tracks2 lanes (except bridge over N210 and underpass below A16, single lane)
Operating speed32 kilometres per hour (20 mph)
Route map

Legend
to Voorschoterlaan
 Kralingse Zoom
to Capelsebrug
 A16/E19
Fascinatio Boulevard
Fascinatio
Fascinatio Boulevard
N210
Rivium Westlaan
Rivium, 1st street
Rivium, 1st street
Rivium, 2nd street
Rivium, 4th street

The ParkShuttle is an electrically-driven, autonomous shuttle service that runs between Kralingse Zoom metro station in Rotterdam to the Rivium business park in Capelle aan den IJssel. The system first opened 1999 and has been extended since. It has three stops in Rivium (at the 4th, 2nd and 1st streets), a stop Fascinatio (serving the residential area in Capelle aan den IJssel and the Brainpark III business park) and finally at Kralingse Zoom metro station. In 2022 six vehicles of the third generation entered service.

Parkshuttle is owned by the Rotterdam-The Hague metropolitan area (MRDH) and operated by the Connexxion bus company. The route lies on its own right-of-way, but it does have level crossings with cars, cyclists and pedestrians. It is double-lane throughout except for a bridge over the N210 "Abraham van Rijckevorselweg" highway and an underpass below the A16 motorway to connect to the railway station.

On weekdays, the Shuttle runs between 06:00 and 21:00. During rush hour a shuttle runs every 2.5 minutes. Outside rush hours, the shuttle runs on demand with passengers pressing a button at the station to summon a vehicle.[1]

In 2018 it was unique as the only operational automated road vehicle in Europe in permanent (revenue generating) service.[2] Since 2015 a number of similar shared autonomous vehicle systems have been developed and trialed in routes shared with other vehicles or pedestrians. The ParkShuttle was trialed in 2019 at both Brussels Airport[3] and at Nanyang Technological University in Singapore.[4] Some other systems are in operation on private roads (such as around factories). As of 2021 some revenue systems are being trialed.

Features[edit]

The system, a hybrid between a personal rapid transit and an automated people mover, works like a horizontal elevator. A shuttle can be manually called at the stop, and there are buttons in the shuttle to request each stop individually (compared to a regular bus service, where stops must be requested at the appropriate time and location).

As of 2018, the route is 1.8 kilometres (1.1 mi) long and uses six shuttle vehicles numbered 1 through 6 (administratively numbered 5801 to 5806).

The vehicles are fully automatic and follow a virtual route where their positions are checked based on artificial reference points (in the form of small magnets in the road surface). They stop at fixed positions at the stations, most of which can fit two shuttles, one behind another. They were originally uni-directional (with front-wheel steering) and reversed direction at turning loops at both ends of the route, though they can also go in reverse as of Generation III. There is an automatic charging station at the Kralingse Zoom metro station where the batteries of the shuttles are charged every day.

The shuttles are designated as line 500 in timetables, but this is not indicated on the shuttles. The service was free of charge to use until the end of 2011, due to the lack of ticket machines and validators (later replaced by OV-chipcard readers) along with supervisors. Since the end of 2011, OV-chipcard readers are installed at the stops and no paper tickets are sold. As OV-chipcards can only be bought at the metro station proper (not the shuttle stop), passengers must have an OV chipcard on hand when boarding at other stops.

Experimental phase[edit]

An experimental phase started in 1997 with a vehicle that drove without any passengers for the first three months. The next three months test passengers rode the vehicle and crossing traffic was simulated. During the experimental phase a steward was in the vehicle. Eventually regular passengers were able to use the vehicle and the steward was no longer needed in the vehicle.[2]

Generation I[edit]

The first version of the Parkshuttle ran from February 1999 to 2001 between Rotterdam and Capelle aan den IJssel. An evaluation showed that the new vehicle needed to be able to move more passengers and the waiting time had to be reduced. Furthermore, there was a need for a reliable system and better travel information.

Generation II[edit]

Map of ParkShuttle route in Rivium

For ParkShuttle II the route was extended and became dual lane. New vehicles were introduced with more transport capacity: ParkShuttle II can carry a maximum of 22 passengers. The system and the vehicles were supplied by 2getthere,[5] where Spijkstaal[6] supplied the chassis and drive system and the design was made by Duvedec.[7]

On 1 December 2006 ParkShuttle II was officially inaugurated by Prime Minister Jan Peter Balkenende. A day later the ParkShuttle was open to the public. Prior to that, concessionaire Connexxion had been granted a concession for the period 2006-2011. In 2011, after a new tender, the concession for a further period of 5 years was awarded to Connexxion. In 2016 the concession was extended by 2 years until December 2018.

Shortly after the system was put into operation, a collision occurred between two vehicles (without a driver) during start-up. The analysis of the incident showed that, after loss of communication at start-up of the system and after removal of the vehicle, an error was made by the supervisor as a result of which two other vehicles were allowed to enter the single lane section from different sides. The obstacle detection system did react, but could not prevent the collision. In addition, one vehicle was damaged by a fire in the storage of the vehicles.

After repairing the vehicles, the ParkShuttle has been running without any significant problems ever since.

During the period of April 2011 to December 2011, the system was out of service due to the construction of a parking garage at the Kralingse Zoom station. The ParkShuttle could not be used because the lane was blocked. A replacement bus service was used during this period. This bus service also runs in case of emergencies and drives on a lane next to the ParkShuttle.

The Metropolitan region Rotterdam-The Hague and the municipality of Capelle aan den IJssel undertook major maintenance on the existing ParkShuttle lane at the beginning of 2017.

Generation III[edit]

On 7 March 2018 the MRDH granted Connexxion a new concession for 15 years, for the period December 2018 to December 2033.[8] This concession includes an extension of the route, renewal of the fleet of shuttles and driving in mixed traffic on some parts of the route. The supplier of the system is again 2getthere, who has worked together with the municipality of Capelle aan den IJssel for this purpose. Together they have submitted a proposal for the replacement and extension with the Marketplace for Infrastructure of the 'Verkeersonderneming', which was granted early 2017. With this, the 'Verkeersonderneming' is responsible for 50% of the costs of realization.

In 2019 the vehicles were due to be replaced and the route extended to the Nieuwe Maas waterway, where passengers can change to the Waterbus at the Van Brienenoordbrug stop. In November 2022, after some delays due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the new third generation shuttles went into operation.[9] The new vehicles are lighter than before, have air-conditioning and can drive in two directions which means the turning loops at the termini are no longer be needed.

It is foreseen to extend the existing route towards the waterfront where a stop for the Waterbus will be created. On the extended route, the ParkShuttle will autonomously drive on the public road in mixed traffic.[10]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Park shuttle". Archived from the original on 3 May 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
  2. ^ a b "Driverless electric vehicles at Businesspark Rivium near Rotterdam (the Netherlands): from operation on dedicated track since 2005 to public roads in 2020". Conference: EVS31At: Kobe, Japan: 7. October 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
  3. ^ "Self-driving people mover makes its maiden trip at brussels airport". Retrieved 28 June 2021.
  4. ^ "NTU Singapore to test autonomous vehicles on the NTU Smart Campus". Retrieved 28 June 2021.
  5. ^ 2getthere
  6. ^ About Spijkstaal
  7. ^ http://www.duvedec.com/start.html?route=nl/ Archived 2018-05-27 at the Wayback Machine Duvedec
  8. ^ https://www.connexxion.nl/reizen/1190/mrdh-verleent-concessie-parkshuttle-aan-connexxion/5055/ Archived 2018-05-07 at the Wayback Machine Connexxion
  9. ^ "Reizigers kunnen vanaf 5 december weer mee met de ParkShuttle". Transdev. 2022-12-05. Retrieved 2022-12-05.
  10. ^ "RIVIUM 3.0". 2getthere. 2022-12-05. Retrieved 2022-12-05.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to ParkShuttle.
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